A FEVIEW OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY AND FISHERY

OF ONSLOW BAY, NORTH CAROLINA

by

William L. Kruczynski Department of Biology Hartwick College Oneonta, New York

Research supported by Environmental Analysts, Inc., Garden City, New York

Printing of this publication was financed by the North Carolina Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries, Department of Natural and Economic Resources, and incorporated as Information Series Number 6 in the Division's information series.

Printed: May, 1974 CONTENTS

General description ...... " " "." .... page I

Biogeography ...... I weather ...... " ...... •. 2

Depth •...... 2 lleef s Shelf edge...... 2 Coral heads...... J

Water movements Tides ...... J Currents...... J

Geology ...... 4

Salini ty •...... •...... , ...... 5

Tempera ture ...... " 5

Density ...... •...... 6

Tur bidi ty...... • . . . . . • ...... 6 pH •.•••••.•..••.••..•••••••••...•••.•..••.• 6

Oxygen ...... •...... " 6

Nutrients...... 7

Benthic algae Genera1. .... , . " ...... , ..•...... 7 Coral heads ...... "...... 7 She].f -edge reef...... • . . . .. 8 Near shore algae...... 8

Phytoplankton. • ...... 8

Zooplan.ltton...... • 8

Benthic invertebrates InfaUIl£i...... • ...... 9 EpifaUIla ..•...... 9 Commercially important species •...... IO

Fishes Genera1...... , ...... , " .11 Commercial areas~ ...... ~ ...... 12 Fishery statistics ....•...... •.....• 13 CODMercially important species •...... 13 Sports fishing ...... 15 CONTENTS (cont.)

Birds ..••...••.....•.•..••...... •.....••• Page 1'5

Turtles ..•...... •..•.•. " ....•.•...... • , •.•.•.•.••••.... 16

Mammal s .....•...•....••.•.....••...... •.••..••••...•.•..• 16

List of tables

Table 1. Climatological data ...... 17 2. Physical and chemical data .••.•.••.•..•...• 18 3. Benthic algae on coral heads .••.•.•.•.....• 19 4. Benthic algae near shore .••.•.....•••.••..• 20 5. Benthic algae in Beaufort harbor ••.••...••• 21 6. Phytoplankton .•••..•...••...... •...•.•....• 22 7. Seasonal occurrence of zooplankton ••.•....• 24 8. Common benthic invertebrates .•••...••..•••• 25 9. Common fishes ...... 28 10. Fishes on coral heads .••.•••..•••....••.•.• 30 11. Fishery data, 1971...... 31 12. Sport fi shing facilitie s ..•.•••..•••••••••. 32 13. Oceani 0 bird s ••.••••••••.••••.••••••••••.•• 33

Figure 1. East coast of the United States .....•...... 34 2. IDeation of coral patched and shelf-edge reef .•...... •...... 35 3. IDcation of calico scallop beds .•...... 36 4. Loca tion of conunercial shrimp grounds ...... 37 5. IDeation of menhaden fishing grounds ...... 38 Li tera ture oi ted...... 39-47 1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The waters off North Carolina have been intensively studied because of their unique biogeographic position and the presence of three rrarine laboratories in the Beaufort-Morehead City area. This paper is a review of the phYSical, chemical, and biological oceanography of On aIm. Bay, North Carolina and a summary of fishery statistics of the area.

The coastline of North Carolina is composed of a series of outer banks which enclose an extensive estuarine system. A main feature of the outer banks is a series of capes which protrude into the ocean and delineate three embayments: 11i11eigh Bay, Onslow Bay, and Long Bay (Figure 1). The outer edge of these bays, the edge of the continental shelf, occurs at about the 100 fathom contour which ranges from less than 16 miles off Cape Hatteras to greater than 60 miles south of Cape Fear. In all there is about 10,450 square miles of shelf area off North Carolina (Varshall, 1951) ,lith an average slope of less than 1: 900 (Newton and Pilkey, 1969).

Onslow Bay is typical of coastal waters of the Carolinas. It is bounded to the north by Cape Lookout and to the south by Cape Fear and has about 100 miles of shoreline. The origin of it and other Carolina Bays has been subject to much speculation. Abbe (1895) suggested that a back eddy of the Gulf Stream, which passes offshore, may have produced the bays. This hypothesis is supported by the south and southwest movements of inlets and shore prominences and MacCarthy's (1931) jntc;rpretation of currents as indicated by sand grain size. Rude (1922) op­ posed Allbe i s theory and stated that main currents correspond to wind direction, and suggestl3d that strong winds must have molded the shoreline.

J'ohnson (1919) discussed certain types of norrral wave action and the influence s of prominences of the inner shoreline as alternative explanations for the cuspate coast. The Bays have also been discussed by Richards (1950).

The forrration of the capes which border the Bays has also been investigated. Cape Fear, for instance, had its origin in the falling Talbot Sea which exposed Cape Fear coquina rock (Wells, 19~,~,). Shore changes which have occurred at Cape Hatteras are reported by Rude (1922).

BIOGEOGRAPHY

The east coast of the United States is divided into three marine biogeographic provinces containing assemblages of organisms which typify the areas. Good general accounts of marine biogeography are given by Hutchins (1949), Hedgpeth (1957) and Glover (1961). The Virginian Province occurs north of Cape Hatteras to Cape Kennedy, and the Tropical Province occurs from Cape Kennedy southward.

The warm-water Gulf Stream flows from the Straits of Florida along the edge of the continental shelf at a velocity of about 3 knotts off Cape Kennedy and 1 knot off Cape Hatteras. At Hatteras the Gulf Stream turns seaward and continues flowing north Dome distance off the coast. There thus is a sharp terr.perature barrier at northern forms above the cape (Vernberg and Vernberg, 1970a). Judging from relict shelf biota, a similar delrarkation waS present during the 1'1eistocene (MIlliman, Pilkey and Blackwe1der, 1968). 2

AnLnal and plant distribution in Onslow Bay is complicated seasonally since the Gulf Stream regularly moves closer to shore in the Carolinas by the actIon of the wind, particularly in the summer during prolonged south- went blows. Webster (1961) and Blanton (1971) noted that tbis warm water nJaos can move as milCh as lC km closer to the shore, thus extending the Trop­ ical Province over the continental shelf. During the winter, the Gulf Stream l!JOve,," farther offshore and a tongue of cold Virginian coastal water moves into Raleigh and Onslow Bays (Gray and Gerame-Vivas, 1963). Virginian forms can thus enter Carolinian waters, such as the northern mussel, Mytilus edulus (Wells and Gray, 1960). Cerame-Vivas and Gray (1966) discussed the distribution of benthic invertebrates on the Carolina continental shelf in light of what is mown about seasonal shifts in this al'ea~

WEATHER

The coa<3t of North Carolina has a mild climate. Summer days are usually cooler than the mainland and temperatures greater than 95()F are a rarity. The following data are summarized from NOAA Cape Hatteras weather station for 197L Carney (1955) gives nearly identical data. Mean annual temperature is 62.Jo F, annual precipitation about 55" and 26 days per year are below freezing. Average temperature in Ju~y and August is 78. 90 F and the wind is predominantly from the southwest. Mean monUtly values of temperature, rain, and wind for 1971 are given in Table 1.

Storms along the coast are common and one hurricane warning per year can be expected. Bad weather has accounted for many shipwrecks, especially at the capes, 'lhose attendant shoals produce powerful currents and seas. Newton, Pilkey and Blanton (1971) give the following summary of storms: The storms on the Carolina coast tend to be cyclic and can be categorized as either hurricanes or coastal lows associated with passage of cold fronts. Both types of storms have produced massive disasters to the Carolinas during historic times. Hurricanes normally occur from June to October and passage of cold fronts normally during November through ]Varch. The passage of cold fronts results in clockwi se shifts in wind direction from southwest to north­ east. Ships .seeking shelter from southwest winds in the lee of the capes have been pushed into the shoals as the wind shifts to northeast. No less th.an 150 ships are on the bottom of Onslow Bay, most occurring at Cape Fear and Cape Lookout.

DEP'l'll

Newton and Pilkey (1969) and Newton, Pilkey and Blanton (1971) give detailed maps of the bottom of the continental shelf and edge off North Carolina. Minor surface undulations have been found to occur along the shelf, being particularly prominant near the capes. The shoals near the capes are the largest topographic features on the shelf. The depth 1 to :3 miles from tne shore is 40 to 50 feet.

She] f Edge

At the rJhelf break in Onslow Bay the bottom is raised to about 40 to 80 meters for a distance of about 80 miles parallel to the shore (Figure 2). J

This reef area is about 70 km from shore and has been dated at about 20,000 years B.P. It probably represents the edge of the sea at that time (MacIntyre and Milliman, 1970). Thi3 reef has been built by a calcareous algae (Litho­ tharnnion) and no reef-buUding corals have been found (Menzies et a1., 1966).

Biota of this reef area are described in Pearce and WUliams, (1951) and Menzies et al. (1966). The latter give a detaUed description of the topography, hydrography, geology and biota of the area. The range of many shallow-water tropical forms have been extended to this reef by Menzies et a1. (1966), Porter and Jenner (1968), Kruczynski and Jenner (1969), Williams, McCloSkey and Gray (1968), and Gray, Downey and Cerarne-Viva (1968). These forms probably represent animals which have drifted as larvae in the Gulf Stream from parental stocks located to the south. Vernberg and Vernberg (1970a and b) measured the metabolic response to temperature of many of the southern affinity species which occur at the seaward edge of Onslow Bay and concluded tbat factors other than temperature, possibly substrate and water depth, limit the invasion of more southern species i.nto this reef area.

Coral Heads

Patches of tropical corals occur in Onslow Bay. The lobe star coral, Solenastrea J:!yad.es, and starlet coral, Siderastrea siderea, are reef forming corals whicb survive in this area even though bottom water temperature on the shelf reaches 100C in the winter (MacIntyre and PUkey, 1969a; Huntsman and MacIntyre, 1971).

Distribution of these coral patches is shown in Figure 2. The largest patch is 4 miles long and 1.5 miles wide and is located 22 miles SSW of Beaufort Inlet. Most of the known coral heads occur in 15 fathoms but Radcliffe (1914) theorized that they also occur in shallower areas of Onslow Bay. Their distribution is probably limited to a suitably hard substrate, rock, to support the colonies. A wide diversity of invertebrates and fishes are found associated with the corals. Thus their positions are reported because of their value in commercial and sport fisheries (Evermann, 1905). They are well known to local fishermen and are visited regularly.

WATER MOVEMF...NTS

Marshall (1951) gives mean tidal range in Onslow Bay as J feet, with 4 foot amplitudes occurring at spring tides. Tides of 7 feet above mean low water have been recorded during storms. Williams (1955) reported that 4 foot tidal fluctuations occur in Brunswick County at the southern part of Onslow Bay, and 2.5 foot fluctuations occur at Beaufort Inlet at the northern end of the Bay. Strong winds at tho time of spring tides can pile water up at Cape Inokout and produce abnormally high tidal amplitudes. The area has two high and two low tides per 24 hour period.

Currents

Offsbore, deep currents are discussed by How and Menzies (1968). In Onslow Bay, Stefansson, Atkinson and Bumpas (1971) found a counter clockwise eddy. Gray and Cerame-Vivas (1963) suggested that eddies are formed in the 4

bays since the inner edge of the Gulf Stream may deflect shoreHard as it approaches the shoals off the capes.

l3uJnpus (1955), Bumpus and Lauzier (1965) and Stefansson, Atkinson and Bumpus (1971) studied seasonal changes in currents in OnsloH Bay using density measurements and drift bottle studies. They found that in the Hinter and spring there is an average movement of surface Hater northHard along the shore and toward Cape Lookout at a bout 2 miles per day. During the. Slli'1llller, mo st water moves toward shore at the surface ab about 2 ~~les per day, while bottom drift is sloHer. In the fall there is a strong onshore and northern movement partlcularly of Hater close to the shore. 111is changes to an inshore southHest flow from Cape Fear south. At certain times a strong longshore current is present moving from south to north along the beach. This current is generally local and probably minor except when it is continuous for lo!lg periods.

GECLOGY

Sediments of Onslow Bay are mostly fluvial deposits (Pilkey, 1968; Milliman, Pilkey and Ross, 1972) which are mainly residual or relict and their areal distribution and tectural mineralogical characteri.stics tend to be patchy (MacIntyre and Pilkey, 1969). The sediment cover is thin and outcrops of underlying consolidated tertiary sediments are frequent (Cleary and Pilkey, 1968) making Onslow Bay the most rocky of the Carolina Bays. Rocks of several types and ages have been observed. Newton, Pilkey and Blanton (1971) discuss these rocks and map sediment distribution. Fossiliferous sandstones and limestones (Miocene, about 15 million years old) are most abundant and two types of Pleistocene rocks (1 million years old) are present. Coquina frequently washes up on beaches and is common nearshore. Oolithic limestone outcrops are found further offshore.

The thin sedIments of Onslow Bay may be explained by a low rate of sedimen­ tation because of the absence of large Piedmont rivers discharging into the bay (l'Jaclntyre and Pilkey, 1969b), The three Carolina. Bays can be regarded as separate enti.ties with regard to sediment transport, since transport between thern is deterred by the boundary shoals associated with each cape (Pilkey, 1968; MacIntyre and Pilkey, 1969). Judd, Smith and Pilkey (1970) found that areal distribution of iron-stained quartz on the continental shelf may be related to the presence of river mouths. They also concluded that large-scale lateral transport of shelf sediments is lacking. The longshore current in Onslow Bay generally deposits sediments on the south side of any shore jetty, such as those which occur at Fort Macon State Park on Bogue Banks. Sedimentation there has resulted in a wide, sandy beach.

Generally, the bottom of Onslow Bay is sandy, with a yellowish-gray fine quartz sand occurring 1 to 3 miles offshore (Cleary and Pi1key, 1968). The southern third of the bay has a coarse, shelly sand bottom which is iron stained. The northern third is covered by fine, gray sand.

The CaC03 content of the sediment varies from 5 to 50% of the total (M:illiman, J'jlkoy and Ross, 1972). Inner shelf carbonates are dominated by molluskD wbereaD the outor ohelf sediments contain barnacle and coraline algae debris (M:illiman, Pilkey and Blackwelder, 1968). Sands three miles offshore con~ain 5 to 25% CaCO], mostly broken shells 2 to 4 mm in size (Milhman, l'llkey and Blackwelder, 1968). 5

Mae Intyre and Pilkey (1969b) found channels occurring in the sediments of Onslow Bay about 20 meters wide and 60 to 100 meters apart. These depressions contained coarser calcareous sediments and extended north-south. rhey postu­ lated that they may bave been produced by hurricane storm surge refluxes.

]I',oore and GorsEne (1960) reported the compo.,ition of sediment samples taken on aJ.l cruises of "!Iv }'hes:dore N. Gil~. They found the sediment of Onslow Bay to consist of l~_% gravel, 79% sand, 7% silt, and 0% clay in May 1953 with little change seasonally.

Newton, Pilkey, and Blanton (1971) reported that sand lDlnlng for construction would not be productive in Onslow Bay because of low sedimentation rate; Raleigh Bay and V:mg Bay are much better sources of sand. Sand mined for mineral content is also in the future, Onslow Bay sediments contain from 0.5 to 2% heavy minerals. No commercia1 conoentrations of gold have been found in this area; hjcghest eoncentrations are in sediments near Cape IDokout. Sand,s about 30 miles north of Cape Fear are highly phosphatic and may have economic potentiai in the future,

Other works concerning the geology and s<;ldimentation of this area are Doyle and l'laynaTd (1967), Uchupi (1967), Ingram (1968), Pilkey, et a1. (1969), Pratt (1971), and Pilkey, MacIntyre and Uchupi (1971),

S<,ismic activity of the Onslow Bay area is low. The oCCurrence of tremors is given in MacCarthy (1957, 1961),

SALINITY

Because of the close proxim.Hy- of the Gulf Stream and the extensive estuarine system which m:ixes fresh and salt water before it enters the ocean, the shelf waters of North Carolina are mare saline than ,raters found farther north. Salinity ave:cage s 30 to 36% in Onslow Bay (Stefansson, Atkinson, and Bumpus, 1971). Bumpus (1956) found surface and bottom salinities varied around 3~- to 36% at Frying Fan Shoals Lightship off Cape Fear. IDwer salinities occur in February due to the intrusion of Virg-lnian coastal water, and the higher salini ties occur in September when the Gu.lf Stream is closest to shore (Stefansson and Atkinson, 1967),

Table 2 summarizes physical and chemical data from cruises 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the "!Iv TheodorE2.JY_,-- Gil~. Stations 67, 68, and 69 occurred in southern, middle, and northern OnslO1,r Bay respectively and the same locations Here sampled on each cruise. The salinity of surface and bottom (10m) samples is nearly- the same in all col1ections indicating that waters of Onslow Bay are well mixed. The lowest salinity in thi.s series (33.6%) occurred at the northern station (69) in November and probably represents Virginian water since the temperature was also low.

TEMPERATUHE

Temperature of near--shore water in Onslow Bay varies seasonally from 100 to 240 C. Pyle (1962) reported the range of 5-day-average temperatore of 6 water in Onslow Bay was 15 to 17.50 C. Near the edge of the continental shelf the water is warm (240 C) all year because of the Gulf Stream. Be­ cause of shallow depth and strong winds, Stefansson and Atkinson (1967) and Stefansson, Atkinson, and Bumpus (1971) found no density stratification on the shelf area, but a marked stratification in deeper water near the shelf edge. Bumpus (1956) also reported the lack of a marked thermocline at Frying Pan Shoals Lightship. He never observed a change of temperature greater than 60 C from top to bottom. Seasonal temperature changes in Onslow Bay are given in Table 2. water was coldest in February at station 69 in the north of the bay and warmest in August at station 67 in the south of the bay.

DENSITY

water density is directly related to salinity and temperature and shows similar patterns of seasonal change. Table 2 contains density data of the Gill cruises. In general, water density of Onslow Bay is higher than water found further north. The usual range is 23 to 25 in the summer and 25 to 26.5 in the winter (Stefansson, Atkinson, and Bumpus, 1971). Bumpus and Pierce (1955) found high density water, 26.25, in Onslow Bay in January, 1954 because of an intrusion of cold, deep water up onto the shelf.

TURBIDITY

water turbidity generally decreases from near shore to offshore because of the presence of suspended sediments and denser plankton concentrations in near-shore waters. The water color in Onslow Bay changes from yellow-green to deep blue as the shelf edge is approached. No quantitative turbidity stUdies are known for Onslow Bay. Generally, offshore the yellow-green com­ ponents of light are not diminished to 1% until a depth of nearly 100m is reached. This transparency decreases shoreward, and in coastal waters the 1% illumination level is between 15 and 20m (Reid, 1961).

pH

No quantitative studies of pH are known for Onslow Bay. A general account of pH in the sea is given below as a summary of the discussion in Raymont (1963).

Normally the pH of seawater is 8.0 and is strongly buffered by weak acids such as carbonic and boric acids. The stability of pH is important biologically so that the constancy of the environment is maintained. Thus respiration and decomposition, which produce CO2, lowers the pH of seawater very little. Also, removal of C02 in photosynthesis has only a limited effect to raise pH. This change in pH can be used to calculate the amount of photosynthesis (rug carbon fixed) which occurred. The upper waters of the ocean rarely vary from pH 8.0 to 8.3, thus organisms do not need a complex mechanism to withstand external fluctuatlons in pH. Increasing the temperature of seawater slightly lowers the pH. In seawater at a salinity of 35% and a pH of 7.8 to 8.0, a rise in temp­ erature of 10 C reduces the pH 0.01 units.

OXYGEN

Concentrations of oxygen in surface water of Onslow Bay varies seasonally 7

from 1,.9 to 6.7 nU/l; at the edge of the shelf the range is 1,.5 to 5.0 ml/L In both areas t',he amcrunt is close to the saturation value (Stefansson and Atkinson, 1967). Dat" from tho Gill cruises (Table 2) show that oxygen concentration is rather constant from surface to bottom and the amount increases in ,,/'inter because the w"ter is colder and therefore can hold more dissolved gases.

An increa.se of salinity and temperature decreases the amount of oxygen water can hold. Many invertebrates seem to be un/1.ffected by a decrease of oxygen content, even to 50% of the original amount, whereas many fishes must live in fully oxygenated water, at least if they are to be active (Raymont, 1963).

Menzies, How·, and Atkinson (1968) reportGct a small basin containing anoxic sediments off Cape Lookout at a depth of 11m. Presumably this basin traps org'dnic material com.:ing out Barden Inlet and decomposition has led to the anoxic condition. No other area of this type is known to occur in Onslow Bay.

NUTRIENTS

Important nutrients in seawater are phosphate, nitrate, and silicates. Phytoplankton blooms OCClDe until one of these nutrients becomes limiting and halts further growth. Stefansson and Atkinson (1967) found that these nutrients showed sillLUar features in their distribution in Onslow Bay. All were in low concentrations 1n surface and shallow water since th1s is normally where they are used; the concentrations increased with dGpth and maximum. concentration l;as Slightly below the oxygen minimum layer (100 m). Approxima te seasonal means for Onslo\, Bay water are: 0.2 ug at/I P043-, 0.5 ug at/I N03- and l.0 ug at/l SiO~.4- (Stef'ansson and Atkinson, 1967). Similar values were found in samples collected by the JVVv Gill (Table 2).

Atkinson and Stefansson (1969) measured particulate iron and aluml.num in coastal waters and rivers of North Carolina. Three of their stations oc­ curred in shallow Onslow Bay.

BENTHIC ALGAE

Attached algae are limited to waters of sufficient clarity and trans­ mission to allow enough light for photosynthesis. Levring (1968) has shown that littoral forms can photosynthesize at great depths in clear water.

In general, chlorophytes are littoral and restricted to areas where red and blue light penetrate to the bottom. Phaeophytes occur from 0 to 15 meters and have accessory pigments (f'ucoxanthan). Rh0dophytes possess phycoerythrans a.nd are found at all depths. Their main distribution. is from 15 to 30 meters and the aGcessory pigments allow them to use green and blue-green light at this depth (Levring, 1968).

On Coral Heads

Flora of the coral patches (Fig]lrEl 2) is !(redominently southern. Hoyt 8

(1917) identified 47 species from these areas (Table 3) and found 68% were Florida-West Indies types and 30% were known from New England. Hoyt also found a seasonal change in the flora of this area; up to 90% of species found in May were northern, and up to 100% of those found in August were southern forms. The algal species of these reef areas were not found in other areas in Onslow Bay. The southern character of species on the coral heads is further shown by the predominance of red algae (Rhodophyceae): 36 species, 68% of all forms~

Shelf-Edge Reef

No studies of benthic flora of the edge of the continental shelf are known for the coast of North Carolina. Hoyt (1917) mentioned that he found benthic algae inthe Gulf Stream, 70 km offshore at a depth of 115 meters, but he did not describe the forms collected. This reef area was built by Lithothamnion algae under shallow water conditions in the past. Pleistocene curves indicate that the shoreline was near this area about 19,000 years ago (Curry, 1964). Menzies et al. (1966) found budding Lithothamnion, which indicates that it may still be flourishing in the area.

Near Shore Algae

Benthic algae found near shore in Onslow Bay is listed in Table 4. Hoyt (1917) lists 18 speCies, 16 of which are tropical forms. Again red algae predOminate. The forms found by Hoyt in Beaufort Harbor (Table 5) could probably be found at any inlet in Onslow Bay. Many of these forms are found in shallow water of Onslow Bay and are probably limited in their distribution by water turbidity and suitable substrate.

PHYTOPLANKTON

Phytoplankton off the coast of North Carolina have been studied by Hulbert (1967) and Marshall (1969 a and b). They found that diatoms were the dominant type over the continental shelf, and coccolithophores and pyrrophyceans were the dominant types in the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. In a series of surface samples taken in Ml.y, 1969 in Onslow Bay and seaward, Marshall (1969a) reported that diatom species decreased as folloWS: 35, 25, 12, and 6. The last station was located at the edge of the Sargasso Sea. Marshall's Station 1400 was located in the center of Onslow Bay. Species and numbers of phyto­ plankters at 0 and 10 meters are given in Table 6. Phytoplankton from a 500 TIll water sample was concentrated and counted in a 50 TIll counting chamber. !farshall found concentrations of 957 cells per liter in surface water and 474 cells per liter in a sample from 10 m. Diatoms !represented 83% and 85% of total phytoplankton at the two depths. The dominant form in surface water was Hemiaulus membranaceus, while Hemiaulus sinensis was the most abundant form at 10 m.

ZOOPLANKTON

Zooplankton can be divided into two broad categories, meroplankton and holoplankton. Meroplanktonic animals are forms which are planktoniC for only 9

part of their exi~)tence and include larvae of benthic invertebrates and eggs and larval f~tages of fishec. Holoplanktonic anirnals remain planktonic through·­ out their whole life, for example chaetognaths, copepods and siphonophores. In general the diversity of ocean zooplankton increases to~ward the tropics and total numbers and biomass increases toward tl1e poles (Raymont, 1963).

CollecUons of surface zooplankton were rrade by the II/V Gill with a half­ meter net. The samples were sorted to taxa, counted and reported in numbers per cubic meter of ,later. Data from four .9ill crui.3es for stations 67, 68, a.nd 69 are summarized in Table 7. These cruises in Onslmf Bay were in August and Noveniber, 1953, and February and July, 1954.

Bumpus and Pierce (1955) and PIerce (1958) studied the Chaetognatha of North CaroEna shelf waters and reported the following concentrati"ons (No./m3 ): fl.~I~:I;~ !2~-lO.!" .e. :I;!lnui~~19.0, §. hele~~-34.4, §. ~nnata-O.3, and Il'rohnitt'O. pacil:~£~-O.3. Thus, they found 64.4 chaetognaths per m3 which cor­ responds to values found in Gil~ collections.

BEN'l'IlI C INV~HTEBRA'TES

GraSGle (1967) studied the effects of environmental variation on species diversity in benthic communities. Three of his sampling sites off Cape look­ out are in Onslow Bay. A polychaete annelid, ~lUTIbrineris ;januarii, was the most numerous animal collected. GraBsle found that total numbers o:f organisms per m2 of sediment was in the thousands.

A checklist of the common i~nvertebrates collected trawling in Onslow Bay is given in Table 8. This lLst was prepared by Kirby-Smith and Gray (1971) and is used for field trips of students to this area. The forms collected on a typical trawl depend on the area sampled, time of year, and other variables. With thi.s in mind, I have placed an asterisk before forms found in a typical haul based on personal experience. All of these forms are found 1 to 3 miles offshore.

A more detailed list of benthos could be made for each of the specific cOlmll1mities found in the bay. McCloskey (1968) studied fauna associated with the coral Oculina arbuscwa and reported a high diversity indicative of a stable cOlDlUunity. Patches of this coral 8.re found from Cape Lookout to Charleston, S. C. lJnfortunately the invertebrate fauna of the reef building coral heads (Figure 3) is not well known. Huntsman and ilJacIntyre (1971) note that these patches are the extreme northern limit in the range of the Spanish lobster, §cyllarides notifer, and the spiny lobster, Panulirus ~~. The reason these interesting areas have been poorly studied is because of .sampling difficulties; tr8~wling in rocky areas is risky and cloudy water and sharks TrlEike diving hazardous (Huntsman and MacIntyre, 1971) ~

A better studied conmnmity are the organisms associated with beds of calico scallops, ih.DrQQ8cten gibbus, in Onslow Bay. These beds oCCur in water 10

from 60 to 100 feet deep and locations of well known beds are shown in Figure 3. Wells, Wells and Gray (1964) studies macroscopic invertebrates living on or in the valves of scallops and found many subtropical and tropical species which are not found in inshore waters. They listed 100 species, in almost every major taxa except Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Any hard substrate in this area would probably collect a similar assemblage. Dominant species found were: barnaclea, Balanus amphitrite and £. calidus, sabellariid polychaete, Salellaria floridensis, and serpulid polychaete, Pomatoceros caeruleus. These forms are pioneer species and prepared the shell for colonization by other species. Mollusca found on the scallop grounds are described by Porter and Wolfe (1971) and Porter (1972) and many ranges are extended northward to this area. A total of Hll species were found by Porter and Wolfe (::1.971). More complete works of invertebrates found in Onslow Bay are available. Williams (1965), for instance, describes 14 species of penaeid shrimps occur­ ring in water 0 to 200 fathoms deep in this area. Similar detailed works are as follows: Porifera-Wells, Wells and Gray, 1960; Hydrozoa- Allwein, 1967 and Frazer, 1910; Anthozoa- Field, 1949; Platyhelminthes- Hymen, 1940; Nemertina- MoCaul, 1963; Bryozoa- Matura, 1957; Mollusca- Porter and Tyler, 1971, and Ahbott, 1954; Sipunculoidea- Gerould, 1913; Polychaeta- Hartman, 1945, and Day, 1973; Cirripedia- Pilsbry, 1916; Isopoda- Schultz, 1969; Stomatapoda- Luna, 1935; A~teroidea- Gray, Downey, and Cerame~Vivas, 1968; Ophiuriodea- Fell, 1960, and Tho.IDre, 1962; Echuro.idea- Mortenson, 1928; Holothuroidea- Deicbmann, 1930' Chaetognata- Bumpus and Pierce, 1955, an4 Pierce, 1958. McDougall (1943) discusses fouling organisms o·f the area.

Commercially.important species 1. Calico Scallops

Beds of Argopecten gibbus occur in Onslow Bay n~ar the 10 fathom curve (Figure 3) and have been known for a long time (Radcliffe, 1914; Chestnut, 1951). Only recently have the scallops become abundant and large enough for commercial fishing. In 1959, 6500 pounds of scallop meats were harvested and were worth $2600 to the fisherman. By 1966, 1,900,000 pounds were taken and valued at #368,700. In February and March, 1967, 9,000 to 20,000 bushels per week were taken from offshore scallop beds (Cummins, 1971). Davis (1973) told the author that 1,285,300 pounds were sold for $432,000 in 1971. Above prices are dockside values to the fisherman. Porter and Wolfe (1971) state that 15 boats regularly fish the beds in Onslow Bay in spring and summer. 2. Shrimp Three species of shrimp are harvested commercially in OnsloW Bay: Penaus duorarum. the pink shrimp, E. aztecus, the brown, and E. setiferus, the white. Seasonal timing of phases in life cycles differ for the.three SPecies, but they all go through the same pattern. AdUlts of P. duorarum begin moving offshore in May. Water temperature of 240 C may initiate spawning. Eggs are broadcast into water offshore and a 3 week planktonic life follows including 5 naupliar, 3 protozoeal, 3 mysis and a n1.\!ilber of postlarval stages. There is a net movement of planktOniC larvae toward estuaries. Most larvae 11

enter these nursery areas on flood tides, at ni"ght, on a full moon. The second postlarval stage becomes benthic and burrows into the rich estuarine mud. Peak recruitment time for po,st larvae of £.~ duorarum is in summer months, and Nov8niber to May for brown shrimp. Many other shrimps, fishes and smaller crustaceans have similar migratory spawning habits. Commercial shrimp grow to marketable size in 3"bout J months in the warm season (1,Jil1iams, 1955, 1964, 1965) ,

Gravi"d shrimp move toward the nearest inlet into Onslow Bay at a rate of about 0,5 mileS/day (McCoy and Brown, 1967). Salinity changes which occur ',lith changing tides may cue these movements toward higher salinity ,Jater (Hughes, 1969 a and b). Once in the ocean shrimp continue to migrate south along the coast, Pink and brocrtl shrimp have been recaptured 120 and 150 miles re­ spectively south of \,h81'8 they "were marked 5 weeks earlier, A white shrimp mi.grated 3L~5 miles ,~jO'uth frorn where it wa.s rn,a.rked in an undetermined amOl.,lut of time, Thus, shrimp "Jhich mature in est"uaries of North Carolina may contribute to slrrimp fisheries off South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (McCoy and !3ro\,n, 1967),

Otter tra'oJls hauled from boats 45 to 80 feet in length (" shrimp boats") are used to catch shrimp in On810" Bay as they migrate out inlets, About 430 such boats obtained a cOlrunercial license to shrimp in the bay in 1971 (Davis and McCoy, 197:3, personal communication). Areas "hicb are heavily fished are shown in F:igure i,., Most shrimping is done at night, and rough terrain limits '3h:rl.mping to shallow ,raters of the bay, less than 50 feet deep with a smooth bottom,

Shrimp are fished for heavily and McCoy (1972) reports a weekly reduction in pink and bro;m .shrimps of 45,6% and 43.5% respectively during fishing seasons. Adding natm'al mortality to fishing losses JmW mean 71% and 63% of these shrimps are removed from the popLLlation per week (McCoy, 1968), Be­ cause this hec1;vy fishing p~T.'essure mEJ.Y eventually eliminate shrimp in commer­ cial quanti ties :en J\lortb Carolina, more research should be conducted to es­ tablish a sustained yield. McCoy (1972) calculated a ll1'1ximnm yield could be achieved if shrimp are caught before they enter the ocean, and are sll1'111er (ahout 70 per pound headless).

Shrimp represent a sizable portion of money obtained for fishery products i31 North Carolina and this great reSOQrce should be saved from overfishing. The dockside value of all fishery products of North Carolina from 1960 to 1970 I,JaS about ~t8. 5 mini.on. Approxill1'1tely 24% of this value was attributed to shrimp (Purvis and McCoy, 1972). In 1971, 2,000,000 pounds of shrimp were caught in Onslow Bay, representing a dockside value of $1.4 million (Davis, 1973, personal communication) •

.Annual ,fluctuations in shrimp nunibers occur naturally and affect the n Dhery. lndred et aL CL961) suggested that annual temperature ranges with:in poorly undm'stood, but not fatal, limits may have a controlling influence un p~)puJatJ.o:n size in the following year. li'ISHES

A list of fishoD fOlmd in Onslow Bay is given in Table 9 from Kirby-Smdth 12

and Gray (1971). Again I have indicated species found in a typical trawl haul 1 to 3 miles offshore. This vast variety and abundance of fishes support a large recreational and commercial fishery in the area. Schwartz and Tyler (1970) stated that 563 species of marine fishes are known from waters 0 to 100 fathoms deep off North Carolina. They discussed 82 species most likely to be encountered by sports and commercial fishermen in Onslow Bay. A very complete list for the area is given by Bulles and Thompson (1965). Habitat and life history accounts of fishes of Onslow Bay are found in Coles (1910), Hildebrand and Cable (1931, 1934, 1938) and Taylor (1951). Seasonal occurence of common fishes in shallow waters is discussed by Tagat and Dudley (1961). They found menhaden, striped anchovey and rough silversides the most numerous fishes inshore, menhaden being fODL~d in March, April, and May only. Pearce, Humm, and wharton (1942) list fishes and invertebrates in shallow waters of Onslow Bay.

Schwartz (1973) discussed the fishes of coastal habitats in Onslow Bay. He lists the following benthic fishes as very common 1 to 3 miles offshore: swell­ fish, kingfish, gray trout, clear nosed skates, spiny dogfish, smooth sand sharks, stingrays, lizardfish, spot, croakers, porgies, silver perch, and sea robins. The young of many of these fishes are found in the surf zone. Common pelagic fishes include the bluefish, spanish mackeral, king mackeral, false albacore and a host of others.

Commercial Area s

The fishing grounds of Onslow Bay have been described by Struhsaker (1969) who sampled 956 exploratory trawling stations in 6 to 100 fathom waters on the continental shelf off southeastern United States. Two-hundred and thirteen of his stations occurred in Onslow Bay. His study showed that the shelf can be divided into 5 habitats: coastal, open shelf, live bottom, shelf edge and lower shelf, each with a distinct association of demersal fishes. The following inforllntion of the habitats in Onslow Bay is summarized from Struhsaker's 9 cruises which covered every season~ The coastal habitat has a smooth, sandy bottom out to depths of 8 to 10 fathoms. Otter trawl drags in this coastal area caught 2,000 to 3,000 pounds per hour of small croaker, spot, kingfish, scup, sea trout, grunt, spanish mackeral and flounder. Most catches farther offshore (9 to 12 fathoms) were smaller, but occasionally 2,500 to 3,000 pounds per hour of butterfish and croakers were caught.

The open shelf habitat has a smooth bottom and depths from 10 to 30 fathoms. This area has poor potential for a trawl fishery for food fishes. Catches in this area of Onslow Bay were variable in amount and species taken. Small catches, 100 to 600 pounds per drag, were composed mostly of scup, file­ fish, lizardfish, sea robins and miscellaneous flatfishes. Larger catches (2,500 tp 3,500 pounds) were occasionally made consisting of small to medium sized scup, pinfish and northern puffers. Planehead filefish were occasionally abundant and sea bass were caught, but not in large commercial quantities.

I~ve-bottom habitats are small areas of broken relief and a rich sessile invertebrate fauna. These areas (coral heads) are found within the open-shelf habitat and have the best foodfish potential for commercial utilization on the continental shelf. No extensive areas of this type, hew ever, were found in 13

Onslow Bay. A few small catches, 20 to 150 pounds, of red snapper and groupers were made in depths from 14 to 25 fathoms. These catches probably represent transient schools which moved inshore from the shelf edge in warm months. Huntsman and MacIntyre (1971) gave a 1jst of fishes which occur on these coral patches (Table 10). They also indicated that commercial catches of 300,000 to 400,000 pounds of sea baC1s, pentro)2ristes stria tus, are taken annually, partiCll.larly in winter months with pots and handlines. Sl1JllJller anglers may easily land 100 pounds of sea bass per day in these areas. Radcliffe (191/}) described the fishing grounds of Onslo\-1 Bay and concentrated mainly on these coral areas because of their potential.

The shelf-edge habitat runs along the edge of the continental shelf. This area has a promising future in Onslow Bay. Because of rough terrain, trawling was comparatively unsuccessful., but red snapper, grouper, hogfish and amberjack abound in this area. A handline fishery flourished here in 1956 and 1957, but a masBive fish kill, probably because of a cold water incursion, ended the ven­ ture.

The lower-shelf habitat has a smooth, mud bottom from about 60 to 100 fathoms" This area was inadequately explored by Struhsaker and he gives no appraisal of bottom-·fish resources. fiShery Statistics

Fishery statistics change seasonally in amounts caught and areas fished. For instance, spanish mackeral are caught in spring and fall, and are not found in summer since Onslow Bay is not an important spawning area (HHdebrand and Cable, 1938). A list of species of fishes and their commercial value from Onslo'" Bay in 19'71 is shO\orn in Table 11. Figures given are estimates by Harry Davis, Fishery statistician of the United States Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Beaufort, North Carolina, and Edward McCoy, Director of the MOrehead City Office of North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development. Other fish aro also caught commercially but are not included because original fishery data was for fj_shes taken in the Atlantic Ocean off North Carolina, and exact percentages of some fish taken in Onslow Bay are not lmown. These other species include: thread herring, king mackeral, sturgeon and swe11fish. The total dockside value for all fishery products from Onslow Bay in 1971 was approximately ~~4 million. This figure has remained about the same for the last few years. ConSistently the most ilr'l'ortant fish is the menhaden.

1. Menhaden

Menhaden, Bre~j,ia :tyrannu~, is the most commercially valuable fish in Onslow Bay. It is a member of the family Clupeidae which includes the f'n tel' feeding shads, herring and a1e;lives. Reintjes (1964) published an annotated bibHograplW on this group .

.Menhaden m'G not con,s:Lder-ed edible by the general publiC, and thus is rocarcely known; but it supports one of the greatest fisheries in the United States and j G fished for in more states and over a ,/ider geographic range than any other fish in territorial waters of the United States. Menhaden are processed for oil which is used in manufacturing soap, paint, linoleum and 14 vitamins. Some are canned for food and the rest used for fertilizer (Ellison, 1951) .

Menhaden are migratory and are found in the Atlantic Ocean from YJaine to Florida. Spawning occurs at sea in late winter off North Carolina. They are prolific spawners and eggs and larvae represent a large portion of total egg catch from November to March. Adult fish are caught with purse seines and fishing is normally confined to shallow waters near the coast (Figure 5), (Henry et a1., 1965). large schools of menhaden appear in Onslow Bay in November and December. They usually disappear off Cape Fear by January (Higham and Nicholson, 1964). Eggs hatch in about 48 hours and larvae migrate toward inlets to estuaries. Peak recruitment occurs in late February or early March in North Carolina (Higham and Nicholson, 1964). Rapid growth occurs in rich, estuarine waters.

Total catches of menhaden are decreasing in the United States. Nicholson (1971) reported no obvious trends in catch, effort and catch per unit effort in North Carolina, but it is a well known fact that the fish are scarcer than in past years. As with shrimp, an effort must be made to save this fishery from exploitation. Schaaf and Huntsman (1972) recommended reducing the instantaneous fishing mortality, which would decrease per year catch, but would increase spawning stock and. allow a maximum sustained yield. of 400,000 to 500,000 metric tons. To date, no effort along these lines has been im­ plemented..

2. Other fishes

Other fishes of commercial importance have life-cycle patterns similar to menhaden. The mullets, Mugil cephalus and. 1:1. curema, move out of inlets to spawn at sea in the fall. The gray trout spawn at sea from May to August. Spots are common offshore in December and January, croaker, all summer and bluefish in early summer. Young of all these fish migrate to estuaries and mature (Roelofs, 1951).

3. Scrap fish

Shrimp trawlers catch more than shrimp, in fact the fish/shrimp ratio " in pounds is about 5.4:1 (Wolff, 1972). }',any SI!ll.ll fish are also caught while trawling for larger fin-fishes. Fish caught in trawls are nearly dead when brought on deck. North of Cape Hatteras and south of Bogue Inlet the catches are culled at sea and unwanted. fish are thrown overboard. However, a scrap fish industry exists in Carteret County, North Carolina. These fish are identified as Unclassified Industrial Fish and pounds taken and value for 1971 are shown in Table 11. Most" scrap" fishing occurs in Onslow Bay in depths of 1 to 20 fathoms (Fahy, 1966). Fahy estimated that 8 to 11 million pounds of industrial fish are taken per year. Wolff (1972) identified 51 species of "trash" fish and found that spot, croaker and sea trout represent 48% of total scrap by weight. Both Fahy (1965 Ii and b, 1966) and Wolff (1972) found. that up to 80% of these fish by weight were young-of-the-year, especially croaker, spot, butterfish and gray sea trout. Croaker and spot are caught all year round whereae others are included in catches seasonally. 15

Brown and McCoy (1969) and Wolff (1972) disGUSS the possible effects of use of young edible fish for lndustrial product:l on the total Btocks of these fish. Obviously it is less wasteful" to keep i'j"sh accidently caught in shrimp­ ing and fin-fishing than to throw them out. About 35 times more scrap fish are destroyed during shrimping than fin-fhlhing. Many fish are discarded because it is not economically feaSible to take them to port and seLL them for industrial use. Much research needs to be conducted in thh1 area to determine effects of scrap fishing on the future fishery of Onslo,r Bay.

Sports Fishing

Sports fishing is a groHing business which supports many coastal com­ munities. Presently there are 11 mHlion people engaged in fishing on the continental shelf of the United States and it is predicted that this Hill increase to 16 million by 1975. Annual gross income of this activity is $800 million. About one-half of the activity occurs on the Atlantic coast and one-quarter each on Gulf and Pacific coasts (KetchuJU, 1972).

The main income of many communities on Onslow Bay is tourism and a m'ljor attraction to tourists if fishing. Four counties border the bay. Table 12 lists facilities associated with fishing by county. Carteret County, Hhich is the most northern of the fcrur, has the most sport fishing faoilit:Le8. Morehead City has one of the largest charterboat fishing fleets on the east coast. Carteret County, especially MDrehead City, also has the most ocean piers, sound piers, fishing camps, campgrounds and access areas.

It is difficult to assess the amount of fish taken from Onslow Bay by sports fishermen. Al though the number of :registered charterboats is known, many private boats also fish in the area. On calm boats, 18 foot boats are comrnon 3 miles out of Beaufort Inlet. McCoy (personal communication) estimates that the amount of boats listed in Table 12 can be doubled to include private boats. The most common fishes caught by hook and line are: bluefish, spanish mackera1, and king mackeral in fall and spring, seatrout in fall and early Hinter, flounder, dolphin, marlin and sailfish in the summer, and assorted bottom fish which are present aU year long but fished for heaVily in the sUlomer, such as snappers, groupers and sea bass. McCoy and Davis (personal communication) estimate that pound taken in 1971 shown on 'Table 11 can be doubled for ground fishes to include sport fishing.

Bluefish, spanish m,lckera1 and king mackeral are caught trolling along the beach and in shallow water at Cape Lookout and Frying Pan Shoals off Cape Fear. Sea trout are commonly caught in the s"urf and near inlets. Flounder are taken in shallow Hater near or in inlets. Dolphin and bHlfishes are caught off­ shore in the Gulf Stream and snappers, groupers and sea bass are caught off­ shore near wrecks and rocks, or at the edge of the continental shelf.

131RDS

)'Iany kinds of birds can regularly be seen over Onslow Bay, usually fly­ ing very cIa se to the water while moving up and down the coa st. Flocks of shorebirds including eandpiperll, sanderlings, ye11ow1egs, willets, turn­ stones and plovers are seasonally abundant. Brown pelicans are seen flying 16 over coastal waters throughout the summer. Corlllorants and nany waterfowl are found from fall to spring, including merganzers, teals, geese and many ducks.

Gulls and terns are abundant throughout [,Clq year, the laughing gull being most numerous. Also common are the herring gull, cornman tern, and the least terns. Black skimmers are found along the beaches in the summer.

Many oceanic birds also occur in Onslow Bay. Types found and their .dis­ tance from shore depends on wind, temperature, season and food supply. These birds are found regularly in areas of cool water upwelling and shun warm surface waters because of lack of food. Table 13 lists oceanic birds regularly and casually observed in Onslow Bay. MOst common are gannets in winter, shearwaters in May and wilson's Petral in summer. Many of these birds occur very close to shore during storms.

TURTLES

Sea turtles are common in coastal waters of Onslow my. Many are seen off ocean fishing piers in the swmmer and a few are accidently caught in trawls while fin-fishing or shrimping. The green turtle, Chelonia ~, is probably the most common and is known to lay eggs on desolate beaches in Onslow Bay, particularly near Cape Lookout. Also found are the Atlantic Hawksbill, Ertmochelys imbricata, the Atlantic Loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and the Atlantic Leatherback, Dermochelys coriacea.

MAMMALS

Harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, was once common near Beaufort Inlet, but have not been observed in recent years. The bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in very common in Onslow Bay and schools of 100 or more are frequently seen 1 mile offshore. Whales were once common but are now rarely seen. 17

Table 1. Summary of climatological data for Cape Hatteras, No Co, l()7L From: U~ S .. Department of Corrmerce; National Oceanic and AtInospheric Administration Environmental Lata Service, 1971.

1971 Mean Total Mean wind Mean wind c:LiX'ect~l on. temp. percipitation­ speed - mph OF inches

-"---~-.------~--- Jan 46.6 3.90 12.8 NNE Feb 46.5 3,93 13.2 NNE Mar 51.0 4.16 12.5 .3\J Apr 59.3 2.99 1205 Slv /fay 68.0 3.98 11.5 S,,r June 75.2 4.14 11.1 SSvJ July 78.0 6.15 10.6 ISW Aug 77.6 6.42 9.9 S'lif Sept 74.1 5.89 11,1 NE Oct 65.4 4.24 11.7 NNE Nov 56.2 4.09 11.6 NNE Dec 48.2 4.58 12.0 NNE

Year 62.2 54.47 11.7 SW

__M __~ ___'_~_~"_''' __ > ______' 18

Table 2. Physical and chemical data from M/v Gill stations 67, 68 and 69 in Onslow Bay. From: Anderson and Gehringer, 1957 (a and b), 1958, 1959.

Date Station Depth Temp. Salinity Density 02 Total P PO!-p NO:3-N02 # oC 0/00 ml/l ugat/l ugat/l ugat/l

Aug 67 1m 27.8 35.6 22.9 4.90 1953 10m 27.7 35.7 23.0 4.86 Aug 68 1m 27.4 35.7 23.1 4.76 0.4 0.5 1953 10m 27.5 35.7 23.1 4.67 5.5 0.1 2.0 Aug 69 1m 27.5 36.0 23.4 4.81 1953 10m 27.6 36.0 23.3 4.64 Nov 67 1m 18.96 35.59 25.5 5.17 1953 10m 18.96 35.62 25.5 5.18 Nov 68 1m 19.02 35.23 25.2 5.19 0.0 1953 10m 19.06 35.23 25.2 5.11 0.0 Nov 69 1m 15.8 33.6 24.7 5.58 1953 10m 17.2 34.6 25.2 5.33 Feb 67 1m 12.1 34.8 26.5 4.87 2.8 0.7 0.5 1954 10m 11.9 35.2 26.8 5.37 1.9 0.6 0.0 Feb 68 1m 14.0 36.13 27.08 5.71 2.8 1.8 0.0 1954 10m 13.1 36.08 27.22 5.59 1.9 0.0 0.0 Feb 69 1m 11.4 35.8 27.3 6.16 1.3 0.5 0.0 1954 10m 11.5 35.9 27.4 6.18 0.9 0.0 0.5 July 67 1m 2'7.23 35.57 23.09 4.63 1.2 0.3 0.5 1954 10m 27.23 35.41 22.97 4.71 1.3 0.6 0.0 July 68 1m 27.25 35.53 23.09 4.63 0.6 0.7 1.0 1954 10m 27.93 35.66 22.93 4.95 0.8 0.4 5.0 July 69 1m 27.06 35.77 23.30 4.87 1.0 0.9 0.0 1954 10m 27.14 35.71 23.23 4.78 1.2 0.9 0.0 r)

Table J. Benthic algal opecie" found on coral heads in Onslow Bay, N. C. From: Hoyt, 1917.

MYXOPHYCEAE: fllIOUOJ'HYCEAE - contJ.nued Microchaete ~~ c;allithamnion ap. Phormidium sp. Spermothamnio~ investiens Spyridia clavata CHLOROPHYCEAE: §2yridia filamentosa Cladophora sp. Grifrithsia sp. De~Qesia turbinata Halymenia gelinaria Codium tomentosum HalYffienia agardlill Udote~ SX§c:t.h.ciformis Amphiroa fragilissimH Amphiroa brasi+iana PHAEOPHYCEAE: Corallina capillacea Ectocarpus ap. Corallina £gben13is Phaeostroma pusillum Melobesia fari.nosa Streblonema solitarium Melobesia farinosa f. calli thamnioide,g Elachistea stellulata Li thothamnium se;iunctum (?) ~orochnus pedunculatus Lithophyllum intermedium Sargassum filipendula Dictyopteris polypodioides Dictyopteris serrata Dictyota dichotOITIH Spatoglossum schroederi Zonaria flava

RHODOPHYCEAE: Erythrocladia recondita Erythrocladia vagabunda Goniotrichum alsidii Acrochaetium affine Acrochaetium ini'estans Agardhiella tenera Meristotheca duchassaingii Gracilaria confervoides Hypnea muciformis Champia parvula Chrysymenia agardhii Chr;ysymenia enteromorpha Chrysymenia uvaria Lorrentaria ~ Rhodymenia palmetta Grinnellia americana Nitophyllum medium Brogniartella mucronata Chondria dasyphylla Chondria sedifolia ~ pedicellata Polysiphonia Ceramium strictum 20

Table 4. Benthic algal species found near shore in Onslow Bay, N. C. El'om: Hoyt, 1917.

Jllyxophyceae: Dichothrix penicillata Chlorophyceae: Cladophora prolifera Endoderma viride Caulerpa prolifera Phaeophyceae: Streblonema invisibile Castagnea zosterae Sargassum natans Sargassum natans f. angustum Sargassum filipendula var. montagnei Sargassum sp. Zonaria variegata Rhodophyceae: Rhabdonia ramosissima Agardbinula brownae Chondria littoralis Chondria sp. laurencia sp. Polysiphonia havanensis Ceramium rubrum Cryptonemia crenulata Halymenia floresia Halymenia floridana 23

Table 6. (cant.)

DINOPllYCEAE Amph.idinium sp. Ceratium sp. Ceratium furca Ceratlum tripos Cochlodinium pellucidum Dinophysis schuetti Exuviaella sp. Oxytoxum sp. Oxytoxum milneri OxytoXll111 reticula tum l'eridinium sp. Peridinium breve Prorocentrum sp. Prorocentrum scutellum Unidentified TOTAL D1NOPHYCEAE

COCCOLITHOI HORES Acanthoica acanthifera 2 CalyptroGphaera 6b1 onga Cocc:ollthus huxleyi 12 12 Coccolithus ~lagicus Di seo sE haera tubifera Inhllianosphaera adriatica .) Syrac:osphaera mediterranea 8 ~ SyracosJ2haera molischi Syracosphaera pulchra 16 Rhabdosphaera stylifer

TOTAL COCCOLITHOPHORES 38 14

TOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON 957 474 Table 7. Seasonal occurrence of zooplankton in Onslow Bay, North Carolina in munbers per M3 water. From: Anderson and Gehringer, 1957 (a, b), 1958, 1959. Date August, 1953 November, 1953 February, 1954 July, 1954 Station Number Reg. 67 Reg. 68 Reg. 69 Reg. 67 Reg. 68 Reg. 69 Reg. 67 Reg. 68 Reg. 69 Reg. 67 Reg. 68 Reg. 69

Protozoa 171.8 352.0 336.5 131.0 298.7 126.4 15.5 96.1 14.7 42.8 779.6 393.1 Coelenterata 7.8 33.6 2.1 1.7 3.2 3.3 0.1 6.7 7.3 4.5 6.8 6.2 Chaetognatha 63.1 41.6 62.0 113.4 105.4 44.3 0.5 40.9 21.3 10.5 7.3 3.5 Misc. Worms 1.6 0.4 1.1 1.7 0.6 1.8 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.3 Copepoda 1510.4 977.6 739.3 434.3 445.7 276.2 142.5 256.0 61.5 233.1 190.4 82.4 Ostracoda 41.6 8.9 1.5 242.2 67.1 3.8 0.5 16.7 0.6 IvWsidacea 0.6 2.3 2.8 2.4 Amphipoda 3.2 56.0 9.8 15.0 12.7 0.2 0.3 2.1 4.6 0.4 Isopoda 0.4 0.2 0.9 Stomatopoda 3.9 1.5 1.8 0.4 11. 7 0.5 0.1 Euphausiacea 0.2 0.2 2.4 0.7 Shrimp 49.7 25.6 38.9 9.6 24.3 8.2 0.3 15.4 0.7 1.8 Cra.bs 52.4 41.6 29.4 6.0 6.0 6.4 0.4 13.6 1.2 0.7 n n Misc. Crustaceans 110.1 120.0 2v.v 3.0 3.9 139.4 0,,1 1.8 1~7 0.7 , 0 Pteropoda 24.2 0.8 1~5 1~4 6.6 2.8 0.3 2.7 (:.L. -;; 1.2 l!"li se ~ Mollusca 30.9 3.6 25.2 34.6 89.5 76.9 1.2 0.4 O~7 10.5 4.4 6.4 larvacea 55.0 75~2 56.8 22.8 83.1 46.9 1.9 52.9 0.7 18.1 34.7 11+.9 Misc. Tunicata 24.2 3.9 26~3 0.2 1.4 0.2 1.2 32.8 2.9 0.6 Leptocardia 1.92 0,97 0.03 0.18 0.04 4.7 Ylisc~ Organisms 110.1 96.0 SEL3 136.9 17.9 71.7 0.2 L.O 5.1 10.2 4.6 SUBTOTAL 2262.3 1840.1 i443.7 1157.4 1168.5 808.5 162.9 4775 11.0 404.7 1049.3 518.2

Fish Eggs 1.50 1~52 2.01 0.41 0.50 0.55 0.09 6.50 0.56 6.93 0.48 0.17 Fish Larvae 11.C7 8.53 2.53 1.33 4.50 0.30 O~01 0.28 0.01 0.96 0.14 l~OO

) - n ?:' TOTAL 2.274,9 1850.1 1448.3 1159.1 1173.5 809.4 163.0 484.3 111.6 -+l~ 0 -_' 1049.9 519~4 Table 5. Benthic Algal species found in Beaufort harbor. From: Hoyt, 1917.

Summer Flora: Spring Flora:

MYXO"11YCEAE: CBLOHOI' HIG EM;: CbroOCoCCUi3 turgidus? Enterom'2}:pha QI'olif2!:": Hydroco1eum lyngbyaceum Enteromorl2ll.':! n8XLE~'" ~~;utea Enteromorpha intestinalis Oscillatoria nigro-viridis Enteromorph~ 1.:0za Chaetomorph_~ melag2E1.jJJm CHLOHOFHYCEAE: f. rupincola Ulva fassiat2c Cladophora flex~Rsa Chaetomorpha btnum Hhi zoe1 0 nj,.!Jlll ~:j""''''-''::'''' Chaetomorpha li~ f. ~ Bryopsis plu~ Chaetomorpha braCh~?"ona UTadopnora erysta I 1.na Codium decorticatum FHAEOFHYCEAE: cOQiUffi tomentosum Ectocarpu~ cOJ!.fe:rvoid_~.§_ EctocarQld.Q ,silicu2..2i.D:le. PHAEOPHYCEAE: Petalonia [:it ,sci.§: Ectocarpus duchassaingianus Lea the s.ia diff.9TJ![is E~to£arpus mitchella~ !1Yrionema strangQhans Hosenviugea orientalis Stilophora !hi~de~ Dietyopteris Eolypodioide" Dictyota dichotoma RHODOFHYCEAE: Padina vickersiae Bangia .fusco-purE'::lrea §patoglossum schroederi Forphyra leu~J?tj.~!2 Acrochaetinon 9orX!lli:l;iLsc:Wfl Hl-IODOPHYCEAE: Gelidium ~eru+.~sce:tl~2 F.xythrotrichia carne~ Champia paryuIIl; Erythrocladi~ recondita Lomentaria .Y:D..£ir~:~§i Goniotrichum alsidii Grirmellia §:.mel)car~~ Acrochaetium dufourii Chondria ,sedi£2J.J.a Acrochaetium hoytH Chondria tenuis~'3;1m?; varo Acrochaetium ~rvulurn Ilasya pedi,:,ell~ta Gelidiu.lD coerulescens Polysiphonia E2£.!:~~£:''C0 ACtj~1ococcus aggregatus CeramiuJ,l! stric!um Eucheuma E.£lidium Gracj.larj~ confervoides Perennial Species: Champia parvula Lomentaria uncinata MYXOPHYCEAE: Rhodymenia palmetta bwgyl!.Y!:': c or!Ki')2'V,?j,3i')Q ? Nitophyllum medium Chondria dasyphylla CHLORDPHYCEAE: Chondria Fedifolia Enteromorpha prolifer'l. Chondria atropurpurea? Ulva lactuca (both varieties) HerP.9siphonia tenel1a Laurencia j:>uberculosa ~. gemmifera FHAEOPHYCEAE: PolY<3Iphonj a harvey:i liuscus vesiculocUf3 ['01Y8iphonia denudata Sar ga s sum-fjliE~nqul'.': Callithamnion J221.yspermum Cer,:ur.Li..li~ tenuissimwn? RHODOFHYCEJ\J~: Crateloupia filicina Acrochaeti.um viJ::f,"t,:t;!.um Amphiroa .fragiHssima Gelidium .s::rinale? Dermatolithon pustulatum Gyrnno g0"!K!:.u S Agardhlella tener:,,: .. Cracilaria mulHpartna ------~-~~---~ Hvpnea musciformis 22 Table 6, I'hytop1ankton of Onslow Bay in cells per liter. From: Marshall, 1969 (a).

Depth (m) o 10 Temperature ( o C) 21.70 21.65 Salinity (%) 36.32 36.33

DIATOM.3 ~hClE~ sp. 4 6 !1§t~r:L2il~l1a: j aponica

.~!.in:~],),.9,.. sp 0 70 10 Thala~].sione~!::.~. }1i tzschioides 1:haJ~tI;J2Jdoj~hri; I9~di terranea 4 ---_._-_._----_._---_._""------TOTAL DIATOMS 793 402 25

Table 8. Cormnon benthic invertebrates of Onslow Bay. Forms marked are found in a "typical" trawl. From Kiby-Smitb and Gray, 1971.

Porifera " Adocia tubifera Axinella poly capella Endecton tenax .l.1i:£ale cecilia

Coelenterata

Hydrozoa llgalophenia sp. ~f Sertularia cornicina Sertularia stookeyi iL'lthozoa Calliactis polypus " Leptogorgia virgulata Paracthis rapiformis

Bryozoa Alcyonidium hauffi if Amathia convoluta ~owerbankia gracilis If Bugula neritina Crisia eburnea if Membranipora tenuis

Mollusca

Gastropoda If Anachis ~ Aplysia willcoxi If Busycon canaliculatum ~* Bll sy co n cari ca Busycon contrarium Mitrella lunata " Nassarius vibex Natica pulsila Oliva savana Phalium granulatum If Polynices duplicatus Retusa canalicula:ca If Sinu!Il perspectivum * Terebra dislocata Pelecypoda Solemya velum If Tellina texana

Cephalopoda If IDligo pealE If IDlliguncu1 a brevis Octopus vUlgari s

Annelida 26

Polychaeta )~ gJla~J()pteE:,gE. y§.rio12eda tus . ~( .pi 0 J2~_tl:§; g.:~:P-£ea "~~ §.9:..~§11~~J:,~!~ vulgaris Arthropoda

Merostomata

Cirripedia " 13-",LB;!lllc~ £lJlll.hctt~i te Q~1afl~;!~ E§J;.§:.~t:~s fh!'iio£mQ:L.£pa t u;lB;

Isopoda

A.mphipoda

Decapoda

Stomatopoda

Echinodermata

Asteroidea " Ast':'.rias f£1.~besii " Jb!3irop5!s:ten articulatus Jl.~tr2P.2ct_':'.!l st£J?licatus ")~ ).nidJ,§; .9;la.tp~ata. Ophiuroidea

Echiuroidea J,yJes:binus .Y!lriegatus " Mel]). t~ .CJlliDSlui e sPEl.rf orata 29

Osteichthys (cont.) " LagodQg rhomboides (Pinfish) Larimus fasciatus·· (Banded Drum) If Leio stomus 2Canthuru~ (Spot) Lobote~ surinamensis (Trippletail) Lophius americanus (Goosefish) If Menidia rnenidia (Atlantic Silverside) 1f Menticirrhus americanus (Southern Kingfish) If Menticirrhus saxatilis (Northern Kingfish) If Micropogon undulatus (Croaker) if Monacanthus hisEidus (Planehead Filefish) If Mugil .gephalus (Striped Mullet) If Opisthonema 0 linum (Thread Herring) Opsanus tau Toadfi$h) !f OrthOwisUs chr;'{sopterus (Pigfish) Otophidi um 000 stigrnum (Poll<;/l.~dot Cusk-eel) If Paralic~ dentatus (Su(m1l"ll' Flounder) If PepriJ2!'! alepidotus (Harvestfish) Peristedion miniatum (Armored Searobin) )f pomatomus saltatrh:(Bljle.fish) Porichth;,{s porosissimus(Midshipman) If Poronotus tria canthus (Butterfish) Priacanthus arenatus(Bigeye) if Prionotus caroEnu's (Northern searobin) If PrionotuS evolans>(Striped Searo bin) . Pseudopriacanthus altus (Short Bigeye) If Rissol.?; marginata (Striped Cusk-eel) * Scophthalmus .'l:SlliQ§..~(Windowpane) Scorpaena brasiliensis (Barbfish) Selar .s.r~Jl.h1!:!almu'i (Bigeye Scad) Selene vomer (Lookdown) . 'f SpaeroideSmaculatus (Northern Puffer) If Strongylura !:!l§;rina (Atlantic Needlefish) If §ymphurus plagiusa (Tonguefish) .§;y:rlgnathus fu~ (Pipefish) " ~dus foeten~(Inshore Lizardfish) Trachinotus caroiinus (Pompano) Trachurus lat£ami (Rough Scad) If Trichiurus:j.epturus (Cutlassfish) If Trinecte~ maculatus (Hogchoker) UrophyciSl chus (Squirrel Hake) " Uropbycis regins (Spotted Hake) Vomer setapinnt~ (Moonfish). 30

Table 100 Fishes found. on coral patcbes and. wrecks in Onslow Bay. From Huntsman and MacIntyre, 197L

Serra.n.id.ae·~, sea ba s se:3 IlY£OJ?I.'?2:~n:lf1 butter ham~et, unidentified gx'oupe:cs I.lutj anidae,,", snappeI'D .:.Lu t:ji!:g~~E! .£'H:£I~.s:ll?-n!bq·~ red 8na pper I?bglllb2I!1.Lt!,.:s.,!:~~g.!:!ltJeni2- vermilion snapper Carangidac:;l'C";j clck.s,') scad s, pompano ,s Ca}:?:I\?i hor~~e-Ejye jack 9a!::.~~ bar ~j ael( _~E~~"S2~!t~, I?? ea "LeX" amber j a ok Pomada s;Tid.ae-gX'i~mt 2) COlJlt.a.te lI~Pl~1~lo11, P!·.l!]~:'~E.l whi-'e6 grunt Sciaen:Ldae-d.rums c.ubbYTi Equetus lanceolatuH .J acldmife-.fisrl Sparidae--pOi'gie EJ Q'!:I~Y,§. p,ml}fl:. "heepfJhead porgy F~phi ppic1ae-spad efJ. she f::l Ch""-El!9:1}JJ~;2.r::cl,~ iltlanti c spad.efi sh

Chae"todon t,idaf3-' butterflyfi she s Q£fl8:l1,Jc!2X! ,:potfin butterflyfish .Ch'let'2.9(lJ2 reef butterflyfish Ho la canj:ch,,'l .(L~JJ(,"'£::!:f3 c:1.ueen angelfish Hol.ll;.,,::,:ntlEl:'l ..t)Sln!lll.1'!!l.~i!£ blue angelfish Pomacent:ridae·-,clllnwe:lfi she, s .£':ll11,;'e,t<;u2f sO:c'geant maj or ~2l'Q0-c~}:rt~:!1:~! beaugregory L!:l.bridae··"wTar~:,'3e s .l29_£§~~.2.!.L?J~li~ dw-arf wrasse La.:.£b:TIQ~1:2:.Lf~:~!:] '~§!:::.lfiI~~§. ho gfish Tl1§:1J;;.~0~§.Q!£l:~~. bluefish K:u:.t(;htl2L~ J:'c2C:.~ .. "(".~1"·~ SphyraenidI3-C"';:.--'barracudc).s .epl£lt~~.r~§: b~£E.§:~q~~ great barracuda Bali stidae~ .. triggerfisbes and filefishes Al.:.ut'!E!". scra;11ed fHefishes 27

Holothuroidea. Thione briareus

Chordata

Tunicata Amarouciun~ 2.9nste]).atum if /flO~ manha tt.,'!Q.Si s If _i?1yel", p1i-2!l:.ta. 28

Table 9. Common fi shes of Onslow Bay. Forms marked are found in a "typical" trawl. From: Kirby-Smith and Gray, 1971.

Chondrichthyes Aetobatus narillilri (Spotted Eagle Ray) If Carcharias taurus (Sand Shark) Carcharin{;s millQerti (Sandbar Shark) If Dasy..§: ti s americana (Southern Stingray) Dasyatis centonra (Roughtail Stingray) If Dasya:1;:is sayi (B1untnose Stingray) Qymnura micrura (Butterfly Ray) If Mustelus .,"anis (Smooth Dogfish) Myliobati~ freminvi11ei (Bullnose Ray) Pristis pectinatus (Small tooth Sawfish) "if l1a;i§lc~glanteria (Clearnose Skate) Ra~ ,,:r:Lnacea (Little Skate) Raj a R''!.rmani (Rosette Skate) Illiino.b_"ctos l.entiginosus (Gnitarfish) Rhinoptera E.an~ (Cownose Ray) Scyliorhinus rotif'er (Chain Dogfish) If Sgua1us .acanthias (Spiny Dogfish) "Sguartina dumerHi (Angle Shark)

Osteichthyes Acanthu.t'us chirurgus (Doctorfish) Acanthurus coeru1eus (Blue Tang) Acipenser brevirostrum (Shortnose Sturgeon) jlcipenser olSl':Ehyn(D!!l!" (Atlantic Sturgeon) If liutera schoepfi Orange FHefish) "if Anchoa hepsettus (Striped Anchovy) if Ancy1op~e.tt~ q'l'!cdrocellata (Ocellated Flounder) If Anguilla I'D stra ta (American Eel) Antennariu8 ocellatus (Ocellated Frogfish) Astrocopus "y:graecum (Southern stargazer) 1f Bairdiella chrysura ( Silver Perch) Balistes gsJ-]2risc",,, (Gray Triggerfish) If Brevoortla 1Y1:annus (Menhaden) " Ca.TIilllS crE2fl (Blue Runner) " Centropristes striatus (Black Seabass) Chaetodipterus faber (Spadefish) C~terus schoepfi (Striped Burrfish) Cltharichythys ~ops (Spotted Whiff) Citharic~~ §pi1opterus (Bay Whiff) Conger ~nicus (Conger Eel) 1f fygoscion regalis (Heakfish) DeCaP"terus :punctatus (Round Scad) If Dorsoma cepedianum (Gizzard Shad) Etropu,g crossotus (Fringed Flounder) Etr.QQllI2 microstomus (Smallmouth Flounder) C~leich~~~ felis (Sea Catfish) If ~!l,.2hirh@ nudus (Naked Sole) Halichoeres bivittatllS (Slippery Dick) Hi ppo call!Pl'~ hud sonius (Seahor se ) If Legocepha1us 1aevigatus (Smooth Puffer) 31

Table 11. Fishery data for Onslow Bay, North Carolina, 1971. Revised from: Davis, 1973. Values are dockside price to fishermen.

Species FISHES Pounds taken Value

menhaden 67,000,000 $950,000

gray trout 3,415,400 201,768

"flounders 1,800,000 500,000

unclassified industrial fish 1,053,000 5,265

"sea bass 625,000 102,600

"king whiting 415,900 ~B, 097 spot 300,000 45,000

"bluefish 175,000 17,0()O

"spotted sea trout 125,000 37,000

~~snnppers 7,400 3,591

NON FISH PRODUCTS

shrimp 2,000,000 1,400,000

calico scallops 1,285,300 432,000

"fish caught by sports fishermen, in about equal quanti ties. (McCoy and Davis, personal communication) Table 12, Sport fishing facilities of counties bordel"ing Onslow Bay, North Carolina. From: NcBryde, 1972.

ocean party head ocean sound river fish camps farrily camp County beaches boats boats piers piers piers & marinas grounds access areas totals

~,,----,~- ,,--~.,-, Carteret o (2) 53 (1) 5 7 8 (5) 0 33 (1) 14 JJ (4) 166

Onslow 1 13 1 (1) 4 4 3 17 (2) 5 6 57

Fender 0 2 2 4 4 0 7 2 J (3) 27 New Hanover o (1) 18 6 6 8 (1) 1 15 (1) 6 6 (1) 70

\0) 1'0

Figures in parenthesis are privately owned and operated resort facilities not available to the general public. 33

Table 13. Oceanic birds found in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. From: Murphy, 1967.

R .. regular

C - casual

Parasitic Jaeger - R

Dovekie - R

Leaches Storm Petral - R

Gannet - R

Little Shearwater - C

North Atlantic Shearwater - R

Audubons Shearwater - C

Black-capped Petral - C

Blue faced Booby - R

Brown Booby - R

Frigate Bird - C

Sooty tern - C

Sooty Shearwater - R

Greater Shearwater - R

Wilson's Storm Petral - R 34

l

N.C.

, I

, , , , I / I I I ! I I !

82"

FIgure 1. .East coast of the United States from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cape Kennedy, Florida. Modified from Struhsaker, 1969. 35

I~ II I

Figure 2. Location of coral patches and shelf-edge reef in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Modified from Huntsman and MacIntyre, 1971 36

F'j_gure J. IDeation of calico scallop beds. From Davis, 1973. J'I

VI C ~ Z Z ::::l ::I 01 01 "'"~ 0"'" u 0 mill :J: ~ l- e.. :J: t>r: 01 :i! '"M: ii Z :J: ...... II> u~ ...~ '"~ 1M"'" 01 :i! u :i! .... 01 u 01

Figure 4. Location of commercial shrimp grounds. From Davis, 1973. cVI .« z z :;:) ::; 0 0 '" (!) .«"" < "" u !ill]] '" (!) ::r:: ~ .... ::r:: zw ....VI ""0z C ...... « .«-' ::r::z :! 0- W u III .« ::: '""" 0 ::: u ::: ..... 0 u 0 ~"oY,. ,y

Figure 5. Location of commercial fishing grounds for menhaden. Fron, Davis, 1973. 39

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