DOCSLIB.ORG

Motion in English and Spanish: a Perspective From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Motion in English and Spanish: a Perspective From MOTION IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH: A PERSPECTIVE FROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, TYPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLINGUISTICS Paula Cifuentes Férez Ph. D. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Javier Valenzuela Manzanares Departamento de Filología Inglesa Facultad de Letras Universidad de Murcia 2008 To my family Abstract Motion is central to human experience; it is pervasive in our daily lives and also in our communicative needs. However, it is a well established fact that languages differ in their linguistic expression of motion. Talmy’s (1985, 2000) work distinguishes two different types of languages according to the way the different elements of a motion event are mapped onto linguistic elements: satellite-framed and verb-framed languages. English and Spanish are often taken as examples of this typological difference. English, as a satellite-framed language, expresses the core component of motion, i.e., the Path or trajectory of motion, in satellites (e.g., up, down) or in prepositional phrases (e.g., into/out of the house), leaving the verb slot free to encode Manner-of-motion. Spanish, as a verb-framed language, typically expresses Path in the main verb while relegating the expression of Manner to adjuncts (e.g., entrar/salir corriendo lit. ‘enter/exit running’). Talmy’s seminal work has engendered a great deal of research and debate in the literature on motion event descriptions over the last two decades. Despite the vast amount of research on the linguistic expression of motion events, the fact that motion verb roots might encode information apart from Path and Manner is often overlooked, as are minor lexicalisation patterns that might occur. Furthermore, scholars, more often than not, have neglected the study of path verbs in favour of the study of manner verbs, as the differing expression of Manner has so far been the most interesting diverging point between satellite- and verb-framed languages. Finally, hardly any work has been devoted to an in-depth analysis of the semantics of motion verb lexicons in both verb- and satellite-framed languages beyond the comparison of the motion verbs found in novels or elicited orally in the two types of language. The present thesis aims at bridging the gap in the existing literature by addressing the semantics of English and Spanish motion verbs. In the first part of this dissertation, a systematic and detailed account of the semantics of English and Spanish motion verb lexicons from a contrastive point of view is provided. The patterns of general conflations are explored, as well as more subtle path notions and fine-grained manner information which can be conveyed by motion verbs in these i two languages. Comparison between English and Spanish leads to the identification of some similarities: (a) conflation of Motion plus one additional semantic component, either Manner or Path, is the most characteristic lexicalisation pattern of both motion verb lexicons; (b) both languages have path verbs which express, at minimum, 13 different types of Path; among these, the most frequently lexicalised types of Path are ‘Away from G’, ‘Up/Onto G – Upwards’, ‘To/towards G’ and ‘Down from/to G – Downwards’, whereas the least frequent is ‘Out of G’; and (c) both languages possess many more walking verbs than running and jumping verbs. These tendencies suggest that there are important similarities in how English and Spanish, and possibly other verb- and satellite-framed languages, lexicalise the domain of motion in their verb roots. In addition, some crosslinguistic differences are noted: (a) English manner-of-motion verbs outnumber those of Spanish and tend to exploit some manner parameters much more often than Spanish manner verbs (e.g., manner information about the mental and physical state of the Figure and details about the way the Figure moves its legs while walking, motion using vehicles, motion while dancing); and (b) the Spanish path verb lexicon is larger in size than the English one, although both languages are able to express similar types of Paths. The second part of this thesis aims to investigate an important subdomain of motion, that of human locomotion, using experimental methods. Three studies are reported: a definition and feature listing task, a free verb listing task, and a verb- categorization rating task. These studies offer interesting insights into how English and Spanish organise their motion verb lexicons and into the complex semantics of human locomotion verbs. In addition, the findings provide empirical support for some of the observations from the linguistic analysis undertaken in the first part of this thesis, and they suggest that, rather than instantiating a single motor pattern, some motion verbs might better be considered as a combination of motor patterns. ii Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis has been possible thanks to the support of many people; people who set off upon this long journey with me and people whom I encountered along the path. First of all, I must thank my supervisor, Javier Valenzuela Manzanares, for his support and advice through the years; his guidance, kindness and friendship not only helped me to achieve the completion of the present work but also prepared me for the future. I am also grateful to the Cognitive Linguistics group at the University of Murcia for their encouragement and friendship, especially to Antonio Barcelona for counting on me as a research assistant during my last year as an undergraduate and for having me for four years as a graduate student. I owe to him my scholarly inspiration. Additionally, I thank my friends and research fellows for their constant moral support; I must express my gratitude to my friends from Pliego for not asking too often ‘When are you finishing your PhD?’ and to my research fellows, especially to Pilar Mompeán, for encouraging me with ‘You are on track! Almost there!’ I am also grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science for their financial support (BES-2004-4450), especially during the three research stays which I spent at Northwestern University (Evanston, IL, USA), at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (Nijmegen, The Netherlands) and at the University of Lousiana at Lafayette (Lafayette, LA, USA). A big thank you to Dedre Gentner, Anetta Kopecka, Asifa Majid and Michele Feist for supervising me during these very productive research stays. I cannot show enough my gratitude for their sharing their time, for their support and for their stimulating comments. In particular, I am grateful to Anetta Kopecka and Asifa Majid for their guidance through all the steps of my first experimental study; without their help and advice I would not have been able to keep on track. Moreover, I would like to thank the Language and Cognition Lab at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, and especially Michele Feist, for their feedback on my experimental studies, and for putting up with me so patiently during iii my stay as well as for giving me the so needed support for going through the final stages of this dissertation. All of you are in every bit of this dissertation. I would also like to thank the committee for reading the results of my efforts along this journey, and Michele Feist for proofreading this volume. A tremendous thank you to all the participants who kindly volunteered to take part in my studies, to Georgina Oliver and Carmen Comeaux for running the English version of my studies, and to the Department of English Philology at the University of Murcia, particularly Raquel Criado, Lourdes Cerezo, María Dueñas, Ana Rojo, and Cristina Soriano, for letting me run the Spanish versions in their classes. Finally, but most importantly, I thank my family dearly for their support, love and unshakeable trust during all this time. My husband, Raimundo Martínez Manuel, provided me with the necessary faith, strength and courage to go through all the stages of this journey; he was my best fellow traveller along the uphills, downhills and twisted paths. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………….i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES………………………………………………………ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1 1.1. The problem ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2. Aims and methodology ....................................................................................... 3 1.3. Outline of the thesis ............................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER 2. COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS AND THE THEORY OF LEXICALISATION PATTERNS…………………………………………………………………………….9 2.1. An Overview of Cognitive Linguistics and Cognitive Semantics ................. 11 2.1.1. Introduction.......................................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Cognitive Linguistics........................................................................... 11 2.1.3. Cognitive Semantics ............................................................................ 13 2.1.3.1. Main tenets and lines of research...................................................... 13 2.1.3.2. Conceptual Semantics....................................................................... 18 2.2. Talmy’s theory of lexicalisation patterns........................................................ 23 2.2.1. Introduction.......................................................................................... 23 2.2.2. The Motion Event ...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Generative Lexicon
    The Generative Lexicon James Pustejovsky" Computer Science Department Brandeis University In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical seman- tics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations. In addressing these issues, I will discuss what I think are some of the central problems facing the lexical semantics community, and suggest ways of best ap- proaching these issues. Then, I will provide a method for the decomposition of lexical categories and outline a theory of lexical semantics embodying a notion of cocompositionality and type coercion, as well as several levels of semantic description, where the semantic load is spread more evenly throughout the lexicon. I argue that lexical decomposition is possible if it is per- formed generatively. Rather than assuming a fixed set of primitives, I will assume a fixed number of generative devices that can be seen as constructing semantic expressions. I develop a theory of Qualia Structure, a representation language for lexical items, which renders much lexical ambiguity in the lexicon unnecessary, while still explaining the systematic polysemy that words carry. Finally, I discuss how individual lexical structures can be integrated into the larger lexical knowledge base through a theory of lexical inheritance. This provides us with the necessary principles of global organization for the lexicon, enabling us to fully integrate our natural language lexicon into a conceptual whole. 1. Introduction I believe we have reached an interesting turning point in research, where linguistic studies can be informed by computational tools for lexicology as well as an appre- ciation of the computational complexity of large lexical databases.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction
    University of Groningen Specific language impairment in Dutch de Jong, Jan IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1999 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): de Jong, J. (1999). Specific language impairment in Dutch: inflectional morphology and argument structure. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 25-09-2021 Specific Language Impairment in Dutch: Inflectional Morphology and Argument Structure Jan de Jong Copyright ©1999 by Jan de Jong Printed by Print Partners Ipskamp, Enschede Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics 28 ISSN 0928-0030 Specific Language Impairment in Dutch: Inflectional Morphology and Argument Structure Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de letteren aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr.
    [Show full text]
  • CS460/626 : Natural Language Processing/Speech, NLP and the Web
    CS460/626 : Natural Language Processing/Speech, NLP and the Web Lecture 24, 25, 26 Wordnet Pushpak Bhattacharyya CSE Dept., IIT Bombay 17th and 19th (morning and night), 2013 NLP Trinity Problem Semantics NLP Trinity Parsing Part of Speech Tagging Morph Analysis Marathi French HMM Hindi English Language CRF MEMM Algorithm NLP Layer Discourse and Corefernce Increased Semantics Extraction Complexity Of Processing Parsing Chunking POS tagging Morphology Background Classification of Words Word Content Function Word Word Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Prepo Conjun Pronoun Interjection sition ction NLP: Thy Name is Disambiguation A word can have multiple meanings and A meaning can have multiple words Word with multiple meanings Where there is a will, Where there is a will, There are hundreds of relatives Where there is a will There is a way There are hundreds of relatives A meaning can have multiple words Proverb “A cheat never prospers” Proverb: “A cheat never prospers but can get rich faster” WSD should be distinguished from structural ambiguity Correct groupings a must … Iran quake kills 87, 400 injured When it rains cats and dogs run for cover Should be distinguished from structural ambiguity Correct groupings a must … Iran quake kills 87, 400 injured When it rains, cats and dogs runs for cover When it rains cats and dogs, run for cover Groups of words (Multiwords) and names can be ambiguous Broken guitar for sale, no strings attached (Pun) Washington voted Washington to power pujaa ne pujaa ke liye phul todaa (Pujaa plucked
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Wordnet: an On-Line Lexical Database
    Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database George A. Miller, Richard Beckwith, Christiane Fellbaum, Derek Gross, and Katherine Miller (Revised August 1993) WordNet is an on-line lexical reference system whose design is inspired by current psycholinguistic theories of human lexical memory. English nouns, verbs, and adjectives are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Different relations link the synonym sets. Standard alphabetical procedures for organizing lexical information put together words that are spelled alike and scatter words with similar or related meanings haphazardly through the list. Unfortunately, there is no obvious alternative, no other simple way for lexicographers to keep track of what has been done or for readers to ®nd the word they are looking for. But a frequent objection to this solution is that ®nding things on an alphabetical list can be tedious and time-consuming. Many people who would like to refer to a dictionary decide not to bother with it because ®nding the information would interrupt their work and break their train of thought. In this age of computers, however, there is an answer to that complaint. One obvious reason to resort to on-line dictionariesÐlexical databases that can be read by computersÐis that computers can search such alphabetical lists much faster than people can. A dictionary entry can be available as soon as the target word is selected or typed into the keyboard. Moreover, since dictionaries are printed from tapes that are read by computers, it is a relatively simple matter to convert those tapes into the appropriate kind of lexical database.
    [Show full text]
  • Leveraging Morpho-Semantics for the Discovery of Relations in Chinese Wordnet
    Leveraging Morpho-semantics for the Discovery of Relations in Chinese Wordnet Shu-Kai Hsieh Yu-Yun Chang Graduate Institute of Linguistics Graduate Institute of Linguistics National Taiwan University National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan [email protected] [email protected] Abstract data from the web (Cimiano et al., 2005), Semantic relations of different types have but runs the risk of influenced by the web played an important role in wordnet, and have genre (Alain, 2010). been widely recognized in various fields. In re- To enrich the relations coverage in Chinese cent years, with the growing interests of con- structing semantic network in support of in- Wordnet (CWN), in this paper, we propose telligent systems, automatic semantic relation an in situ approach by exploiting the morph- discovery has become an urgent task. This semantic information. This method, simple paper aims to extract semantic relations re- lying on the in situ morpho-semantic struc- and straightforward as it seems, does not incur ture in Chinese which can dispense of an the difficulties associated with lexical gaps in outside source such as corpus or web data. cross-language mapping that any translation- Manual evaluation of thousands of word pairs shows that most relations can be successful based model would encounter; and it is also predicted. We believe that it can serve as a economic and complementary with previous valuable starting point in complementing with approaches in that we can dispense of an out- other approaches, which will hold promise for the robust lexical relations acquisition. side corpus resource. In what follows, Section 2 gives a brief sum- 1 Introduction mary of lexical semantic relations acquisition Semantic relations are at the core of WordNet- from two perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Labeling of Troponymy for Chinese Verbs
    Automatic labeling of troponymy for Chinese verbs 羅巧Ê Chiao-Shan Lo*+ s!蓉 Yi-Rung Chen+ [email protected] [email protected] 林芝Q Chih-Yu Lin+ 謝舒ñ Shu-Kai Hsieh*+ [email protected] [email protected] *Lab of Linguistic Ontology, Language Processing and e-Humanities, +Graduate School of English/Linguistics, National Taiwan Normal University Abstract 以同©^Æ與^Y語意關¶Ë而成的^Y知X«，如ñ語^² (Wordnet)、P語^ ² (EuroWordnet)I，已有E分的研v，^²的úË_已øv完善。ú¼ø同的目的，- 研b語言@¦已úË'規!K-文^Y²路 (Chinese Wordnet,CWN)，è(Ð供完t的 -文­YK^©@分。6而，(目MK-文^Y²路ûq-，1¼目M;要/¡(ºº$ 定來標記同©^ÆK間的語意關Â，因d這些標記KxÏ尚*T成可L應(K一定規!。 因d，,Ç文章y%針對動^K間的上下M^Y語意關 (Troponymy)，Ðú一.ê動標 記的¹法。我們希望藉1句法上y定的句型 (lexical syntactic pattern)，úË一個能 ê 動½取ú動^上下M的ûq。透N^©意$定原G的U0，P果o:，dûqê動½取ú 的動^上M^，cº率將近~分K七A。,研v盼能將,¹法應(¼c(|U-的-文^ ²ê動語意關Â標記，以Ê知X,體Kê動úË，2而能有H率的úË完善的-文^Y知 XÇ源。 關關關uuu^^^：-文^Y²路、語©關Âê動標記、動^^Y語© Abstract Synset and semantic relation based lexical knowledge base such as wordnet, have been well-studied and constructed in English and other European languages (EuroWordnet). The Chinese wordnet (CWN) has been launched by Academia Sinica basing on the similar paradigm. The synset that each word sense locates in CWN are manually labeled, how- ever, the lexical semantic relations among synsets are not fully constructed yet. In this present paper, we try to propose a lexical pattern-based algorithm which can automatically discover the semantic relations among verbs, especially the troponymy relation. There are many ways that the structure of a language can indicate the meaning of lexical items. For Chinese verbs, we identify two sets of lexical syntactic patterns denoting the concept of hypernymy-troponymy relation.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 4: Lexical Semantics 2
    Natural Language Processing Part 4: lexical semantics 2 Marco Maggini Tecnologie per l'elaborazione del linguaggio Lexical semantics • A lexicon generally has a highly structured form ▫ It stores the meanings and uses of each word ▫ It encodes the relations between words and meanings • A lexeme is the minimal unit represented in the lexicon ▫ It pairs a stem (the orthographic/phonological form chosen to represent words) with a symbolic form for meaning representation (sense) • A dictionary is a kind of lexicon where meanings are expressed through definitions and examples son noun a boy or man in relation to either or both of his parents. • a male offspring of an animal. • a male descendant : the sons of Adam. • ( the Son) (in Christian belief) the second person of the Trinity; Christ. • a man considered in relation to his native country or area : one of Nevada's most famous sons. • a man regarded as the product of a particular person, influence, or environment : sons of the French Revolution. • (also my son) used by an elder person as a form of address for a boy or young man : “You're on private land, son.” 3 Marco Maggini Tecnologie per l'elaborazione del linguaggio Lexicons & dictionaries • Definitions in dictionaries exploit words and they may be circular (a word definition uses words whose definitions exploit that word) right adj. 1. of, relating to, situated on, or being the side of the body which is away from the side on which the heart is mostly located 2. located nearer to the right hand than to the left 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Antonyms with Paraphrases and A
    LEARNING ANTONYMS WITH PARAPHRASES AND A MORPHOLOGY-AWARE NEURAL NETWORK Sneha Rajana A THESIS In Computer and Information Science Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering 2017 _______________________________ Prof. Chris Callison-Burch Supervisor of Thesis _______________________________ Prof. Lyle Ungar Thesis Reader _______________________________ Prof. Boon Thau-Loo Masters Chairperson Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Chris Callison-Burch for not only supervising this thesis but for being an amazing advisor and for getting me interested in NLP research. I am thankful to Prof. Lyle Ungar for serving on the thesis committee and Prof. Boon Thau Loo and the CIS department of Penn Engineering for providing me with the en- couragement and necessary resources to carry out this project. Besides this, I would also like to thank Vered Shwartz, Bar-Ilan University, Israel for providing us with the preprocessed corpus and software for parts of this work and whose insightful advice and guidance led to the successful completion of this project. I am grateful to my fellow Masters students whose constant encouragement and support was invaluable. Finally, thank you to my family. I am who I am because of you. ii Abstract Recognizing and distinguishing antonyms from other types of semantic relations is a key part of language understanding systems and has widespread applications in Natural Language Processing tasks. In this study, we present two novel methods for identifying antonyms. In our first method, we use paraphrase pairs containing negation markers to derive antonym pairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Troponymy and Verb Hypernymy in BERT
    University of Helsinki Faculty of Arts Department of Digital Humanities Master’s Thesis BERT, have you no manners? Representations of troponymy and verb hypernymy in BERT Dmitry Narkevich 015093853 Master’s Programme in Linguistic Diversity and Digital Humanities Supervisor: Marianna Apidianaki 11.05.2021 Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildningsprogram – Degree Programme Faculty of Arts Master's Programme in Linguistic Diversity and Digital Humanities Opintosuunta – Studieinriktning – Study Track Language Technology Tekijä – Författare – Author Dmitry Narkevich Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title BERT, have you no manners? : Representations of troponymy and verb hypernymy in BERT Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s Thesis year 43 May 2021 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Hypernymy is a relationship between two words, where the hyponym carries a more specific meaning, and entails a hypernym that carries a more general meaning. A particular kind of verbal hypernymy is troponymy, where troponyms are verbs that encode a particular manner or way of doing something, such as “whisper” meaning “to speak in a quiet manner”. Recently, contextualized word vectors have emerged as a powerful tool for representing the semantics of words in a given context, in contrast to earlier static embeddings where every word is represented by a single vector regardless of sense. BERT, a pre-trained language model that uses contextualized word representations, achieved state of the art performance on various downstream NLP tasks such as question answering. Previous research identified knowledge of scalar adjective intensity in BERT, but not systematic knowledge of nominal hypernymy. In this thesis, we investigate systematic knowledge of troponymy and verbal hypernymy in the base English version of BERT.
    [Show full text]
  • Corpus Based Tatar Lexicography: Verbs in Tatwordnet
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 198 ( 2015 ) 132 – 139 7th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics: Current Work in Corpus Linguistics: Working with Traditionally-conceived Corpora and Beyond (CILC 2015) Corpus based Tatar lexicography: verbs in TatWordnet Alfiya Galievaa1, Olga Nevzorovaa,b, Dzhavdet Suleymanova,b a Research Institute of Applied Semiotics of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Bauman Str. 20, Kazan, 420111, Russia, b Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia Abstract The paper deals with the issue of presentation of Tatar verbs in a wordnet-like thesaurus relying on data of the Tatar National Corpus. In wordnet building we take into consideration such features of Turkic and Tatar verbs as presence of one-word and compound verbs, and a complicated system of grammatical voices when adding a voice affix modifies in many cases the verb meaning. Using data from the Tatar National Corpus we solve some key problems: improving word definition on corpus data in cases where the definitions given in vocabularies are incomplete; constructing new verbal synsets; constructing a hierarchical network of Tatar verbs. © 20152015 Published The Authors. by Elsevier Published Ltd. byThis Elsevier is an open Ltd. access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (Peer-reviewhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ under responsibility of Universidad). de Valladolid, Facultad de Comercio. Peer-review under responsibility of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Comercio. Keywords: Tatar National Corpus, wordnet, Tatar verbs, synonyms, synset. 1. Introduction The development of Turkic linguistic studies during the past years has been marked by deepening the theoretical basis of linguistic research, with the increasing emphasis on new directions and challenges of modern linguistics, including applied linguistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Labeling of Hypernymy-Troponymy Relation For
    Automatic Labeling of Hypernymy-Troponymy Relation for Chinese Verbs -文動^上下M關Âê動標記法 國Ë台c+Ä'xñ語xû©ë論文 Master Thesis Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University 指導Y授: 謝舒ñZë Advisor: Dr. Shu-Kai Hsieh 研v生: 羅巧Ê Student: Chiao-Shan Lo -華民國]Akt七月 July, 2009 Abstract 近t來，^Y²路(Wordnet)已成º計算語言xø關領域-最ºnM)(的Ç源K一，對¼Ç 訊¢"(Information Retrieval)或/ê6語言U理(Natural Language Processing)的|U有øv '的k©。^Y²路/1同©^Æ(Synset)以Ê^Y語意關Â(Lexical Semantic Relation)@ú Ë而成，例如以ñ語º;的n林¯頓^²(Princeton WordNet)、以ÊP合多個P2語言的P 語^²(EuroWordNet)I，úË皆已øv完善。6而，一個^²的úË&^一B一ºK力@能 完成，v@需要的º力以Ê耗»的B間øv可觀。因d，如U有H率&有ûq的úË一個^² /近t來研v致力的目標。而^Y間的語意關Â/Ë成一個^²的;要C ，因d，如Uê動 化的½取^Y語©關Â/úË^²的Í要e_K一。-研b語言@已úË一個以-;^º;的 -文^Y²路(Chinese WordNet, CWN)，è(Ð供完t的-文­YK^©@分。6而，(目 M-文^Y²路ûq-，同©^Æ間ø互的語意關ÂC/¡(ºº$定標記，且這些標記Kx Ï尚*T成可L應(K一定規!。因d，,研vÐú一WJê動化的¹法來ê動標記^Y間的 語意關Â，,Ç論文針對動^K間的上下M^Y語意關Â(Hypernymy-troponymy relation)， Ðú一.ê動標記的¹法，&½取w有-文上下M關ÂK-文動^D對。 ,Ç論文Ðúi.&LK¹法，,一，藉1句法上y定的句型(lexical syntactic pattern)， ê動½取ú-文^Y²路-w有上下M關ÂK動^D。,二，我們)(bootstrapping的¹法， 透N-研búË的-ñ雙語^²(Sinica Bow)'Ï將n林¯頓ñ語^²-的語意關Â對 至- 文。實WP果o:，dûq能ë速&'Ï0ê動½取úw有上下M語意關ÂK-文動^D，, 論文盼能將d¹法應(¼c(|U-的-文^²ê動語意關Â標記，以Ê知X,體Kê動ú Ë，2而能有H率的úË完善的-文^Y知XÇ源。 關關關uuu^^^：：：語語語©©©關關關ÂÂÂêêê動動動標標標記記記、、、動動動^^^^^^YYY語語語意意意、、、動動動^^^上上上下下下MMM關關關ÂÂÂ、、、---文文文^^^²²² Abstract WordNet-like databases have become crucial sources for lexical semantic studies and compu- tational linguistic applications such as Information Retrieval (IR) and Natural Language Pro- cessing (NLP). The fundamental elements of WordNet are synsets (the synonymous grouping of words) and semantic relations among synsets. However, creating such a lexical network is a time-consuming and labor-intensive project.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurolinguistics: an Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and Its Disorders Neurolinguistics an Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and Its Disorders
    This page intentionally left blank Neurolinguistics What biological factors make human communication poss- ible? How do we process and understand language? How does brain damage affect these mechanisms, and what can this tell us about how language is organized in the brain? The field of neurolinguistics seeks to answer these questions, which are crucial to linguistics, psychology and speech pathology alike. Drawing on examples from everyday language, this textbook introduces the central topics in neurolinguistics: speech recognition, word and sentence structure, meaning, and discourse – in both ‘normal’ speakers and those with language disorders. It moves on to provide a balanced dis- cussion of key areas of debate such as modularity and the ‘language areas’ of the brain, ‘connectionist’ versus ‘sym- bolic’ modelling of language processing, and the nature of linguistic and mental representations. Making accessible over half a century of scientific and linguistic research, and con- taining extensive study questions, it will be welcomed by all those interested in the relationship between language and the brain. john c. l. ingram is Senior Lecturer on the Linguistics Program at the University of Queensland. He has published widely on speech and language disorders, sound change in second language acquisition, phonetic variation in Australian English, connected speech processes, acoustic phonetics, for- eign accent phenomena and forensic speaker identification. CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Neurolinguistics An Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and its Disorders In this series: j.
    [Show full text]