DOCSLIB.ORG

Coastal Processes and Conflicts: North Carolina͛s Outer Banks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coastal Processes and Conflicts: North Carolina͛s Outer Banks Coastal Processes and Conflicts: EŽƌƚŚĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͛ƐKƵƚĞƌĂŶŬƐ A Curriculum for Middle and High School Students Stanley R. Riggs Dorothea V. Ames Karen R. Dawkins North Carolina Sea Grant North Carolina State University Campus Box 8605 Raleigh, NC 27695-8605 The seam where continent meets ocean is a line of constant change, where with every roll of the waves, every pulse of the tides the past manifestly gives way to the future. There is a sense of time and of growth and decay, life mingling with death. It is an unsheltered place, without pretense. The hint of forces beyond control, of days before and after the human span, spell out a message ultimately important, ultimately learned. David Leveson (1972) THE AUTHORS Dr. Stanley R. Riggs, Ms. Dorothea Ames, and Dr. Karen Dawkins are affiliated with East Carolina University. Dr. Riggs is distinguished research professor in the Department of Geological Sciences, and Ms. Dorothea Ames is research instructor in the Department of Geological Sciences. Dr. Karen Dawkins is director of the Center for Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education in the College of Education. Drowning the North Carolina Coast: Sea-Level Rise and Estuarine Dynamics, a NC Sea Grant publication authored by Riggs and Ames, was the source for much of the scientific content and many of the figures. The authors offer special thanks to the hardy band of teachers and students who investigated their sites and contributed their ideas and expertise to this curriculum product. Students Teachers Schools Julia Alspaugh Tim Phillips Ravenscroft HS, Raleigh Eva Lee Martha Buchanan Freedom HS, Burke County Andrew McKay Marie McKay Ashbrook HS, Gaston County Patrick Nelli Ben Earle Ashbrook HS, Gaston County Lizzie Partusch Clyda Lutz W. Carteret HS, Carteret County Cherisy Showalter Gloria Lengel 71st HS, Cumberland County Kimberly Whitley Buck Bunch Perquimans Co. HS, Perquimans County Katie Zseltvay Flo Gullickson SW Guilford HS, Guilford County John Blake Whiteville City Schools, Whiteville Thomas Morris Bunn HS, Franklin County ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To ensure that a curriculum product is of practical use in classrooms, field testing by teachers and students is essential. The teachers who contributed their time and wisdom to this process include the following: James Allen Martin Collins Connie Johnson Robert H. Pegram, Jr. Leigh Apple Dwight Dutton Donna Jones Timothy Phillips John Blake Ben Earle Rob Killough Helen Powell Deborah Branson Nichole Foster Melanie Kline Ken Reising, Jr. Karen Brewer Steva Gentry Gloria Lengel Rhonda Rhodes Donna Brown Ashton Griffin Clyda Lutz Jason Stewart Martha Buchanan Flo Gullickson Marie McKay Mark Townley Buck Bunch Leila Harris Thomas Morris Carolina Withers Cindi Carr Angela Helms Michael Mulligan Bruce Carroll Carl E. Hereford Steven Patterson Contributing their expertise to program implementation were: Dr. John Penick, (Chair of the Department of Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education at North Carolina State University); Dr. Lundie Spence (SouthEast COSEE Director, S.C. Sea Grant Consortium); Ms. Terri Kirby Hathaway (Marine Education Specialist with North Carolina Sea Grant); Dr. Daniel Dickerson and Dr. Christianne Gioppo (PhD students at North Carolina State University during the Sea-View project). Ms. Ann Green and Ms. Katie Mosher (North Carolina Sea Grant) edited the document. September 2008 PREFACE EŽƌƚŚĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͛ƐKƵƚĞƌĂŶŬƐďĞĐŬŽŶǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĂŶĚLJ beaches, expansive sounds, and wealth of natural attractions found along the barrier islands. Ironically, the natural resources that draw so many to the barrier islands are being threatened by human modifications made to support the ever increasing numbers of inhabitants and visitors. Inevitably, the natural coastal processes continue to exert themselves, triggering incessant changesͶoften in conflict with the activities of humans. The purpose of this curriculum is to facilitate for students an understanding of coastal and human processes and conflicts that exist on the Outer Banks. As participants in Project Sea-View, a team of students, teachers, scientists, and science educators explored sites along the Outer BanksͶrecording observations, taking measurements, and interviewing residents, politicians, government managers, and business personnel. Their reports form the underlying structure of the units, all of which connect coastal explorations to investigations that students can conduct in their own classrooms and communities. The curriculum was designed for use by high school or upper middle school students, but ingenious teachers in every grade can customize aspects of the product for their use. North Carolina Sea Grant funded Project Sea-View to fill the need for curriculum materials in coastal environmental science. By highlighting North ĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͛ƐĚLJŶĂŵŝĐKƵƚĞƌĂŶŬƐĂƐĂĨŝĞůĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ^ĞĂ-View team addresses erosion and other natural processes that occur throughout the planet. Much of the scientific information and many of the figures are adapted from Drowning the North Carolina Coast: Sea-Level Rise and Estuarine Dynamics by Stanley R. Riggs and Dorothea V. Ames, a publication of North Carolina Sea Grant in partnership with the N.C. Division of Coastal Management and the Albemarle-Pamlico National Estuary Progam. dŚŝƐĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵŝƐĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨ͞^ĞĂ-View: Introducing Coastal Processes and Conflicts to North Carolina Students,͟ĂƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚĨƵŶĚĞĚďLJEŽƌƚŚ Carolina Sea Grant through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŝŽŶ͛ƐǁĂƌĚEŽ͗EϭϲZ'ϮϮϱϭ͘ Coastal Processes and Conflicts͗EŽƌƚŚĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͛ƐKƵƚĞƌĂŶŬƐ 1 2 The Coastal System of Northeastern North Carolina CONTENTS Suggestions for Teachers ................................................................................................................................ 4 Part 1: The Coastal System of Northeastern North Carolina ............................................................... 7 Lesson One: Geologic Development of Coastal North Carolina ................................................................................... 8 Lesson Two: Time........................................................................................................................................................ 13 Lesson Three: Sea-Level Change and Coastal Dynamics ............................................................................................... 18 Lesson Four: Transfer of Energy and the Hydrologic Cycle ........................................................................................ 23 Lesson Five: Storms and Coastal Erosion ..................................................................................................................... 27 Lesson Six: North Carolina Coastal Plain: Surface Water Dynamics ......................................................................... 31 Lesson Seven: North Carolina Coastal Plain Province .................................................................................................... 34 Lesson Eight: Barrier Islands ........................................................................................................................................ 38 Lesson Nine: Role of Barrier Islands and Their Inlet/Outlet Systems .......................................................................... 45 Lesson Ten: Back-Barrier Sounds of the Northern Coastal Province ......................................................................... 47 Lesson Eleven: The Shoreline, Shore Zone, and Beach ................................................................................................... 49 Lesson Twelve: Ocean Beaches ....................................................................................................................................... 55 Lesson Thirteen: Estuarine Shorelines Behind Simple Overwash Barrier Islands .............................................................. 59 Lesson Fourteen: Estuarine Shorelines Behind Complex Overwash Barrier Islands........................................................... 64 Lesson Fifteen: The Coastal Dilemma ............................................................................................................................. 74 Lesson Sixteen: Human Responses to Eroding Shorelines ............................................................................................... 79 Conclusion of Part 1.............................................................................................................................................. 86 Coastal Processes and Conflicts͗EŽƌƚŚĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͛ƐKƵƚĞƌĂŶŬƐ 3 Part 2: Avon-ƵdžƚŽŶ͗͞'ŽŝŶŐ-to-^ĞĂ͟,ŝŐŚǁĂLJ ...................................................................................... 87 Teacher Background Information ......................................................................................................................... 88 The Issue ................................................................................................................................................ 88 Conflicts .................................................................................................................................................. 88 Barrier Island dilemma: growth, development, and storm evacuation ................................... 88 High ocean and estuarine shoreline erosion rates and island narrowing ................................ 88 Barrier-dune ridge construction .............................................................................................. 89 The future
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT in COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA The
    WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Raymond J. Nierstedt Daniel A. Okun Charles R. OIMelia Jabbar K. Sherwani Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering School of Public Health Milton S. Heath, Jr. Warren Jake Wicker Institute of Government and North Carolina State University Larry D. King Department of Soil Science December 1980 The investigation on which this publication is based was supported through The University of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute by the Division of Environmental Management of the NC Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Project No. 50020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract xii Acknowledgments CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Options for Water Quality Management Study Areas Population Distribution and Growth Northern Area Southern Area Sewerage Computer Program Wastewater Disposal Inland Coastal Sounds Ocean Disposal Land Application Wet land Application Water Reuse Costs Interceptor Sewer System - Gravity Sewers Pump Stations Force Mains Treatment Costs Ocean Discharge Land Application CHAPTER 11: WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTHERN (DARE COUNTY) COASTAL AREA Area Description Economy and Major Employment-Generating Activities Land Use Precipitation and Flood Control Water Supply in the Northern Area Water Resources in the Northern Area Wastewater Treatment Water Quality Wastewater Flows Disposal Options Coastal Sounds Ocean Discharge Land Application for Roanoke Island Land
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Outer Banks Brogue Overview North Carolina's Outer Banks Is
    The Outer Banks Brogue “We’re losing our heritage basically. I mean…we’re going from a fishing community to more like a tourism community…And you don’t realize it, but you slowly adapt to a new way of life. And it ain’t nothing negative, but it ain’t nothing positive.” –Bubby Boos, resident of Ocracoke Island Overview North Carolina’s Outer Banks is one of the most geographically, historically, and culturally distinct areas in the state and along the entire Atlantic Seaboard. In this lesson, students will explore one of the more distinctive aspects that makes the North Carolina coastal area so culturally rich – its dialect. For several centuries, the small villages dotting the barrier islands of North Carolina and the adjacent coastal mainland harbored one of the most distinctive varieties of English in the United States, the so-called “Outer Banks Brogue.” Through reading, discussion, and interaction with audio and visual clips, students will not only have the chance to hear the Brogue, but also begin to think about how the history and geography of North Carolina resulted in such diverse language qualities. Students will culminate their exploration by experimenting with a long-time Outer Banks tradition – storytelling – in which they practice integrating some of the unique words and pronunciations of the region. Grade 8 NC Essential Standards • 8.H.3.2 - Explain how changes brought about by technology and other innovations affected individuals and groups in North Carolina and the United States. • 8.H.3.4 - Compare historical and contemporary issues to understand continuity and change in the development of North Carolina and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Core Sound Shellfish Aquaculture Leasing
    MEMORANDUM TO: JOINT LEGISLATIVE COMMISSION ON GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS The Honorable Tim Moore, Co-Chair The Honorable Phil Berger, Co-Chair FROM: Mollie Young, Director of Legislative Affairs SUBJECT: Core Sound Oyster Leasing Report DATE: April 7, 2016 Pursuant to Session Law 2015-241, section 14.8, “The Division of Marine Fisheries of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources shall, in consultation with representatives of the commercial fishing industry, representatives of the shellfish aquaculture industry, and relevant federal agencies, create a proposal to open to shellfish cultivation leasing certain areas of Core Sound that are currently subject to a moratorium on shellfish leasing. The Division shall submit a report regarding the plan no later than April 1, 2016, to the Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Operations.” The attached document satisfies this reporting requirement. If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me by phone at 919- 707-8618 or via email at [email protected]. cc: John Evans, Chief Deputy Secretary, DEQ Col. Jim Kelley, Acting Director of Marine Fisheries, DEQ Division of Marine Fisheries Report on Core Sound Shellfish Aquaculture Leasing Introduction: Session Law 2015-241, Section 14.8 requires the N.C. Division of Marine Fisheries to create a proposal to open to shellfish cultivation leasing certain areas of Core Sound that are currently subject to a moratorium on shellfish leasing. The proposal shall be developed following consultation with representatives of the commercial fishing industry, aquaculture industry, and relevant federal agencies. To develop our proposal, division staff met with the Carteret County Fisheries Association which represents commercial fishing interests, the president of the N.C.
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT of ENVIRONMENT and NATURAL RESOURCES Division of Water Quality Environmental Sciences Section
    NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Division of Water Quality Environmental Sciences Section April 2005 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables...........................................................................................................................................3 List of Figures..........................................................................................................................................3 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................4 WHITE OAK RIVER SUBBASIN 01........................................................................................................8 Description .................................................................................................................................8 Overview of Water Quality .........................................................................................................9 Benthos Assessment .................................................................................................................9 WHITE OAK RIVER SUBBASIN 02......................................................................................................11 Description ...............................................................................................................................11 Overview of Water Quality .......................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Open-File Report 88-480 Prepared in Cooperation with the Raleigh, North
    BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HYDROLOGIC AND WATER-QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED IN OR NEAR THE ALBEMARLE-PAMLICO SOUNDS REGION, NORTH CAROLINA By Jerad D. Bales and Thomas M. Nelson U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 88-480 Prepared in cooperation with the ALBEMARLE-PAMLICO ESTUARINE STUDY, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COH1UNITY DEVELOPMENT Raleigh, North Carolina 1988 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Post Office Box 2857 Box 25425, Federal Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27602 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................ 1 Introduction .............................. 1 Purpose and scope ......................... 1 Previous bibliographies ...................... 3 Acknowledgments .......................... 3 Description of bibliography. ...................... 3 References cited ............................ 4 Bibliography .............................. 5 Index by study location. ........................ 125 Index by primary topic ......................... 137 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing the Albemarle-Pamlico Sounds region ....... 2 TABLES Page Table 1. Study site locations used in location index. ......... 4 2. Primary investigation topics used in topic index ....... 4 n i ABSTRACT A bibliography containing 1,100 In order to consolidate and ana­ citations is presented. The cited lyze existing hydrologic and water- works are primarily reports of quality data from ATbemarle and investigations of the effects of land Pamlico Sounds and the surrounding use and land-use change on water area, the APES Project Office, located quality, artificial drainage, hydro­ within the North Carolina Department logy and hydrodynamics, and water of Natural Resources and Community quality in the Albemarle-Pamlico Development (NRCD), and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • FEATURED 04-2004 OFPROJECT the MONTH STALITE the Virginia Dare Bridge ¥ Croatan Sound, NC
    ESCSIESCSI FEATURED 04-2004 OFPROJECT THE MONTH STALITE The Virginia Dare Bridge • Croatan Sound, NC PROJECT The Virginia Dare Bridge STALITE PROVIDES LOCATION LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE Between Manns Harbor and Roanoke Island over FOR NORTH CAROLINA’S the Croatan Sound in N.E. North Carolina LONGEST BRIDGE OWNER State of North Carolina ENGINEER Wilbur Smith Engineers Raleigh, NC CONTRACTOR Balfour Beatty Atlanta, GA LIGHTWEIGHT EXPANDED SLATE AGGREGATE PRODUCER Carolina Stalite Salisbury, NC BRIDGE STATISTICS Piling: 2,368 The Virginia Dare Bridge spans the Croatan Sound from Manns Harbor to Roanoke Island, North Carolina Concrete: 43,830 yds3 Roadway: 42 acres HISTORY-MAKING BRIDGE COMPLETED IN N.C. Lanes: 4 Longest Bridge in the State • 100-Year Design Life Stalite Lightweight Aggregate: 30,000 tons History was made in North Carolina on August 16, 2002 when LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE a new bridge opened. The Virginia Dare Bridge is the • 4,500 psi at 28 days longest bridge in the Carolinas; at 5.2 miles, it is 2 miles • Max. Fresh longer than any bridge in the Carolinas, and one of the Unit Weight: 120 lb/ft3 longest concrete bridges on the East Coast. This bridge is • Max. Equilibrium designed to last a century, twice as long as the preceding Unit Weight: 115 lb/ft3 generation of bridges. (See page 3 for additional In the summer of 1996 the State of North Carolina and the information) Department of Transportation determined that a new bridge was ESCSI The Virginia Dare Bridge 2 required to replace the present William B. Umstead Bridge con- necting the Dare County main- land with the hurricane-prone East Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Life on the Outer Banks an Educator’S Guide to Core and Shackleford Banks
    Cape Lookout National Seashore Life on the Outer Banks An Educator’s Guide to Core and Shackleford Banks Sixth Grade Edition Prepared by the Core Sound Waterfowl Museum and Heritage Center Funded by a grant from the National Park Service Parks as Classrooms The National Park Service’s Parks as Classrooms program is a nationwide initiative to encourage utilization of the resources of America’s national parks for teaching and learning. A visit to the National Park Service’s homepage (http://www.nps.gov) reveals myriad learning opportunities available to our nation’s students and teachers. Students will discover history and explore nature within the context of a changing world; and yet, within the boundaries of many parks, the hands of time are frozen to allow them a “snapshot” of the past. Parks as Classrooms focuses on bringing learning to life through exciting hands-on, experiential opportunities that are student-friendly, field based, and promote a sense of stewardship of park resources. Cape Lookout’s Classroom Lying just east of the North Carolina mainland are the barrier islands that compose the famed Outer Banks. Cape Lookout National Seashore protects some of the southern-most sections of this barrier island chain. The park covers the long, narrow ribbon of sand running from Ocracoke Inlet in the northeast to Beaufort Inlet in the southwest. The names given to these three barrier islands are Portsmouth Island (Portsmouth Village, although uninhabited, is at the north end of the island), Core Banks (where the Cape Lookout Lighthouse is located near the southern end of the island), and Shackleford Banks.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of North Carolina Underwater Archaeology
    i BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY Compiled by Barbara Lynn Brooks, Ann M. Merriman, Madeline P. Spencer, and Mark Wilde-Ramsing Underwater Archaeology Branch North Carolina Division of Archives and History April 2009 ii FOREWARD In the forty-five years since the salvage of the Modern Greece, an event that marks the beginning of underwater archaeology in North Carolina, there has been a steady growth in efforts to document the state’s maritime history through underwater research. Nearly two dozen professionals and technicians are now employed at the North Carolina Underwater Archaeology Branch (N.C. UAB), the North Carolina Maritime Museum (NCMM), the Wilmington District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and East Carolina University’s (ECU) Program in Maritime Studies. Several North Carolina companies are currently involved in conducting underwater archaeological surveys, site assessments, and excavations for environmental review purposes and a number of individuals and groups are conducting ship search and recovery operations under the UAB permit system. The results of these activities can be found in the pages that follow. They contain report references for all projects involving the location and documentation of physical remains pertaining to cultural activities within North Carolina waters. Each reference is organized by the location within which the reported investigation took place. The Bibliography is divided into two geographical sections: Region and Body of Water. The Region section encompasses studies that are non-specific and cover broad areas or areas lying outside the state's three-mile limit, for example Cape Hatteras Area. The Body of Water section contains references organized by defined geographic areas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wilmington Wave National Weather Service, Wilmington, NC
    The Wilmington Wave National Weather Service, Wilmington, NC VOLUME III, ISSUE 1 F A L L 2 0 1 3 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Summer 2013: Above Average Rainfall Summer 2013 1-2 - Brad Reinhart Rainfall If you spent time outside this summer, your outdoor activities were probably interrupted by Top 3 Strongest 3-5 rain at some point. Of course, afternoon showers and thunderstorms during the summertime Storms in Wilmington are fairly common in the eastern Carolinas. But, did you know that we experienced record rainfall totals, rising rivers, and flooding within our forecast area this meteorological summer Masonboro 6-8 (June – August 2013)? Here’s a recap of what turned out to be quite a wet summer. Buoy Florence, SC received the most rainfall (27.63’’) of our four climate sites during the months The Tsunami 9-12 of June, July, and August. This total was a staggering 12.53’’ above normal for the summer months. In July alone, 14.91’’ of rain fell in Florence. This made July 2013 the wettest Local Hail Study 12-13 month EVER in Florence since records began in 1948! Wilmington, NC received 25.78’’ of rain this summer, which was 6.35’’ above normal. North Myrtle Beach, SC and Lumberton, A Summer of 14 Decision NC received well over 20 inches of rain as well. Support Excess rainfall must go somewhere, so many of our local rivers rose in response to the heavy rain across the Carolinas. In total, 8 of our 11 river forecast points exceeded flood stage this summer. Some of these rivers flooded multiple times; in fact, our office issued 24 river flood warnings and 144 river flood statements from June to August.
    [Show full text]
  • No One Knows for Sure When the First Europeans Looked Upon Carteret's Barrier Islands
    Graves and Shackleford No one knows for sure when the first Europeans looked upon Carteret’s barrier islands. However, an Italian explorer named Giovanni da Verrazzano left what most consider to be the first written description of Core Banks. Sailing northeast from Cape Fear his party of explorers reached the area of Carteret County in 1524. He tried to send a party ashore but the wave action along the beach made this impossible. However, a single sailor did reach the shore where he was greeted by natives who carried him a distance from the surf. The frightened man is reported to have screamed in dismay at this turn of events. He became even more upset when he saw them prepare a large fire. But as soon as he recovered his strength these natives let him return to Verrazzano’s ships. Over the years, from Verrazzano’s report until English settlement in the late 1600s, the Indians reported that there were several shipwrecks along the coast and that some Europeans (probably Spanish) did make it to safety where they lived with the Indians. In 1713 an estimated seven thousand acres, all of Core and Shackleford Banks, was given by the English to a man named John Porter. He held the land only a few years and in 1723 sold it to Enoch Ward and John Shackleford. Known as the Sea Banks, this narrow piece of land stretching from Beaufort Inlet northeastward to Ocracoke Inlet was divided between Shackleford and Ward. Ward got the area north of Cape Lookout, known today as Core Banks while Shackleford gave his name to the area southwest of Lookout to Beaufort Inlet, Shackleford Banks.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Reefs, Unintentionally Delivering Bermuda’S E-Mail: [email protected] fi Rst Colonists
    Introduction to Bermuda: Geology, Oceanography and Climate 1 0 Kathryn A. Coates , James W. Fourqurean , W. Judson Kenworthy , Alan Logan , Sarah A. Manuel , and Struan R. Smith Geographic Location and Setting Located at 32.4°N and 64.8°W, Bermuda lies in the northwest of the Sargasso Sea. It is isolated by distance, deep Bermuda is a subtropical island group in the western North water and major ocean currents from North America, sitting Atlantic (Fig. 10.1a ). A peripheral annular reef tract surrounds 1,060 km ESE from Cape Hatteras, and 1,330 km NE from the islands forming a mostly submerged 26 by 52 km ellipse the Bahamas. Bermuda is one of nine ecoregions in the at the seaward rim of the eroded platform (the Bermuda Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (TNA) province (Spalding Platform) of an extinct Meso-Cenozoic volcanic peak et al. 2007 ) . (Fig. 10.1b ). The reef tract and the Bermuda islands enclose Bermuda’s national waters include pelagic environments a relatively shallow central lagoon so that Bermuda is atoll- and deep seamounts, in addition to the Bermuda Platform. like. The islands lie to the southeast and are primarily derived The Bermuda Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends from sand dune formations. The extinct volcano is drowned approx. 370 km (200 nautical miles) from the coastline of the and covered by a thin (15–100 m), primarily carbonate, cap islands. Within the EEZ, the Territorial Sea extends ~22 km (Vogt and Jung 2007 ; Prognon et al. 2011 ) . This cap is very (12 nautical miles) and the Contiguous Zone ~44.5 km (24 complex, consisting of several sets of carbonate dunes (aeo- nautical miles) from the same baseline, both also extending lianites) and paleosols laid down in the last million years well beyond the Bermuda Platform.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundation Document Cape Lookout National Seashore North Carolina October 2012 Foundation Document
    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Cape Lookout National Seashore North Carolina October 2012 Foundation Document To Nags Head OCRACOKE Natural areas within Water depths 12 Cape Lookout NS Ocracoke D Lighthouse N y Maritime forest 0-6 feet Ranger station Drinking water r A r L e S (0-2 meters) I F r Picnic area Parking e Cape Hatteras Beach and More than 6 feet g Permit required n (more than 2meters) e National grassland s Picnic shelter Showers s HYDE COUNTY a Seashore P Marshland CARTERET COUNTY E Restrooms Sanitary disposal station Beacon I K O C A North Rock R Tidal flat Toll ferry Lodging Gas station C Shell Castle O Life-Saving Service Station (Historic) PORTSMOUTH VILLAGE (Historic) Casey Ocracoke Open seasonally Island Inlet Babb-Dixon Cemetery There are no roads within Some land within the park National Ocean Survey Methodist Church the national seashore; a remains private property; charts are indispensable Community Cemetery 4-wheel-drive vehicle is please respect the owner's for safe navigation in Schoolhouse highly recommended for rights. these waters. driving on the beach. Sheep Island Tidal flats may flood quickly at high tide— depending upon winds North 0 5 Kilometers and seasons. ) y r y r r e 0 5 Miles F r e e PORTSMOUTH FLATS F t a t e S l c a i n i h l e o r V a C h t r o N ( PAMLICO SOUND PAMLICO COUNTY Mullet Shoal CARTERET COUNTY Pilontary Islands Wainwright I Shell Island Harbor Island Chain Shot Island Cricket Hog Island Island Cedar Island y r Point of Grass a d C n eda
    [Show full text]