DOCSLIB.ORG

Seven-Son Flower from Zhejiang: Introducing the Versatile Ornamental Shrub Heptacodium Jasminoides Airy Shaw Gary L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seven-Son Flower from Zhejiang: Introducing the Versatile Ornamental Shrub Heptacodium Jasminoides Airy Shaw Gary L Seven-Son Flower from Zhejiang: Introducing the Versatile Ornamental Shrub Heptacodium jasminoides Airy Shaw Gary L. Koller This fall, the Arnold Arboretum will begin distributing seedlings and rooted cuttings of a splendid new shrub from China In 1916, Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arbor- miconioides because, he wrote, "In its habit etum described a new genus of shrub in the and general appearance this plant suggests a pages of Plantae Wilsonianae, the hefty, member of the family of Melastom[at]aceae three-volume "enumeration of the dried plants and on account of the comparatively small collected by Mr. E. H. Wilson during his flowers in terminal panicles it resembles par- expeditions to western China in behalf of the ticularly Miconia. Only close examination," Arnold Arboretum." Dubbed Heptacodium he continued, "showed that this interesting "in allusion to the seven-flowered heads of plant belongs to the Caprifoliaceae." It is the inflorescence" (from the Greek e~za, interesting to note that Wilson collected seven, and xw8e~a, a poppyhead), the genus Magnolia biondii near the same site, but at was assigned to the Caprifoliaceae, the family an elevation of six hundred meters (above two to which Lonicera (the honeysuckles) and thousand feet). Magnolia biondii recently Abelia belong. Translated, the plant’s Chinese was introduced to North America through name means "seven-son flower from Zhe- the efforts of the Arnold Arboretum. jiang." The next reference to the genus Hepta- Wilson collected the plant at Hsing-shan codium did not occur until thirty-three years in western Hupeh (Hubei) province, China later, in 1952, when Henry Kenneth Airy (Collection Number 2232). He made two col- Shaw, a taxonomist at the Royal Botanic Gar- lections of it, one in July and the other in dens, Kew, described "A Second Species of October 1907, from cliffs at nine hundred the Genus Heptacodium Rehd. (Caprifoli- meters (about three thousand feet) above sea aceae)" in the Kew Bulletin. Airy Shaw states level, where it was rare. In examining the that herbarium specimens, Rehder found "that there have lain in the Kew only a single ripe fruit was available for for many years examination," which probably explains why Herbarium two sheets of an undetermined Chinese shrub with opposite trinerved leaves no living plants resulted from that expedi- and a terminal of tion. Rehder named the thyrse superficially jas- plant Heptacodium mme-hke flowers....Havmg previously taken some interest in the Caprifohaceae (Honey- Opposne: A leaf of Heptacodmm ~asmmoides Airy suckle Family), the writer recalled a rare Shaw sho~nnng the tnnerved venation. This and the shrub collected in Hupeh and described by other photographs that accompany this article were Rehder....[R]eference to the isotype pre- taken by the author m the Arnold Arboretum during served at Kew showed that this was clearly the fall of 1985 Professor Zou Shou-qmg kmdly sup- the correct of the plied the calhgrapby which says "Zheyang seven-son generic disposition myste- flower."" rious specimen....The discovery is of some 4 interest, since the original species was noted recalls having avidly and voraciously plucked by Wilson as being very rare, and as far as I the fruits. am aware has not been collected since. The seeds came from a plant originally dug Airy Shaw described the new species, naming up in the Zhejiang Province Preserve, it Heptacodium jasminoides. Since he had approximately five hundred miles south of only dried herbarium specimens, no living Hangzhou. This is the type locality for Hep- material of the new species could be distrib- tacodium jasminoides, and Dudley feels that uted. the original seedlings are as authentic as bot- anists can hope to get at the present time. The seeds to be fresh and The 1980 Sino-American Botanical proved reliable, producing plants at both the Arnold Arbor- Expedition etum (AA 1549-80) and at the National Heptacodium again disappeared from the Arboretum (NA 49226). The National Arbor- view of plant scientists outside China. The etum’s records state that the seed parent was first opportunity Western botanists had to a tall, arching, multistemmed shrub about observe it firsthand did not come until five meters (sixteen and a half feet) tall. recently, when the 1980 Sino-American Dudley reports that seedlings were quickly Botanical Expedition provided seeds and the distributed to the Cary Arboretum of the opportunity to introduce living plants to New York Botanical Garden in Millbrook, North America. The American contingent of New York. I was unable to find that any the Expedition consisted of Stephen A. plants had been introduced to the University Spongberg of the Arnold Arboretum; Theo- of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley. dore R. Dudley of the United States National Thus, it appears that only the three East Arboretum; Bruce Bartholomew of the Uni- Coast gardens were responsible for the orig- versity of California Botanical Garden at inal introduction materials. Berkeley; David E. Boufford, then at the Car- On February 26, 1981, the Arnold Arbor- negie Museum in Pittsburgh (now with the etum obtained a second lot of seeds (AA 403- Arnold Arboretum); and James Luteyn of the 81) through the 1980 Index Seminum (Item New York Botanical Garden. They collabo- 519), circulated by the Hangzhou Botanical rated with a team of Chinese scientists from Garden to botanical institutions throughout various institutions in exploring the native the world. It is quite likely that a number of wild flora. Their travels through China took other gardens received seeds of Heptacodium them to Hangzhou Botanical Garden in jasminoides through this distribution. Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China ~30° 15’ As of January 1986, the Arnold Arboretum north latitude, 120° 16’ east longitude, at had six plants from the 1980 Expedition. 26.42 meters [about 83 feet] above sea level). They are growing out of doors in the nursery Spongberg and Dudley report that while on and range from two to three meters (about a tour of the Garden on November 1, 1980, six to ten feet) in height. One plant from this they were shown a plant of Heptacodium jas- seed lot appears to be a compact form, for, minoides. Multiple-stemmed and arching, it while it is the same age as the other plants, was growing in full sun. The staff of the it is only seventy-five centimeters (about Garden kindly accommodated the Ameri- thirty inches) tall. It is, however, crowded cans’s request for seeds. Dr. Dudley, who felt into the middle of a row of tightly spaced great excitement at seeing a living plant of seedlings and is therefore subject to intense Heptacodium, a genus he had read about competition. Perhaps, if given more space, while doing research on the Caprifoliaceae, its growth will accelerate to the typical rate. 5 A spray of Heptacodium ~asmmoides. The "opposite tnnerved leaves" and "superficially tasmme-hke flowers" are easily seen in this photograph. Barry R. Yinger, the Curator of Asian fore so limited, it is important that we seek Plants at the National Arboretum, reports additional germplasm directly from wild that the National Arboretum has eleven sources in China. plants from the original collection, which Our first order of business was to get the recently were planted outdoors, in China seeds to germinate. As with most seeds for Valley. In addition, they have one plant (NA which we have no recorded experience, we 54102) that they acquired from Dr. James C. divided the seed lots into a number of treat- Raulston, Department of Horticultural Sci- ment groups. Peter Del Tredici of the Arnold ences, North Carolina State University, Arboretum’s plant-propagation staff reports Raleigh. Dr. Raulston obtained his original that the best germination resulted from cuttings when he was on a field trip to the exposing the seeds to five months of warm Arnold Arboretum in 1983. (This demon- stratification at 65 degrees Fahrenheit in a strates just how fast plants can change hands, moist medium consisting of equal parts of passing from one garden to another, once sand and peat moss, followed by three months they arrive in North America!) At this point of cold stratification at 36 degrees Fahren- it seems that all plants in North America can heit. Five seeds in Lot 1549-80 and six in Lot be traced back to these two seed lots, which 403-81 germinated after this treatment. appear to have a common origin in a single Unfortunately, our records do not indicate parent plant at the Hangzhou Botanical how many seeds were sown in either lot; we Garden. Since the genetic diversity is there- therefore cannot give germination percent- 6 ages. Four additional seedlings resulted from one and nine-tenths centimeters (one-half to alternative treatments. three-quarters inch). The plants have pro- duced multiple stems originating from ground Hardiness level, and the growth thus far is erect and upright, with little side-growth develop- Once we had obtained seedlings, we turned ment. Small branches are square or four- our attention to the question of cold hardi- angled. The thickest stem on any of the ness. Would the of Heptacodium seedlings plants is four and one-half centimeters (one jasminoides at the Arnold Arboretum sur- and three-quarters inches) in diameter at vive outdoors during the winter? We found approximately two and one-half centimeters that they grew rapidly and were large enough (one inch) above the soil level. The stems to be outdoors in rows transplanted regular produce thin bark that peels off in small, within one or two seasons. They have sur- paperlike strips or sheets. During the winter, vived three, perhaps four, winters out of these plants stand out from their neighbors doors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Status, Ecology, and Management of the Invasive Plant, Miconia Calvescens DC (Melastomataceae) in the Hawaiian Islands1
    Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Bishop 23 Museum Occasional Papers 48: 23-36. (1997) Status, Ecology, and Management of the Invasive Plant, Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae) in the Hawaiian Islands1 A.C. MEDEIROS2, L.L. LOOPE3 (United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala National Park Field Station, P.O. Box 369, Makawao, HI 96768, USA), P. CONANT (Hawaii Department of Agriculture, 1428 South King St., P.O. Box 22159, Honolulu, HI 96823, USA), & S. MCELVANEY (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program/The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, 1116 Smith St., Suite 201, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA) Abstract Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), native to montane forests of the neotropics, has now invaded wet forests of both the Society and Hawaiian Islands. This tree, which grows up to 15 m tall, is potentially the most invasive and damaging weed of rainforests of Pacific islands. In moist conditions, it grows rapidly, tolerates shade, and produces abundant seed that is effectively dispersed by birds and accumulates in a large, persistent soil seed-bank. Introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1961, M. calvescens appears to threaten much of the biological diversity in native forests receiving 1800–2000 mm or more annual precipitation. Currently, M. calvescens is found on 4 Hawaiian islands— Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. Widespread awareness of this invader began in the early 1990s. Although biological control is being pursued, conventional control techniques (mechanical and chemical) to contain and eradicate it locally are underway. Introduction The effects of biological invasions are increasingly being recognized for their role in degradation of biological diversity worldwide (Usher et al., 1988; D’Antonio & Vitousek, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Heptacodium Miconioides
    photograph © Peter Del Tredici, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University An old multi-stemmed specimen of Heptacodium miconioides growing in woodland on Tian Tai Shan, Zhejiang, September 2004, probably the first wild plant ofHeptacodium to be seen by a Western botanist since its discovery by Ernest Wilson in 1907. Heptacodium miconioides Rehder In his last ‘Tree of the Year’, JOHN GRIMSHAW discusses what distinguishes a shrub from a tree and writes about a large shrub introduced to cultivation first in the early twentieth century and again in the late twentieth century, that is rare in the wild. Introduction When the terms of reference for New Trees were drawn up (see pp. 1-2), having agreed that the book would contain only trees, we had to address the deceptive question ‘what is a tree?’ Most of us ‘can recognise a tree when we see one’ and in many ways this is as good an answer as one needs, but when is a woody plant not a tree? When it’s a shrub, of course – but what is a shrub? In the end we adopted the simple definitions that a tree ‘normally [has] a single stem reaching or exceeding 5 m in height, at least in its native habitat. A shrub would normally have multiple woody stems emerging from the base or close to the ground, and would seldom exceed 5 m in height’ (Grimshaw & Bayton 2009). In most cases this served to make a clear distinction, but one of the casualties that fell between the two stools was the Chinese plant Heptacodium miconioides, a significant recent introduction described by theFlora of China (Yang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomía Y Rangos De Distribución Altitudinal De Miconia Ruiz & Pav
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA Taxonomía y rangos de distribución altitudinal de Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae) en cuatro sectores del Santuario Histórico de Machupicchu, Cusco. Tesis presentada por la Bachiller SMILSA MONTESINOS ROBLES para optar el título profesional de BIÓLOGA Asesor: Ms. Cs. Blgo. Víctor Quipuscoa Silvestre AREQUIPA- PERÚ 2018 JURADO DICTAMINADOR ____________________________ PRESIDENTE Dr. Benjamín José Dávila Flores ________________________________ _________________________________ SECRETARIO INTEGRANTE Blgo. Luis Norberto Villegas Paredes Ms. Cs. Blgo. Victor Quipuscoa Silvestre ii ____________________________________ Ms. Cs. Blgo. Víctor Quipuscoa Silvestre C.B.P. 2484 ASESOR iii Dedicatoria Dedicado a mí Papá, en cada nueva aventura te llevare siempre conmigo, mil gracias por tu amor, Vinicio. iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Al INSTITUTO CIENTIFICO MICHAEL OWEN DILLON (IMOD), por brindarme las facilidades para ejecutar el presente trabajo de investigación. A mi Asesor de tesis, Ms. Cs. Víctor Quipuscoa, por sus acertados comentarios para la elaboración del presente trabajo de investigación y su gran ejemplo como botánico. Al Sr. Macario Zuñiga Turpa, por su invaluable ayuda en la elaboración del presente trabajo de investigación, su tiempo, su gran amistad desinteresada, por compartir conmigo la palabra de Dios, por sus palabras de apoyo que siempre me alegraron y levantaron el ánimo para continuar el difícil camino de la vida. Al Ing. Julio Cabrera Espíritu, por su gran apoyo en campo, su amistad sincera, y su infaltable animosidad para seguir recolectando, a Daissy Rodriguez Pinto su tiempo y apoyo en campo. A mis amigas Andrea y Raquel por su apoyo fraterno, y a los miembros de la familia IMOD.
    [Show full text]
  • Miconia Miconia Calvescens and All Other Miconia Species
    Prohibited invasive plant Restricted invasive plant Miconia Miconia calvescens and all other miconia species Four species of miconia have been found in Australia. Miconia calvescens has become a major pest in the All pose significant threats to our rainforests and are rainforests of Tahiti and Hawaii where it is known as restricted invasive plants in Queensland. All miconia the ‘purple plague’. Overseas authorities have warned species in Australia are targeted for eradication. Australia that ‘no expense should be spared to hunt this Miconia calvescens (pictured above) has the potential plant down and destroy it before you have a hopeless to cause irreversible damage to our rainforests. Like other problem’. An eradication campaign is currently being imported weeds, Miconia calvescens is capable of rampant managed in Queensland and New South Wales by growth and can produce hundreds of small berries every Biosecurity Queensland. year which are attractive to birds and are spread long distances by these animals. Under favourable conditions, Miconia calvescens forms dense thickets in rainforest understoreys, potentially replacing native plants and affecting wildlife populations. Legal requirements All Miconia species other than Miconia calvescens, Miconia racemosa, Miconia nervosa and Miconia cionotricha) are prohibited invasive plants while those listed are restricted invasive pest plants under the Biosecurity Act 2014. This Act requires that all sightings of any miconia species must be reported to Biosecurity Queensland within 24 hours of being found. By law, everyone has a general biosecurity obligation (GBO) to take all reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risk of spread of miconia until they receive advice from an authorised officer.
    [Show full text]
  • Open As a Single Document
    ARNOLD ARBORETUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY ARNOLDIA A continuation of the BULLETIN OF POPULAR INFORMATION VOLUME XXIII 19633 , PUBLISHED BY THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM JAMAICA PLAIN, MASSACHUSETTS ARNOLDIA A continuation of the ’ BULLETIN OF POPULAR INFORMATION of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University VOLUME 23 JANUARY 18, 1963 NuMe~;a 1 TRIAL PLOT FOR STREET TREES the spring of 1951 a trial plot of eighty small ornamental trees was plantedDI~ RING on the Case Estates of the Arnold Arboretum in Weston (see .9rnoldia 16: (B~ 9-1.5, 1906~. A few of these were not happy in their location and promptly died, or did so poorly as to warrant their removal. A few new varie- ties were added to the original group, but for the most part these trees have been growing there s~nce the trial plot was first laid out. The collection has been of special interest to home owners in the suburban areas of Boston, who naturally are interested in small ornamental trees. It has also been of considerable interest to the tree wardens of various towns throughout New England, for here one may see many of the best small trees growing side by side, so that comparisons can be easily made. Recently this plot has been of interest to the Electric Council of New England, a group of utility companies which provide various electric services for the public in addition to stringing electric lines for these services. When the right kinds of trees are planted properly in the right places along the streets and highways, there need be but little competition between the trees and the wires.
    [Show full text]
  • Espécies De Melastomataceae Juss. Com Potencial Para Restauração Ecológica De Mata Ripária No Cerrado
    Núm. 35, pp. 1-19, ISSN 1405-2768; México, 2013 ESPÉCIES DE MELASTOMATACEAE JUSS. COM POTENCIAL PARA RESTAURAÇÃO ECOLÓGICA DE MATA RIPÁRIA NO CERRADO ESPECIES DE MELASTOMATACEAE JUSS. CON POTENCIAL PARA LA RESTAURACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DE LA VEGETACIÓN RIPARIA DEL CERRADO/SAVANA MELASTOMATACEAE JUSS. SPECIES WITH POTENTIAL USE IN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF GALLERY RIPARIAN VEGETATION OF CERRADO/SAVANNA Lidiamar B. Albuquerque1, Fabiana G. Aquino1, Leila C. Costa2, Zenilton J.G. Miranda3 y Simone R. Sousa1 1Embrapa Cerrados, CP 08223, CEP 73310-970, Planaltina-DF, Brasil. 2Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Brasília, DF. 3Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, Brasília, DF. Correo electrónico: [email protected]; [email protected] RESUMO síndromes de polinização e de dispersão de sementes, reprodução vegetativa, riqueza de Melastomataceae Juss. é a sexta família espécies, abundância, cobertura, fenofases em importância no bioma Cerrado, sendo de fl oração e frutifi cação. A partir da análise comuns em vegetação secundária. As espé- destes parâmetros defi niu-se os critérios para cies desta família apresentam estratégias de avaliar o potencial de uso das espécies na vida e adaptações como grande produção de restauração ecológica. Entre as 14 espécies sementes, dispersão efi ciente de propágulos, da família de Melastomataceae registra- altas taxas de germinação e crescimento das, Miconia chamissois Naud. (35.42% rápido que podem propiciar a ativação dos e 42.53%), Ossaea congestifl ora (Naud.) processos ecológicos envolvidos na rege- Cong. (23.6% e 13.29%), Macairea radula neração natural de habitats perturbados. DC (19.66% e 17.22%) e Tococa formicaria O objetivo foi caracterizar as espécies de Mart. (6.78% e 3.87%) apresentaram maior Melastomataceae em vegetação secundária abundância e cobertura, respectivamente.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter
    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • A Field Guide to the Early Detection of Invasive Plants and Animals on Kaua‘I, Hawai‘I Acknowledgements
    ‘‘ A Field Guide to the Early Detection of Invasive Plants and Animals on Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i Acknowledgements Early Detection Field Guide Development Tiffani Keanini Kaua‘i Invasive Species Committee Elizabeth Speith USGS NBII Pacific Basin Information Node Keren Gundersen Kaua‘i Invasive Species Committee Content & Review Forest & Kim Starr United States Geological Survey Hawai‘i Invasive Species Council Kaua‘i Invasive Species Committee Maui Invasive Species Committee USGS NBII Pacific Basin Information Node Illustrations Brooke Mahnken Maui Invasive Species Committee Special thanks to the Hawai‘i Invasive Species Council for providing the funds to print this field guide. April 2010 Table of Contents Quick Reference Guide ...................................................................A The Need for Your Eyes & Ears .....................................................1 How to Use this Field Guide .............................................................2 What are we protecting? .................................................................3 What Makes a Species Invasive in Hawai‘i?. ..............................3 Plant Species. .................................................................................................4-31 Invertebrate Species ..................................................................32-35 Animal Species ..........................................................................36-41 Snakes and other animals.......................................................42-43 What You Can Do to Protect Kauai
    [Show full text]
  • “Of Miconia and Men”: the Story of a Scientifically and Socially Successful Biological Control Program in Tahiti, French Polynesia
    Session 8 Social and Economic Assessments of Biological Control 351 “Of Miconia and Men”: The Story of a Scientifically and Socially Successful Biological Control Program in Tahiti, French Polynesia J. -Y. Meyer Délégation à la Recherche, Gouvernement de Polynésie française, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia [email protected] Abstract Many biological control programs against invasive plants have failed or have been abandoned because of negative human perceptions or strong conflicts of interests, e.g., the fear of introducing alien predators or pathogens (the so-called “pathophobia”, Warner, in press), the potential threats for related species of economic or conservation value, and the uncertainty of successful control (see e.g. Louda & Stiling, 2004). In this regard, biological control scientists often appear as sorcerer’s apprentices. This talk describes how a biological control program against the invasive tree Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), a formerly popular ornamental plant species, was successfully conducted (1997-2010) on the island of Tahiti (French Polynesia, South Pacific) using a fungal pathogen (Meyer et al., 2008; Meyer et al., in press), despite the very bad reputation of past “biological control experiments” in the region (carnivorous snails introduced to control the Giant African snail, myna birds for wasps, raptors for rats, etc.). This case-study tries to demonstrate that rigorous scientific (pre- and post-release) studies are necessary but not sufficient for the acceptance of biological control by human society. Information and education at all levels (from public to politicians), consultation process including all stakeholders, and communication involving different media are equally important to avoid that “The best laid schemes of mice and men go often askew” (inspired by Robert Burns’ famous poem written in 1785).
    [Show full text]
  • TPG Index Volumes 1-35 1986-2020
    Public Garden Index – Volumes 1-35 (1986 – 2020) #Giving Tuesday. HOW DOES YOUR GARDEN About This Issue (continued) GROW ? Swift 31 (3): 25 Dobbs, Madeline (continued) #givingTuesday fundraising 31 (3): 25 Public garden management: Read all #landscapechat about it! 26 (W): 5–6 Corona Tools 27 (W): 8 Rocket science leadership. Interview green industry 27 (W): 8 with Elachi 23 (1): 24–26 social media 27 (W): 8 Unmask your garden heroes: Taking a ValleyCrest Landscape Companies 27 (W): 8 closer look at earned revenue. #landscapechat: Fostering green industry 25 (2): 5–6 communication, one tweet at a time. Donnelly, Gerard T. Trees: Backbone of Kaufman 27 (W): 8 the garden 6 (1): 6 Dosmann, Michael S. Sustaining plant collections: Are we? 23 (3/4): 7–9 AABGA (American Association of Downie, Alex. Information management Botanical Gardens and Arboreta) See 8 (4): 6 American Public Gardens Association Eberbach, Catherine. Educators without AABGA: The first fifty years. Interview by borders 22 (1): 5–6 Sullivan. Ching, Creech, Lighty, Mathias, Eirhart, Linda. Plant collections in historic McClintock, Mulligan, Oppe, Taylor, landscapes 28 (4): 4–5 Voight, Widmoyer, and Wyman 5 (4): 8–12 Elias, Thomas S. Botany and botanical AABGA annual conference in Essential gardens 6 (3): 6 resources for garden directors. Olin Folsom, James P. Communication 19 (1): 7 17 (1): 12 Rediscovering the Ranch 23 (2): 7–9 AAM See American Association of Museums Water management 5 (3): 6 AAM accreditation is for gardens! SPECIAL Galbraith, David A. Another look at REPORT. Taylor, Hart, Williams, and Lowe invasives 17 (4): 7 15 (3): 3–11 Greenstein, Susan T.
    [Show full text]
  • "Growth Responses of 'Heptacodium Miconioides' to Various
    J. AMER. Soc. HORT. SCI. 116(4):646-650. 1991. Growth Responses of Heptacodium miconioides to Various Photoperiods and Day/Night Temperatures Chin Chin Leel, Ted E. Bilderback2, and Judith F. Thomas3 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 Additional index words. long-day plant, Heptacodium jasminoides Abstract. Photoperiod treatments of 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours and a field control were used to determine the photope- riodic response of Heptacodium miconioides Rehd. The F values for vegetative growth responses under various pho- toperiods exhibited a highly significant linear effect. Leaf count, area, and weight, shoot length, and stem weight were lower for plants exposed to the 10- or 12-hour photoperiod than those of plants grown under the 14- or 16-hour photoperiod or in the field. Plants under the 10- or 12-hour photoperiod became dormant after 5 weeks of treatment. The growth responses for the 10- and 12-hour photoperiods were similar. There also were no differences in growth responses of plants from the 14- and 16-hour photoperiods or from the field. A favorable photoperiod for growth of Heptacodium must exceed 12 hours; thus, it can be classified as a long-day plant in reference to vegetative growth. Leaf tissues under the 10- and 12-hour photoperiods were significantly thicker than those under the 14- and 16-hour periods or under field conditions due to longer cells of the palisade mesophyll layer. Plants grown in the field and under the 14- or 16-hour photoperiods were the only ones that initiated inflorescences. With days at 30C, leaf and stem dimensions were larger than those at 22C.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales)
    Systematic Botany (2008), 33(4): pp. 776–783 © Copyright 2008 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales) Based on Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences Nina Theis,1,3,4 Michael J. Donoghue,2 and Jianhua Li1,4 1Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 U.S.A. 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Conneticut 06520-8106 U.S.A. 3Current Address: Plant Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 U.S.A. 4Authors for correspondence ([email protected]; [email protected]) Communicating Editor: Lena Struwe Abstract—Recent phylogenetic analyses of the Dipsacales strongly support a Caprifolieae clade within Caprifoliaceae including Leycesteria, Triosteum, Symphoricarpos, and Lonicera. Relationships within Caprifolieae, however, remain quite uncertain, and the monophyly of Lonicera, the most species-rich of the traditional genera, and its subdivisions, need to be evaluated. In this study we used sequences of the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and five chloroplast non-coding regions (rpoB–trnC spacer, atpB–rbcL spacer, trnS–trnG spacer, petN–psbM spacer, and psbM–trnD spacer) to address these problems. Our results indicate that Heptacodium is sister to Caprifolieae, Triosteum is sister to the remaining genera within the tribe, and Leycesteria and Symphoricarpos form a clade that is sister to a monophyletic Lonicera. Within Lonicera, the major split is between subgenus Caprifolium and subgenus Lonicera. Within subgenus Lonicera, sections Coeloxylosteum, Isoxylosteum, and Nintooa are nested within the paraphyletic section Isika. Section Nintooa may also be non-monophyletic.
    [Show full text]