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L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding Lexical Relations Between Verbs Hyponymy Vs Entailment Troponymy

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L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding Lexical Relations Between Verbs Hyponymy Vs Entailment Troponymy Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Frame Semantics Frame Semantics Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling Lexical relations between verbs L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding Session 4: The Semantics of Verbs Verbs can be synonyms, e.g., pass away–die hyponyms, e.g., walk–move Simone Teufel meronyms, e.g., wash – soak, scrub, wring out, (dry). [rare] Natural Language and Information Processing (NLIP) Group opposites indirect converses such as bequeath–inherit; give–receive [email protected] reversives such as enter–leave, mount–dismount Overall, lexical relationships between verbs are weak and unsystematic in comparison to those in operation between nouns. 2012/2013 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 1 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 2 Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Frame Semantics Frame Semantics Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling Hyponymy vs Entailment Troponymy X is a verbal hyponym of Y if the following test frame succeeds: Troponymy: subtype of hyponymy; manner of an action. (Cruse (1979) calls this property verbal taxonymy.) Test frame “To X is necessarily to Y” Test frame: “To X is a way of Y-ing” To murder someone is necessarily to kill them. To strangle someone is necessarily to kill them. To strangle/?murder somebody is a way of killing. To crawl/?travel is a way of moving. Entailment: a causal relationship between propositions, which includes and goes beyond hyponymy. Thus, strangle is a troponym of kill. murder is not a troponym of kill, but of commit a crime. He killed the bee – The bee died. WordNet distinguishes four types of lexical relations between verbs: He snored – He was sleeping. hyponymy, troponymy, entailment, meronymy. Few instances in comparison to nouns. Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 3 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 4 Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Frame Semantics Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling NLP methods for finding verb similarities Linguistic Selection A selector imposes semantic constraints on its selectees. Verbs with similar semantics tend to ... have similar subcategorisation behaviour cluster verbs by Head–complement construction → their subcategorisation patterns; e.g., Schulte (2006); Sun and I have been waiting for hours. (for-PP argument) Korhonen (2009) I have been waiting for the bus. (for-PP argument) have similar selectional restrictions determine the Selector: verb, Selectee: arguments → difference between two verbs’ selectional restrictions; e.g., Resnik (1995) Head–modifier constructions have similar thematic roles, i.e., participants in the actions graceful degradation they denote perform semantic role labelling, e.g., Gildea Selector: modifier, Selectee: head → and Jurafsky (2002) Verb–subject constructions undergo the same diathesis alternations. manually → classify verbs (Levin 1993) The water froze within seconds. Selector: verb, Selectee: subject (most linguists would agree) Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 5 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 6 Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling Selectional restrictions ...vs collocational restrictions Collocational restrictions: Violation of selector’s presuppositions results in inappropriateness; resolvable by replacement with synonym. Selectional restrictions: Violation of selector’s presuppositions results in paradox or incongruity. ? The aspidistra kicked the bucket – resolvable (died). This cannot be resolved by replacement with synonym unblemished spotless flawless immaculate impeccable But it can be resolved by replacement with near hypernym (in performance the case of paradox). argument complexion ? my male aunt – paradox; resolvable (relation). behaviour ? the cat barked – paradox; resolvable (animal). kitchen record ? a lustful affix – inconguity; unresolvable (except by thing). reputation taste order credentials Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 7 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 8 Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling ...vs collocational restrictions Quantifying selectional preferences: Resnik 1995 Collocational restrictions are highly unpredictable. Selectional preference strength SR (v) of verb v: the degree of selectiveness of a predicate about the semantic class of its arguments; expressed in bits of information. Semantic classes c are WordNet synsets unblemished spotless flawless immaculate impeccable SR (v) is based on difference in distribution between performance - - X X X P(c) – likelihood of direct object of falling into semantic argument - - X - ? class c complexion ? ? X - - P(c v) – likelihood of direct object of falling into semantic behaviour - - - - X | kitchen - X - X - class c if associated with verb v record X X X ? X Use KL divergence to determine SR(v)= D(P(c v) P(c)): reputation ? X - ? - | || taste - - X ? X P(c v) S (v)= P(c v)log | order - - - X X R | P(c) c credentials - - - - X X Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 9 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 10 Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling Resnik (1995), ctd Diathesis alternation; Levin (1993) Selectional association between a verb and a class (synset) is Definition the relative contribution to the overall selectionality of the Systematic variations in the expression of arguments, sometimes verb accompanied by changes in meaning (Levin, 1993) 1 P(c v) AR (v, c)= P(c v)log | SR (v) | P(c) Famous example: Example result: Dative alternation Doris gives flowers to the headmistress. Doris gives the headmistress flowers. Verb Dir. Obj. (preferred) Assoc Dir Obj. (dispreferred) Assoc read WRITING 6.80 ACTIVITY -0.20 This pattern is meaning-preserving and covers several semantic write WRITING 7.26 COMMERCE 0 classes: see ENTITY 5.79 METHOD -0.01 verbs of “future having”: advance, allocate, offer, owe, lend verbs of “sending”: forward, hand, mail The Resnik algorithm can be used to perform WSD. verbs of “throwing”: kick, pass, throw Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 11 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 12 Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling The sailors gullied the whales. The sailors gullied the whales. The sailors gullied the whales. The sailors gullied the whales. “gully” is an archaic whaling term. What does it mean? “gully” is an archaic whaling term. What does it mean? Whales gully easily. We observe a strong correlation between syntactic behaviour and We observe a strong correlation between syntactic behaviour and semantic class. semantic class. Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 13 Simone Teufel L113 Word Meaning and Discourse Understanding 13 Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Phenomenology: Aspects of similarity in verbs Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Selectional Restrictions and Subcategorisation Frames Resnik 1995 Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Frame Semantics Automatic verb clustering Semantic Role Labelling Semantic Role Labelling The sailors gullied the whales. Other diathesis alternations John loaded the truck with hay. The sailors gullied the whales. John loaded hay on the truck. Semantic difference? “gully” is an archaic whaling term. What does it mean? Other verbs following this pattern? (spray? fill? pour? dump? cover? (this is called the locative alternation.) Whales gully easily. John cuts the bread. The bread cuts nicely. (middle) Has your hypothesis changed? John cut Mary’s arm/Mary on the arm (bodypart possessor We observe a strong correlation between syntactic behaviour and ascension) semantic
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