Blumea 54, 2009: 71–76 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/000651909X474113 Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines V.B. Amoroso 1, L.D. Obsioma1, J.B. Arlalejo2, R.A. Aspiras1, D.P. Capili1, J.J.A. Polizon1, E.B. Sumile2 Key words Abstract This research was conducted to inventory and assess the flora of Mt Hamiguitan. Field reconnaissance and transect walk showed four vegetation types, namely: dipterocarp, montane, typical mossy and mossy-pygmy assessment forests. Inventory of plants showed a total of 878 species, 342 genera and 136 families. Of these, 698 were an- diversity giosperms, 25 gymnosperms, 41 ferns and 14 fern allies. Assessment of conservation status revealed 163 endemic, Philippines protected area 34 threatened, 33 rare and 204 economically important species. Noteworthy findings include 8 species as new vegetation types record in Mindanao and one species as new record in the Philippines. Density of threatened species is highest in the dipterocarp forest and decreases at higher elevation. Species richness was highest in the montane forest and lowest in typical mossy forest. Endemism increases from the dipterocarp to the montane forest but is lower in the mossy forest. The results are compared with data from other areas. Published on 30 October 2009 INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary in Davao Ori- Vegetation types ental is a protected area covering 6 834 ha located between Field reconnaissance and transect walks were conducted 6°46'6°40'01" to 6°46'60" N and 126°09'02" to 126°13'01" E. to identify and describe the vegetation types occurring in Mt The mountain is known for its unique characteristics and the Hamiguitan Range. On basis of species composition, altitude largest pygmy ‘bonsai forest’ in the country. This forest type has and other ecological indicators, we identified four vegetation a substrate predominated by ultrabasic rocks. The rock weath- types as a basis for further analysis. In addition, the term agro- ers leaving the soil with an unusually high concentration of iron ecosystem is used to refer to the cultivated areas around the and magnesium causing it to be unproductive for agricultural villages. activities. Only a specialized group of plants grow on this type of forest which is often low, heath-like shrubs. Nepenthes alata Diversity indices Blanco, a facultative ultrabasic, as well as obligate ultrabasic To determine species richness, transect walks were undertaken species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) were found to be nu- and sampling plots were established with the assistance of merous in the area. Other ultrabasic indicator species such as Bantay Gubat. Per vegetation type a 2-ha transect walk was Scaevola micrantha (Krause) C.Presl (Goodeniaceae), Scae- conducted with a local expert and transect belts were estab- vola sp., Suregada glomerulata (Blume) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) lished. and Ochrosia glomerata (Blume) F.Muell. (Apocynaceae) were also found thriving in the vegetation. A total of thirty-two 20 × 20 m sampling plots were established in all vegetation types, each type with 6 sampling plots except for The unique biodiversity resources in Mt Hamiguitan Range the dipterocarp forest with 14 plots. Within these plots, a 5 × 5 m have not been spared from destruction such as timber poach- subplot was laid out to determine the species richness for ing, illegal logging and overharvesting of forest products and shrubs, vines and herbs. We assessed species diversity by resources. This will be aggravated because of the forthcoming using the Shannon index of general diversity (H): mining activities. As a result, elements of the important flora and fauna may be lost before they are recorded, studied and H = - Σ ndbh/Ndbh log ndbh/Ndbh conserved. where This research aimed to inventory and assess the flora in Mt ndbh = total diam at breast height of individual tree species Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary and its surroundings. Ndbh = total diam at breast height of all tree species Specifically, it aimed to identify and describe the vegetation The Species Importance Value (SIV) was computed using the types; determine the diversity and species importance values formula of Brower & Zar (1977): (SIV); assess the conservation status of the species whether endemic, endangered, rare and economically important; and, SIV or ni = RD + RF + Rdom determine the threatened and endemic species distributions where and habitats for conservation. RD = Relative Density RF = Relative Frequency Rdom = Relative Dominance 1 Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon. 2 Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology, Davao Oriental. © 2009 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. 72 Blumea – Volume 54, 2009 Table 1 Total number of families, genera and species of flora in Mt Hami- Table 2 Species richness in the different vegetation types in Mt Hamiguitan guitan Range. Range based on sampling plot and transect walk. Plant group Families Genera Species Vegetation types Plant groups Agro- Dipterocarp Montane Mossy Mossy- Angiosperms 101 273 698 ecosystem Pygmy Gymnosperms 4 6 25 Ferns 28 59 141 Angiosperms 204 326 340 179 272 Fern allies 3 4 14 Gymnosperms 3 12 16 7 13 Total 136 342 878 Ferns 37 71 96 57 50 Fern allies 2 9 10 3 3 Identification of collected specimens Total 246 418 462 246 338 The collected plants were identified using available floras and monographs (Merrill 1926, Ashton 1982, Rödl-Linder 1987, 75–275 m in Mati around 6°43'44" N and 126°13'27" E. The Brummitt 1992, Madulid 1995, Amoroso et al. 1996, Barcelona mossy-pygmy forest occupies c. 225 ha. The height of trees et al. 1996, Huang 1996, 1997, Hovenkamp et al.1998, Noote- ranges from 0.5–2.5 m and the average diam is 8 cm. The boom 1998, Rojo 1999, De Wilde 2000, Jebb & Cheek 2001, forest is dominated by Leptospermum sp. (Myrtaceae), Wein- Cootes 2001, Berg & Corner 2005, Middleton 2007). Mr. Leo- mannia sp. (Cunoniaceae), Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae) nardo L. Co (Conservation International) and Dr. Paul Keßler and Dacrydium sp. (Podocarpaceae). Abundant mosses are (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden branch) confirmed present on the forest floor. the identification of some species. Species richness Assessment of conservation status Transect walk and sampling plots revealed a total of 878 We assessed conservation status of the species in Mt Hami- species, 342 genera and 136 families. Of these, 698 were an- guitan Range and their status as endemic, rare or economically giosperms, 25 gymnosperms, 141 ferns and 14 fern allies (Table important, using the data from Merrill (1923–1926), Zamora & 1, 2). This number of species in Mt Hamiguitan is 68 % lower Co (1986), Madulid (1995), Tan et al. (1996), Rojo (1999) and than those observed in Mt Malindang which has 1 200 species Flora Malesiana Series (1995–2007) and the DENR Adminis- (Arances et al. 2004), but more species of gymnosperms were trative Order (2007). observed in Mt Hamiguitan than in Mt Malindang Range. Among the vegetation types, the montane forest exhibits the Identification of threatened and endemic highest species richness with 462 species. This is 113 % higher species and habitats for conservation than those observed by Arances et al. (2004) in the montane The type of vegetation, altitude, and location of endemic, en- forest of Mt Malindang Range. The higher species richness in dangered, rare and economically important species and their this vegetation type might be due to the intact forest and to the habitats were recorded whenever they were encountered. more diverse habitats. Transect diagrams were prepared to identify the location and The typical mossy forest with 246 species contains more distribution of the threatened and endemic species. The result endemic and rare species. The lower species richness in the of this method will be the basis for in situ conservation of the dipterocarp forest compared to the montane forest despite the threatened habitats and species. numerous sampling plots (14 plots) may be attributed to the small plot size which is less than the standard set for this type RESULTS of forest (Fig. 1). It could also be attributed to the exploitation of forest resources as source of livelihood. The presence of Vegetation types tall trees with bigger diam at breast height may also limit the We identified four vegetation types: dipterocarp forest, montane growth of smaller plants. forest, typical mossy forest and mossy-pygmy forest. Species diversity index The dipterocarp forest is situated around 6°43'30" N and 126°09'01" E, with altitude ranging from 420–920 m. Shorea spp. The highest diversity value for trees could be observed in the (Dipterocarpaceae) and vines (Smilax spp., Smilacaceae) domi- montane forest with H = 1.70, followed by the dipterocarp for- nate the forest. The height of trees ranges from 5–30 m. est (H = 1.63). The mossy-pygmy forest is less diverse, with H = 1.32 and the lowest diversity value was observed in the The montane forest is situated around 6°44'08" N and mossy forest with H = 1.27.