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1. Geological Activities of GSI in North Eastern Region 2. Geology of North

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1. Geological Activities of GSI in North Eastern Region 2. Geology of North 1. Geological activities of GSI in North Eastern Region The North-Eastern Region (NER) of India comprises a unique agglomeration, with a diversified geological set-up. The spectacular physiographic set up includes the stunning Himalayan mountain belt in the North, Shillong Plateau in the south, the Indo-Myanmar Range in the east and the mighty Brahmaputra, forming the extensive Assam plains. The diverse lithologic and tectonic ensemble calls for integrated geoscientific studies to identify and outline target areas pertaining to baseline data generation, mineral resource evaluation, mitigation of natural hazards, environmental issues and water resource development projects. The rocks exposed in the North Eastern Region (NER) range in age from Precambrian to Recent. 2. Geology of North Eastern Region The oldest rock record of north east India are the Proterozoic gneissic rocks comprised of gneisses, migmatites, metasedimentary bands, amphibolite, metadolerite and metapyroxenite. These rocks are present in the central part of Assam and different parts of Meghalaya. The Meso to Neo Proterozoic meta-volcano sedimentary sequence of Shillong Group of rocks represented by quartzite, quartzite/phyllite intercalation and quartz mica schists. These are exposed along the east central part of the Shillong Plateau and the Mikir Massif, unconformably over lying the gneissic rocks. Neo Proterozoic granite plutons equivalent to the Pan African orogeny have intruded both the Shillong Group of rocks and the gnessic rocks, along several regional tectonic lineaments. Basic intrusive in the form of sills and dykes designated as Khasi Green stones has intruded the gneisses and Shillong Group. In the Arunachal Himalayas, Proterozoic Se La Group of rocks and Bomdila Group comprising of graphite schist, calc-silicate, marble, amphibolite, schistose quartzite, high grade schist, gneiss and migmatites are exposed above the MCT. Precambrian low to high grade gneissic rocks represented by the Daling Group, Darjeeling gneiss and Kanchenzonga gneiss respectively are present in Sikkim. However, Chungthang Formation made up of quartzite, calc-silicate rock, marble, graphite schist and occasionally amphibolite, are considered to be the oldest rocks of Sikkim. Lingtse granite gneiss of Mesoprotezoic age has intruded the Chungthang Formation. The Miri Formation of Lower Paleozoic age made up of quartzite, shale and conglomerate are exposed in several parts of Arunachal Pradesh. The Miri Quartzite are considered to be older than the Gondowana Sequence. Gondwana Group of Permo-carboniferous age are exposed in discontinuous patches over a roughly E-W trending belt extending from the Bhutan border in the west to the north of Pasighat in the east. Along the western extent of both Meghalaya and Assam rocks of Lower Gondowana are exposed. The Gondowana formations are coal bearing in parts. Lichi Volcanics of Arunachal Pradesh are of Permo-Carboniferous age and comprise of different variants of basalts. Exposures of Gondowana have also been reported from Sikkim. Sung valley Alkaline Complex and Samchampi Alkaline complex of Meghalaya and Assam respectively are the intrusive features whereas Sylhet Traps represent the volcanic phase of Cretaceous age. During the same period up thrusting of the eastern extremity of the Indian Plate has produced the Ophiolite Complex, which are exposed from Moreh (Manipur) in south to Chiphur (Nagaland) in north for about 200 km. Similarly, along the Indus suture belt in Arunachal Pradesh the Mayodia Ophiolite Complex is exposed. During the north ward movement of Indian Plate and ultimate collision with Asian plate a thick sequence of shelf- slope-deep basin sediment as well as sediments of foreland basin of Himalayan orogeny had been deposited, represented by conglomerates, pebbly horizons, sandstones, shale, limestone and intercalations belonging to Late Cretaceous to Miocene age (are exposed from Meghalaya up to Mizoram). The Yingkiong and Siwalik groups represents the Tertiary rocks in Arunachal Pradesh. Thick to very thick Quaternary sediments are found in Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura states. Recently the stratotype of the youngest stage of Geological Time Scale has been reported from a limestone cave in Meghalaya-the stage/age has also been named as Meghalayan Age (4200 years). 3. ACTIVITIES OF MISSION-I: BASELINE GEOSCIENCE DATA GENERATION 3.1 SURVEY & MAPPING Mission I activities of North Eastern Region aims at unravelling the complex geological history of this unique terrain along with mapping the unexplored places as well as new sections which are now exposed owing to developmental activities. A total of thirty four (34) nos. of items (Standard-31 & Service-3) have been taken up for FS 2021-22 by the different State Units. Eleven (11) STM (Specialised Thematic Mapping on 1:25000 scale) items have been taken up to cover an area of 2460 sq. km distributed in different states. These items were taken up with objectives of reporting new mineral occurrences and also to resolve the fundamental geological problems to work out the stratigraphy and tectonic setup of the region. The following geological problems are being worked upon. i. Proterozoic Basement (Assam Meghalaya Gneissic Complex -AMGC) - Cover (Shillong Group) relationship and their tectono-metamorphic evolution in Meghalaya Plateau as well as in Mikir Hills, Assam; ii. The structural fabric of Main Central Thrust (MCT) Zone in Sikkim Himalayas; iii. The relationship between the Ophiolites and their metamorphic sole in Manipur and Nagaland; iv. Tectono-metamorphic evolution in Higher Himalayan crystallines of Arunchal Himalaya; v. Paleoenvironmental conditions of deposition of Siwaliks in eastern Himalayas and Mahadek Formation in Meghalaya Plateau Under the National Geochemical Mapping Programme (NGCM), seventeen (17) items covering an area of 11839 sq. km have been taken up. Five (5) items have been taken up in the Garo Hills of western Meghalaya by SU: Meghalaya - three (3) items covering parts of South Tripura District and one (1) item in Agartala District has been taken up by SU: Tripura & Mizoram, three (3) items covering parts of Mon, Longleng and Mokokchung districts of Nagaland has been taken up by SU: Manipur & Nagaland, three (3) items covering parts of Dima Hasao District has been taken up by SU: Assam, one (1) item is being executed by SU: Arunachal Pradesh in parts of Upper Subansiri District and SU: Sikkim has proposed one (1) item in parts of North District, Sikkim. Two (2) items on Geophysical mapping on gravity-magnetic mapping have been taken up in Obvious Geological Potential (OGP) area covering an area of 2800 sq. km in parts of Assam and Meghalaya States. One (1) item under Mission-IB PGRS have also been taken up covering an area of 700 sq. km in parts Meghalaya State to delineate high altitude Bauxites developed over AMGC. Area covered under different activities of Mission-I in GSI, NER Activity Total Area Covered till Number of items Area taken up during FS 2020-21 (in sq. Km.) taken during FS 2021-22 (in sq. FS 2021-22 Km.) Specialized Thematic 28,293 11 2460 Mapping (STM) Geochemical Mapping 77163.8 17 11839 (GCM) Geophysical Mapping 27,620 02 2800 (GPM) PGRS 2, 60,518 01 700 4. ACTIVITIES OF MISSION-II: NATURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (MINERAL EXPLORATION) The unique geological setup of Northeast India makes it a potential destination for economic mineral exploration programmes. The thrust has been put towards strategic and rare metal mineral investigation programme as per national requirements. GSI has been involved in exploring Coal, Limestone/Dolomite, Graphite, Lateritic bauxite, Gallium, Glass sand, copper and vanadium in the region. Beside this, occurrence of low-grade Iron ore, incidences of Nickel, Cobalt, Lithium, Molybdenum, Gold, Tin, Tungsten, Platinum Group of Elements (PGE) and Rare Earth Elements (REE) have been reported, which are being worked upon. The resource estimated for different commodities by GSI, in NER till FS 2019-20. Commodity Resources estimated by GSI (in million tonnes) Limestone 14358 MT Iron 18.32 MT Graphite 3.57 MT Lateritic Bauxite 10.06 MT Gallium 87.5 tonnes Glass Sand 4.13 MT Copper 0.01 MT Vanadium 0.72 MT Coal 11.99 MT 4.1. Rare Earth Elements (REE) & Rare Metals (Strategic Minerals) REE are the most important critical minerals globally and are paramount in controlling the geopolitical scenario. GSI, North Eastern Region has taken up several projects to explore REE mineralization potentials of the regoliths developed over the granites as well as the gneisses, in parts of Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. The laterite capping is also being explored for REE. Encouraging values have been reported during FS 2019-21, which are being further explored. The pegmatite having 0.05 to 0.11 % molybdenum and 0.10 to 0.14 % REE values was observed at Helagog and Khaloibari areas of Khetri area, Kamrup (Metro) district of Assam. From Lodoso Block Arunachal Pradesh a maximum of 3% tREE has been reported from a mineralized zone of about 1km strike length and 40 m width, in FS 2020-21. A G4 stage investigation by SU: Meghalaya in FS 2020-21 has reported tungsten 1564 ppm and 3645ppm tREE from Manai-Mairang area. For FS 2021-22 four (4) G4 stage and one (1) G3 stage items have been proposed from the region to explore the potential of various strategically important commodities. SU: Arunachal Pradesh has one (1) item for reconnaissance survey for Tantalum & Caesium, in East Kameng District and one (1) item for reconnaissance survey of Lithium, Tin & Tungsten, in West Kameng District. One (1) G3 item for exploration of molybdenum and associated mineralization, along with another (1) G4 item for reconnaissance survey for REE mineralisation are being undertaken by SU: Assam in Kamrup (Metropolitan) and Karbi Anglong districts respectively. One (1) item for reconnaissance survey of tungsten and associated mineralization is being executed by SU: Meghalaya in the East Khasi Hills district. 4.2. Precious Metals Globally it has been reported that ophiolite suits are a store house of various mineral commodities.
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