CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMING BASIC (LEVEL ONE) TRAINING Report: CTP Basic Level 1 Training held in Jalalabad (27-29 August) and Herat (2-4 September), Afghanistan 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS...... 1

About the Food Security and Agriculture Cluster ...... 2

About OCHA ...... 2

About NRC ...... 2

A. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

B. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS ...... 4

C. INTRODUCTIONS & EXPECTATIONS ...... 4

D. GROUND RULES ...... 5

E. THE TRAINING PROGRAMME AT A GLANCE ...... 5

GROUP WORK - REGIONAL CTP STORIES FROM PARTCIPANTS ...... 7

WHY CASH TRANFER PROGRAMMING IN AFGHANISTAN ...... 8

IDENTIFYING POSSIBILITIES FOR CTP - PART 1 LILTON-BIGTON CASE STUDY GROUP WORK ...... 9

GROUP WORK ON ASSESSMENTS AND ANALYSIS ...... 12

MARKET ANALYSIS ...... 13

PART 2 LILTON-BIGTON CASE STUDY : GROUP WORKS POINTS ...... 14

MODULE 3: DESIGNING, RISK MANAGEMENT AND ADVOCACY ...... 16

A. ADVOCACY & DESIGNING CTPs LILTON-BIGTON CASE STUDY ... 16

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B. ADVOCACT & DESIGNING CTPs IN THE EASTERN/WESTERN REGIONS ...... 17

Eastern Region - (Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar and Laghman) ...... 17

Western Region - (Herat, Ghor, Farah and Badghis) ...... 18

RISKS IN CTP IN THE WESTERN AND EASTERN REGIONS ...... 19

RISK MANAGEMENT ...... 19

THE WAY FORWARD ...... 23

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ACRONYMS

ACF Action Contre la’ Faim ADA Afghan Development Association AFN Afghans (Afghanistan currency pegged at USD 1.00=AFN 50.00 on average) AOGs Armed Opposition Groups BRC British Red Cross CHA Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance CTs Cash Transfers CCTs Conditional Cash Transfers CFT Cash for Training CFW Cash for Work CTP Cash Transfer Programming DFID Department for International Development (now UKaid) ECHO European Commission and Civil Protection EMMA Emergency Market Mapping Analysis ERM Emergence Response Mechanisms FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FSAC Food Security and Agriculture Cluster GBP Great Britain Pound GoA Government of Afghanistan HEA Household Economy Analysis HH Household IGA Income Generating Activities IFRC International Federation of the Red Cross and Crescent Societies MIFIRA Market Information for Food Insecurity Response Analysis M & E Monitoring and Evaluation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non Governmental Organisation NRC Norwegian Refugee Council OCHA Organization for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance OGB Oxfam Great Britain PRB Partners in Revitalization and Building ToT Training of Trainers UCTs Unconditional Cash Transfers USD United States Dollar WFP World Food Programme

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About the Food Security and Agriculture Cluster The food security and agriculture cluster (FSAC) in Afghanistan was established in 2008, is co-led by FAO and WFP with Islamic Relief as co-chair. Apart from regular coordination meetings at National and regional levels, FSAC has developed Working Groups (WG) to handle specific deliverables according to cluster members’ needs. FSAC runs the Early Warning Information WG, the Afghanistan Food Security Technical Team (IPC), the Response Analysis Technical WG, and just engaged in the Disaster Risk Reduction WG and Cash and Voucher Interventions WG. FSAC has membership from the humanitarian community and also advocates for cash in the Inter Cluster. Its main aim is to provide an action-oriented forum for bringing together national and international humanitarian partners to improve the timeliness and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance on the lives of crisis-affected population in Afghanistan.

About OCHA OCHA is the part of the United Nations Secretariat responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies. OCHA also ensures there is a framework within which each actor can contribute to the overall response effort. OCHA's mission is to: • Mobilize and coordinate effective and principled humanitarian action in partnership with national and international actors in order to alleviate human suffering in disasters and emergencies. • Advocate the rights of people in need. • Promote preparedness and prevention. • Facilitate sustainable solutions. OCHA facilitates the coordination mechanisms including CTP trainings and activities in Afghanistan.

About NRC The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) is an independent, humanitarian, non- profit, non-governmental organisation which provides assistance, protection and durable solutions to refugees and internally displaced persons worldwide. NRC provides the technical expertise on all Cash Transfer programmes in Afghanistan including facilitating CaLP Trainings.

Funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) through the Food Security and Agriculture Cluster in Afghanistan (FSAC) and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC).

2 A. INTRODUCTION

The Food Security and Agriculture Cluster (FSAC) working with the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) continues to lead and foster the use of cash and vouchers to support communities and households to meet their basic needs in Afghanistan. The cluster has supported regional trainings across Afghanistan starting with the north early in the year (May, 2013) and recently the trainings have been done in the eastern and western regions. Training of frontline staff from agencies has been viewed by NRC and the Cash Transfer Programming (CTPs) Afghanistan community of practice as a capacity building strategy aimed at improving the interventions planning, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. NRC, UNOCHA, FSAC have forged a strategic partnership to coordinate, fund and carryout basic and advanced CTP trainings in the country.

There is a general recognition and acceptance of cash transfers as an alternative response amongst Humanitarian actors in Afghanistan and most organizations are increasingly using cash and voucher transfers with the support from the ERF funding, ECHO and many other donors such as WFP, SIDA, DFID and OFDA. Afghanistan is a complex context with most of the areas having high levels of insecurity where access problems have led to a rethink of the traditional ways of delivering aid. As access remains one of the major challenges hindering increased coverage and the use of cash maybe used to widen the geographical spread into areas viewed as inaccessible. Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world due to decades of conflict, natural disasters and lack of development.

This sheer scale of the response and the number of agencies involved has brought capacity building to the forefront of the discussions around cash transfer programming in the region. Participants of the trainings also deliberated on the existing infrastructure which could be useful to improve the implementation of CTP in the different geographical locations. While other technical coordination groups and clusters such as Emergency Shelter and NFIs, Education, Protection, Food Security and Agriculture, WASH, Health, Nutrition etc in the region are functioning, there hasn’t been any intentional efforts to ensure agencies implementing CTP are working together as such and they are implementing ad hoc cash programmes which are not linked to the broader humanitarian coordination system. There is need to direct efforts towards preparedness and up scaling of CTP interventions and efforts to ensure that cash takes pole position in areas where markets are functional both pre- and post-disaster as the Afghanistan transition period gets underway and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF) prepare withdrawal in most parts of the country in the near future. The Cash Learning Partnership has set objectives for up to 2014 as follows: • Development of institutional capacity • Development of leadership and coordination structures and operational partnerships • Evidence base on impact of CTP

With funding from ECHO for NRC and USAID for the FSAC and active coordination with OCHA committed to improve CTPs in the country region through more regional trainings, lesson sharing, coordination, joint assessments and analysis, design, implementation and fundraising. The CTP Level 1 and 2 trainings are some of the initiatives these agencies are supporting reaching to strategic partners such as NGOs, GoA, UN agencies and at times the private sector. These trainings are part of activities feeding into objective 1 on development of institutional capacity and are based on the CaLP training materials.

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B. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

Figure 1: Provinces where Basic and Advanced CTP training participants were drawn from in August-September, 2013

CHINA UZBEKISTAN TAJIKISTAN

TURKMENISTAN Jawzjan Balkh Kunduz Badakhshan Takhar Faryab Samangan Baghlan Saripul Nuristan Badghis Kunar KEY Kabul Laghman Herat !^! Basic & Advanced Nangarhar Ghor trainings

Basic Training Only Farah

PAKISTAN

IRAN

200 Km

Two basic CTP trainings were held in western and eastern regions of Afghanistan reaching a total of 58 participants (32 in the east and 26 in the west). Building up on the March, 2013 basic training in the North NRC teamed up with the FSAC to facilitate an Advanced CTP training in the northern region at Mazar. These were drawn from UN agencies, INGOs, local NGOs and relevant government departments such as ANDMA and MoRR.

C. INTRODUCTIONS & EXPECTATIONS

Still in the line participants got into pairs and introduced each other by name, organisation, position and expectations for the training. Some of the key expectations identified were:

¾ To understand when cash is appropriate given the local contexts ¾ To be able to lead or participate in market assessments ¾ To be able to write CTP proposals and fundraise for CTP ¾ To be able to identify the best cash delivery mechanism in Afghanistan ¾ To understand how other organisations are dealing with gender issues ¾ To learn more about cash programming

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D. GROUND RULES

¾ Respect ¾ Computers closed ¾ Mobiles on silent ¾ Attendance (unless sick) ¾ Punctuality ¾ Participation ¾ Listening ¾ Constructive feedback ¾ Time management

E. THE TRAINING PROGRAMME AT A GLANCE

Day One Day Two Day Three Module 1: Session 1 Module 2: Session 2 Module 3: Session 3 An introduction Assessment and analysis Design and planning Module 1: Session 2 Module 2: Session 3 Module 3: Session 4 What, when and why cash Baseline information Design and planning transfer Lunch Lunch Lunch Module 1: Session 3 Module 2: Session 4 Module 3: Session 5 Practical applications of cash Market analysis Monitoring transfer Module 2: Session 1 Module 3: Session 2 Closing session Assessment and analysis Advocacy

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MODULE ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO CTP IN EMERGENCIES This module provided the introduction to concepts of cash transfer programming in emergencies. Participants were made to understand the rationale, principles and risks associated with specifically cash transfer programmes as opposed to more traditional emergency programmes (such as food or non-food distribution). The aim was to introduce different types of cash programming as a response to humanitarian need, and describe the associated benefits and risks. The session began with exploring attitudes to cash as a whole group. By placing a notice on a large flip chart at each end of the training room, one reading AGREES and the other DISAGREES. The participants were asked to position themselves at either end in response to the following questions – positions in the middle were rendered acceptable unless explained.

Participants perceptions and attitudes over CTP

Question Agree Disagree Comment I have been involved in a cash transfer programme before 50 8 Field experience there. Cash transfers are a relatively new programming approach 55 3 Viewed as new by many. I have been involved in emergence response programmes 54 4 Few with no emergency in Afghanistan response insight. I have been involved in implementing cash programmes in 33 25 Many understands local Afghanistan context Targeting should always be done when implementing a 58 0 All values targeting. CTP We should always work with government in designing and 30 28 All believe NGOs should implementing a CTP work with government A poor security situation rules out a cash-based response 23 35 Some believe CTP is still in countries like Afghanistan possible in insecure areas. Cash for work is only for those who are able to work 46 12 Inclusivity issues Cash is inappropriate in situations where the market has 27 31 Some said depends on been disrupted by the emergency how integrated market is. Cash based responses are great in theory but difficult in 37 21 Fears still there. practice In insecure areas we should use military or police to secure 7 41 Fears to raise profile and our distributions attention. There is not enough evidence of how CTP works for donors 5 53 NGOs now appreciate to fund it various modalities of CTP Generally, the participants had some CTP knowledge but have never been trained before.

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GROUP WORK - REGIONAL CTP STORIES FROM PARTCIPANTS A total of 6 stories were shared and these are some of the ones that impacted on the participants:

Stories from the Eastern Region (Jalalabad): Stories from the Western Region (Herat): Story 1: Laghman Province - distribution of 1 million AFGs to Story 1: CRS in the west worked with WFP to 110 families in Larshghan village Dawlatsha district after distribute food items as defined by the food basket needs assessment survey. Livestock such as goats and food through identified vendors. The vouchers had a value items was available but damage by flood was severe. Cash of AfNs 3,000/month for 6 months. Targeting was done to purchase food items in addition to MAIL distribution of with the support of the Shura leaders. The project 2200 MT wheat for 22000 families for 100kg each. intents to carry out the use of cash vouchers and then a Story 2: Winterization program in 2012 in Emergenecy comparative study on Cash and Commodity vouchers. Response - Cash for transport and gas filling; Cash for work Some negative experiences to date includes minor plus NFI distributions; Agriculture - tools for pruning, inter- cases of household members who sold the food items crops through voucher coupon. to purchase drugs as addicts. They have used Story 3: Mahmandara Encashment Centre cash grants with beneficiary cards with pictures, bar codes and finger funding from UNHCR for returnee families from Peshawar, prints. Pakistan via Torkhan to Mahmandara it was USD150 per Story 2: NRC are involved in Cash for Shelter targeted individual for reintergration and transportation (but utilization of the homeless IDPs and Cash for Winter fuel for is unconditional) 1.4% charge by Trader. Shelter beneficiary vulnerable households. Values were based on the selection People with Special Needs, Livelihoods average cost of constructing a single room (transitional Programmes. shelter). The transfers for fuel were distributed around Story 4 - Cash voucher implemented in Nangarhar 2012. November as the winter was commencing. This led to 1500 beneficiaries supported for 6 months. 20,000 widows, households using over 80% of the amount distributed disabled, voucher value 1500 AFGs/month for 6 month. 4 to purchase fuels and warming their homes. This distribution Centers. Local markets are functional. project is in Injil and surrounding districts of Herat.

DEFINING CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMING Cash transfer programming includes both support through cash and vouchers.

What is Cash Transfer Programming? “Cash transfer programming in emergencies is one form of humanitarian response which can be used to address basic needs and/or protect; establish or re‐establish livelihoods.” IFRC and ICRC Guidelines for cash transfer programming

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WHY CASH TRANFER PROGRAMMING IN AFGHANISTAN Over 60% participants were coming from agencies who were implementing Cash and Voucher projects in emergence contexts across the two regions and about 40% were involved in emergency and recovery projects and are keen on piloting cash and vouchers in future projects. They were all working in complex contexts in Afghanistan predominated by a plethora of manmade and natural hazards such as conflict, droughts, harsh winter, flooding, and avalanches among others. Across the two regions participants managed to identify the reasons why they were implementing cash programs in their respective agencies or why they felt CTPs were worth adopting as part of their response mechanisms. These includes: • Markets and Disasters - Afghanistan has a defined disaster cycle with some of the predictable ones being harsh winter, flash flooding, avalanches and droughts. Conflict remains a major man made hazard which is inherent in the country. These do not greatly affect the functionality of markets and all provinces have a large provincial market and smaller district markets which varies in size. • Dignity - cash can be better at maintaining the dignity of recipients. It may, for instance, be possible to avoid long, degrading queues as shared by ACTED, Action Aid and Afghan Aid. They used mobile phone transfers and this allowed secrecy and transparent transfers in the 2012 drought, winter and flooding responses. • Choice - cash allows recipients to decide what they should spend the money on. This enables people to choose what they most need, and allows for this to vary from person to person. This was often the case with all the unconditional cash transfers, cash for work and other conditional grants which allowed beneficiaries to choose certain suppliers over others based on quality of materials and goods, pricing, distance, willingness to negotiate etc. • Power transfer - cash often allows recipients to make their own choices thereby increasing their power and control over how they respond to disasters. Although redistribution ( of aid- in this case cash received) was cited as a major concern by many participants, they all agreed that CTP allowed beneficiaries to gain some power and control of the aid targeted at them. • Links response to recovery - because of the multiplier effect of many cash projects the impact can continue into the recovery phase. For example NRC and Islamic Relief were implementing cash for shelter projects in Herat, Mazar-e-Sharif, Samangan, Kunduz and Balkh districts in the North and Jalalabad in the East. These were relief-to-recovery projects aimed at availing durable solutions and permanent and semi-permanent shelter for the affected populations.

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IDENTIFYING POSSIBILITIES FOR CTP - PART 1 LILTON-BIGTON CASE STUDY GROUP WORK Participants were given a typical case study in the table below;

Module 1, Scenario Exercise 1 Day 3 ­ Arrival: For the whole scenario you will be working in the same group, and these groups will remain constant for the four parts of the scenario during the training course. The group will have one team leader – please rotate the role each session. Also be sure to appoint a note taker and reporter. Situation: You are members of a humanitarian response team and you have arrived close to an area affected by an earthquake of magnitude approximately 6.3, three days after the earthquake itself. Search and rescue operations are drawing to a close and the emphasis is now on assessing needs resulting from damage to buildings and infrastructure. Small aftershocks continue to affect the area. The weather was poor for two days after the earthquake with heavy rain and winds. This has now improved, and the weather is pleasantly warm during the day and cool at night. Map 1 shows the basic layout of the affected area (see separate colour handout). You are currently on your way to Bigton, and you are about to meet your country counterparts for the first time. You have a certain amount of information from your briefings in the capital, Capton. The search and rescue teams in the affected areas have not attempted to carry out a full assessment, but they have nonetheless provided the following information:

Location Approx Population Situation Bigton 200,000 Not affected, although the tremors were felt and there was some minor damage Lilton 95,000 Much of the physical infrastructure is damaged or destroyed. The town marketplace has collapsed and rains have destroyed or damaged much of the stock. Initial assessment by the local authorities suggests around 80% of housing is damaged or destroyed. Hospital is damaged but functional – overflowing. Many injured people have been transferred to Bigton where the regional hospital is located. Town water plant and sewage treatment is intact but some damage to pipe work. Authorities and RC National Society have started to create three tented camps in areas adjacent to town close to the river. Village 1 6,500 Many houses damaged, grain stores destroyed Village 2 4,000 Many houses damaged, grain stores destroyed, school damaged Village 3 2,500 Many houses damaged, grain stores destroyed Village 4 3,500 Many houses damaged, grain stores destroyed Village 5 4,000 Many houses damaged, grain stores destroyed, school destroyed Village 6 6,000 Situation not known – road blocked by landslides Village 7 2,500 Situation not known

Shelter: People in the main part of Lilton town generally live in brick or concrete housing from 2‐4 stories high. In the poorer parts of town, housing is generally single storey and of poor construction. Construction materials and standards vary, with houses in the hilly areas to the south being constructed of stone living areas below and wooden storage above. In the agricultural areas, houses are more likely to be brick, although many traditional wooden houses remain. Many people work as daily labour for the landowners, and are suffering from a lack of income opportunities at the moment. With the damage to the housing stock, there is the risk of the loss of winter fodder, seed grain, and other assets, and a resulting disruption to livelihoods.

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Conditions that suggest possibilities for CTP Conditions that CTP might be inappropriate 9 Some markets might be functional 9 The road network between Capton, Bigton and 9 Affected communities might be able to access the Lilton is open indicating that the market might be markets integrated. 9 Prices may be reasonable enough 9 Since Red Cross is now reaching some of the 9 Good quality goods might be available in right victims it means that communities are now quantities accessible 9 Communities have varying needs and are affected 9 Cash for Work can be implemented to clear the differently and can make their own choices debris and also open roads Possible Outcomes of a cash/voucher distribution 9 Reparation of damaged infrastructure like roads, bridges house; revival of markets; multiplier effects down the value chain.

FEARS ABOUT CASH

Fear Explanation & Possible solution This not inherent to cash only but also to in-kind support. However there is need to 1. Re-distributions engage with communities (both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries) as well as community leaders to explain the reasons behind CTP and also in the targeting process. Redistributions could be a reaction to severe inclusion or exclusion errors.

Some of the most common anti-social uses in Afghanistan is purchase of drugs such as 2. Anti-social use of opium and heroin, gambling etc. These can be reduced through conditional cash grants, cash restrictions with installments or vouchers or targeting women who perceived to be more responsible.

3. Security risks for Afghanistan is a polarized society where communities are 'caught' in between the armed staff or opposition groups and government controlled areas. However, in principle both parties beneficiaries indicates that they appreciate the work humanitarian organizations are doing. So the security of staff and beneficiaries is though not guaranteed is not so much in danger.

This is one of the most common crimes not only in Afghanistan but even in other 4. Theft or looting countries. Humanitarian agencies have developed a number of SOPs to keep cash distributions schedules as confidential as possible.

5. Inflation Ah hoc price increases do happen in economies in responds to supply and demand and balance of payment. Prices in Afghanistan generally follow a defined seasonal trend and respond quickly to regional and international economies. Localized price increases has been reported to be lower than 5% and as such can be dealt with encouraging more market players

6. Diversion by Corruption is one of the major challenges that could affect CTPs. Putting deterrent authorities, elites, punishments for authorities who demand bribes and extortion can reduce incidences. factions Leadership trainings help to create a culture of responsibility and transparency.

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MODULE TWO: ASSESSMENT & ANALYSIS

Having defined what cash transfers is, and how it might be used as part of a general humanitarian response in Module 1, it was essential to establish the importance and sequence of proper assessment and analysis specific to cash transfer programming in order to ensure the eventual effective planning and delivery of such a programme. Objectives of the Module This was a highly practical session based on the case study At the end of this session participants were able to: introduced in module 1. The aim of 9 List key elements of an assessment for cash the session was to describe why transfer; assessment and analysis at the 9 Describe methodologies for carrying out an earliest stage of any cash transfer assessment; programme is important, and to 9 Describe what data needs to be collected and identify effective processes and tools in undertaking appropriate describe approaches to analysis; assessment and analysis. 9 Describe the humanitarian conditions Participants were asked to be conducive to running cash transfer ready for active participation programmes; during the course of the module as 9 Outline the key baseline information needed it calls for practical examples and to monitor and evaluate a cash transfer real life experiences.

Situations Ideal for CTP – Discussions in pairs

• Before the emergency people purchased significant proportion of essential goods and services through market mechanisms. In Afghanistan hazards such as harsh winter and flooding, high conflict seasons are generally predictable, so communities usually get into the preparedness mode and pre-stock food and non-food items. There are periods prior to such disasters which calls for cash/voucher distribution to be timed to augument the preparedness process. • Decline in people’s sources of food and income means they can no longer meet basic needs. This is typical across the country as household income dwindle as a result of poor income sources, no employement opportunities, insecurity, conflicts and natural disasters. • Sufficient food supplies and/or other goods available locally to meet needs. Basic goods and services are usually available in Afghanistan and usually markets are well stocked through- out the year and more so during peak-demand periods. • Markets are functioning and accessible in most parts of the country. Afghanistan markets are well integrated with regional markets in Pakistan and Iran, and trucks always move thousands of tonnes of commodities between the borders of these countries. • Cash can be delivered safely and effectively in most northen, easten and central parts of the country. Most agencies are distribiting cash directly for most of their programmes. ACF has tried the hawala system and in 2012 the DFID-funded consortium pilot the use of mobile phones with Roshan mobile phone company. Althogh criminality remains one of the major risks, none of the agencies have reported a robbery while delivering or distributing cash. The fact that cash is exchanging hands in most parts of the country and the households are normall in debt is evidence that there is a need for cash intreventions in the communities in Afghanistan.

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GROUP WORK ON ASSESSMENTS AND ANALYSIS

Group Key questions How to collect data Markets • Number of markets including type and number of shops? FGDs, interviews, • Distance between markets and communities? (also accessibility and observations seasonality aspects) Mock buying • What is the capacity of the market? Is market stocked with basic commodities? Are they able to bring in goods more quickly? • Are the prices stable or flactuating? What is the cost of the basic food basket for a family of six? • What are the seasonal trends of the market? • Are the commodities imported or locally produced? • Any laws discouraging hoading and purchasing in bulk? Social • Who are the power holders and decision makers in the community FGDs, interviews with Relations • Are CDCs present and functional? community members • Who holds power to decide at HH level? Men/Women and on what and shura leaders aspects? • How is the ethnic composition of the community and any ethnic Separate interviews conflicts? with men and women. • Are there any social limitations for women/girls to participate in Ensure that the activities such as CFW? different social, ethnic, • Does community have a “hashar” (community social support political, and socio- system)? economic groups are • If IDPs are present is there tension between these and host interviewed. community and if yes, over what? Security • Is location classified as insecure and to what level? FGDs, interviews, key • Is affected area under government or armed opposition groups? informant interviews • Is crime rate high in the area? Focus on roberies/theft. with police and • Presence and inteference by local commanders? government and local • Community acceptance of CTP based on security implications? leaders • Security level of access routes to community? • Is inter-tribal conflict a common phenomenon? Corruption • Who are the power holders/influencial people in the area? FGDs, interviews, key • Are there cases of corruption reported or investigated before? and informant interviews from who? with police and • What are the Muslim values are being observed and deters people government and local from bribes. leaders • Is there potential to use banks or phones to transfer money? • Can religious leaders pass on anti-corruption messages? • Is the targeting criteria acceptable to community and leaders? • What are the reasons of inclusion/exclusion errors? Food • What is the major source of food in the community? Are basic food Household interviews, Availability iterms available on the market in adequate stocks? Can they FGDs, Interviews with restock? traders, agricultural • What is the average househld size and consumption? Cost of food staff, national basket statistics reports. Delivery • Are banks available, functional and accessible? What about the Discussions with Mechanisms local hawala system? How is the mobile phone coverage in the communities, banks, area? mobile phone • What are the costs associated with each mechanism and how long operators, traders, does it take to establish? Hawala agents etc • Which mechanism is acceptable by the affected community?

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MARKET ANALYSIS

Emergency Market Mapping Analysis (EMMA)

The Emergence Market Mapping and Analysis is a set of tools which encourages and assists front-line humanitarian staff in sudden-onset emergencies to better understand, accommodate, and make use of market systems. It does not offer a simplistic blue-print for action. In groups the participants studied the market situation after the Pakistan Flood and made observations and suggested responses.

Example: Wheat flour market systems map in Sindh, Pakistan

Table 4: Analysis and Suggested Responses by Participants

Issues Identified Suggested Responses Major disrupt at medium and small-scale Cash grants for Agricultural recovery farmers Transport a critical issue because of Cash for Work for labour-endowed households, destroyed infrastructure and high fuel prices. Fuel coupons/vouchers for small millers and Roads and bridges partially destroyed beneficiaries. Major disruptions on at household level Commodity vouchers for staple crops and staple crops and storage facilities. conditional cash transfers for storage facility reconstruction. Critical issues with government price Advocacy – Lobby with government and controls, quota system and importation ban. advocate for policy changes. Critical issue millers in the rural areas. Cash vouchers for milling wheat for beneficiaries redeemable at local millers.

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Market Information and Food Insecurity Response Analysis (MIFIRA)

MIFIRA is a market and response analysis tool that helps assessing appropriateness between in--‐kind food aid and cash transfers. The tool is based on two fundamental questions: 1. Are local food markets functioning well? a. Yes: Targeted CTP or jobs, not food aid b. No: Go to Question 2… 2. Is there sufficient food available nearby to fill the gap? a. Yes: Food aid through local purchases b. No: Food aid through imports

The following subsidiary questions help in the decision making: a. Are local food markets functioning well? b. Are food insecure households well connected to local markets? c. How will local demand respond to transfers? d. How much additional food will traders supply at or near the current costs? e. Do local food traders behave competitively? f. Do food insecure households have a preference over the form/mix of aid that they receive?

PART 2 LILTON-BIGTON CASE STUDY : GROUP WORKS POINTS

Module 2, Scenario Exercise 2 Day 4 – Planning the detailed assessment: Work in the same groups as the previous session, but rotate the leadership role

Situation: You spent the night in the regional capital Bigton, and were able to meet your local counterparts early in the morning. They were able to provide you with much more information about the local environment and the emergency situation.

One of these staff is coming with you to Lilton to act as guide and facilitator. You are now in the car on your way to Lilton and you are discussing the options and possibilities. The Country Director has asked your team to undertake a detailed assessment of the affected area and propose a plan of action, and is proposing that you look carefully at cash transfer options.

You did talk to HQ and the country office about the possibilities of working with cash, as well as about other modalities. Their standard response to earthquakes is to hand out tents and NFI, and occasionally to provide cooked food for a short period. They were interested in the possibilities of cash based approaches, but it would be the first time they have tried it and they need some convincing.

New Information: The new information you have available is summarized on map 2 regarding the resources and capacities of the country office, and on Map 3, some additional information from a recent VCA about livelihoods in the affected area. In addition, you have been told that people living in the rural villages in the agricultural areas are mostly cereal and vegetable farmers, with some fishing along the river. As you move into the hills, the main source of income is from livestock, mostly goats and chickens. There is quite a bit of trade between the two areas in grains, animals and dried fish. The road to village 6 is expected to be cleared today by the local authorities.

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SUGGESTIONS FROM THE GROUPS Questions Group Responses Are there any specific activities that will • Visiting the markets and observe the activities and also interviews with suppliers. be required, or any specific information • Check the food and non-food items available and if the prices are reasonable. you will need to collect? • How is the market integrated with others and how quick they can recover? • Visit the banks and other financial institutions to assess their capacity and catchment before and after the earthquake. • Visit the camps and ask beneficiaries on the gaps and if some of their requirements can be met though engagement with the markets. Specific to the CTP option, which areas • Day 1: Assess the needs within 72 hours, using a number of teams will you visit, over what time period? • To assess the extent of damage on the markets. • Establishing a reliable payment system. • Seeking government consent at acceptance • Ascertain the location of beneficiaries and any identity documents they have. Again specifically looking at CTP, what • Collection of secondary data from the district authorities tools might you use in data collection? • Key informant interviews with community leaders e.g. Shura • FGDs with accessible communities • Household interviews with affected villagers and urban dwellers

COMMENTS FROM THE FACILITATOR • Participants were able to utilize the new information availed to qualify their CTP interventions selected in day 1, other modified their selections and others introduced new responses and in some cases dropped some initial selections. • Establishing the extent of the damage on the markets, banks, post offices was prioritized by all groups. • Three groups out of four were so much interested in exploring the possibilities of utilizing cash to rehabilitate damaged infrastructure such as roads, clearing debris, searching for and burying the dead, reconstruction of shelter and markets etc • Possibilities of vouchers for food, construction materials were also mentioned in the discussions and unconditional cash grants for vulnerable groups such as the disabled, chronically ill, elderly, the injured, pregnant and lactating mothers etc • They managed to brain storm on cash initiatives directed at specific livelihoods zones, for example cash for agricultural recovery in areas where they depended on crop and vegetable production, and livestock. Cash for supporting the fishery industry in areas along the river etc. This would call for additional data collection from specific areas on crop production, livestock data and information on fisheries. • They managed to prioritize visiting areas which had information gaps and also identifying rapid assessment tools of data collection, such as focus group discussions, observations, photography and key informant interviews. • Participants were also appraised on the use of PRAs during data collection, although 80% had no prior experience with the use of such participatory approaches. • They indicated that the little trading going on in the community required support. • Considerations were discussed to support key market players such as transporters between major trade routes. • One group suggested the importance of engaging stakeholders and the possibilities of forming a task force to manage the response which would include local leaders, government, NGOs and private sector to map existing capacities, response plans and gaps and fit CTP to support these initiatives.

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MODULE THREE: DESIGNING & PLANNING

MODULE 3: DESIGNING, RISK MANAGEMENT AND ADVOCACY

Introduction

Effective design and planning is essential in the delivery of cash transfer programmes, building on successful assessment and analysis. There are Objectives many elements to be covered within this At the end of this session participants will be able to: area; therefore a structured, logical and • Recommend different modalities in the design of a comprehensive approach is vital to cash transfer programme depending on the context ensure that programmes are prepared to and the needs of the affected people operate effectively on all these levels. • Identify and explain essential criteria to consider when planning a cash transfer programme

• Describe methods that will enable effective design An effective monitoring and evaluation and planning system, that measures progress, process • Review the setting of SMART objectives and impact in order to demonstrate the • Outline key questions that monitoring and effectiveness of a programme and evaluation systems should try to address identify issues for remedial action needs to be developed. At the design stage of a cash transfer programme clear and measurable objectives and outcomes need to be developed.

As cash transfer programming remains under scrutiny within the humanitarian sector as a whole and by donors, the monitoring of such programmes needs to be clear and credible and results need to be systematically documented and shared.

The module was aimed at exploring, understanding and mimics the practicing of essential elements of effective design and planning in the implementation of a cash transfer programme.

A. ADVOCACY & DESIGNING CTPs LILTON-BIGTON CASE STUDY

Advocacy Task: Brief points for Director to convince donor to support cash initiatives – All groups • Market are functional in Lilton as there are many traders open for sales and with stocks; • Cash/Vouchers will help revive the market and will have multiplier effects • Transport is available and roads are cleared from village 1 up to village 6 • There is tension in the camp and we need to remove populations and support returnees with vouchers for shelter to accelerate their recovery and stabilization at their homes. • Other NGOs are already supporting with in-kind support but still households are still in difficult circumstances.

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B. ADVOCACT & DESIGNING CTPs IN THE EASTERN/WESTERN REGIONS

Eastern Region - (Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar and Laghman)

Justification - Why CTP? Justifying CTP in the Western Provinces of Afghanistan

Nuristan Province Nangarhar province

Advocacy: Background: • Highly insecure but with local NGOs and less INGOs - • 22 districts with 2 million people - urbanization on the meeting with local village leaders, provincial and rise. government authorities, other humanitarian agencies • The climate - good for Agriculture (crops and livestock) - ANDMA. irrigation facilities. • Consultations with market players, transporters, • It consists of different tribes. Typical hazards includes service providers, construction companies, banks etc flood, conflict and at times earthquakes. • Discussions with beneficiaries • Borders with Pakistan and has a high numbers of IDPs, returnees and refugees. District selected disaster - Earthquake • Conflict results in parts of province are insecure. • 1200 HHs affected - 300 livestock keepers lost Nangarhar is a high poppy growing province. livestock, 150 shelters destroyed, 500 food insecure, 250 lost agricultural land Objectives • 4000 households receive cash for shelter to reconstruct SMART Objectives partially damaged house over a period of 6 months in 8 To save lives of 1200 HHs affected by earth quake (11,400 districts of Nangarhar. individuals) by providing food vouchers for 500, cash for • 800 displaced families receive vouchers for NFIs shelter for 150, Livestock vouchers for 300 and CFW for purchased from selected shops from the local market 250 to rehabilitate irrigation systems. • 20% of the displaced households (560HHs) mainly the EVIs (the disabled, women headed, elderly and child- Implementation Plan headed households) are trained and supported with UCT • Joint assessment - multi-sectorial with expertise for through the use of mobile phones at $150/HH for 3 CTP individuals in each team months. • Market assessment for basic food stuffs, stocks (quality and quantity plus ability to restock from other Performance Indicators markets) willingness by traders to be involved in • 4000 shelters constructed vouchers. Construction material in the market - • 800 NFI kits accessed cement, timber, door/window frames (own contribution • 560 EVI IDPs meet household basic needs through UCT - labour, stones, skills). Prices: Goats $20 x 10 x 300, money Cows $500x300x1, irrigation $250,000 lump sum, Food commodities $150x500 x 6 (months) • Livestock are available from other villages (number of animals/HH decided at 10 goats and 1 cow) • Irrigation - local construction material, clearing and repair of 1500m canals (CFW), 200m protection wall, gabions

Kunar Province Laghman Province

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Background: 13 years of crisis - armed conflict, Background: Laghman is a province prone to floods, displacements, high levels of insecurity, compounded by earthquakes and other natural disasters. natural disasters - flash floods due to heavy rains. Food Justification: Although it is a conflict zone markets are insecurity is high, basic needs are not being meet. Mainly functional even at district level within the province. Prices of fishing and farming communities goods are generally fair and trends of basics are known. Objectives They are seasonal increases which and be useful to decide Reduce hunger and increase food security, IDPs in camps, for payment rates. Banks are generally functional, network is support of local markets, education in emergencies and there and Hawaladors are also active. Cash is cheaper and asset recovery. cost effective if compared to other types of support. Using Implementation Plan CTPs has great multiplier effects along the value chain. • APA - 15 years of experience in humanitarian SMART Objective: 350 households reconstruct their house response in province with AFN20,000/HH distributed through group bank • Use of vouchers, CFW, UCT accounts in Ingar district over a period of 3 months.

Western Region - (Herat, Ghor, Farah and Badghis)

Justification - Why CTP? Justifying CTP in the Western Provinces of Afghanistan

Badghis Province Ghor Province • There is poor security • There is existence of financial institutions, a bank is • Poor road infrastructure functional at the provincial centre • Insecure/unsafe transportation and storage of • All the nine districts has a functional Hawala system commodities/in-kind support • The province is connected to two functional supply • High transportation costs routes to Kabul and Herat City • Saves time - In-kind support is time consuming • There is general acceptance by community to cash • Functioning markets with excellent stocks of good support quality goods, in acceptable quantities and • Conditional cash vouchers worth $100, for 900 HHs for reasonable prices. 3 months (Oct-Dec, 2013) in Chagcharan district. • Community in is a cash economy, there is a lot of • Food/Commodity vouchers for 900 drought affected buying and selling HHs in the districts of Dulaina (200), Pasaband (300) • This could create localized employment and income and Shahrak (400) in Ghor province for 3 months to generating opportunities and reduce migration into purchase food and NFIs from selected retail shops. cities Herat Province Farah Province • The most secure of all the provinces • In-kind support has problems but donors are not keen • Functional market supported with banks, Hawala, on understanding these issues. mobile phone coverage. • It possible to distribute money and for beneficiaries to • Boosts of an educated community access markets and get their basic needs. • No government restrictions • CTP will support value chains and HHs can spend and • Great road network, communication systems even save money as cash. • Paying people cash/vouchers improve their dignity and reduces borrowing and the disposal of productive assets such as livestock.

Regional disaster profiling 18

• Harsh long winter which last for up to six months (October-March) • Persistent droughts that have become a norm in the region • Seasonal flash floods • Conflict - leading to severe displacements (can be at times defined as tribal conflict)

Beneficiary selection (both regions) ™ Multi-sectoral beneficiary selection and verification team with NGOs working with government departments ™ Engage community and define the beneficiary selection criteria ™ Use of IDP documents ™ Beneficiaries to be registered using their Tazkira or Voters card (Agency can also issue their own beneficiary cards

Delivery Mechanisms Possible (both regions) 1. Hawala 2. M-Paisa 3. Direct Distribution 4. Banks and other financial institutions

RISKS IN CTP IN THE WESTERN AND EASTERN REGIONS

RISK MANAGEMENT

Cash programming has a number of risks and controls have to be in place to mitigate against these. All controls must be justifiable and appropriate to amount and circumstance. Overdesign and excessive controls for relatively small amounts can seriously delay programme benefits. Some guidance levels for controls discussed in the training are shown in table xx below:

Controls for cash transfers by mode and amounts

Emergency Relief Recovery Up to 20% or approximately Between 20-50% average Above 50% or approximately 6 2 months income income months income Level 1 - Up to $100 Level 2 - $100-$500 Level 3 - Above $500 Same as for equivalent cost Minimum set of beneficiary Full needs and loss assessments in kind distribution. selection, targeting and Instalments to ensure Q& Informal checks and social verification controls regulations or compliance verification Signatures, thumb prints Social verification, photos, NIC/ Beneficiary ID, registration existing ID checks and unique identifiers Blanket distributions where Targeting through simple Full beneficiary selection, possible to avoid lengthy criteria such as location or targeting, registration & targeting vulnerable groups verification (posting) Informal market assessment Basic market assessment Full market assessment, only only (EMMA) & grievance communications strategy & complaints procedure

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In order to reduce the risks associated with misuse or diversion of cash agencies have introduced a number of strategies. Some of the generic ones covered in the training are CTP has different, not • Vouchers enforce encashment at certain necessarily greater risks. traders, for certain commodities (Examples ACF FFV Micronutrient) • Conditions or restrictions (Examples: in shelter to ensure Q&R, training, health checks) 1. Instalments to ensure conditions (Examples: where inflation, corruption or insecurity feared, large amounts, attendance trainings or clinics, quality conditions) 2. Financial control procedures (Test flow charts)

Examples shared for some of the contingency plans to reduce specific risks are as shown in the table below.

Examples of Risks and Contingency Plans

Risks Contingency examples Price/currency Adjust value based on prices, consider in-kind; Agree on fixed price fluctuation/inflation for fixed period with traders; Set maximum limit for acceptable price increases. Price fixing by traders Monitor, identify and disqualify (if voucher)

Vouchers exchanged for Sensitise traders and beneficiaries; Monitor to determine occasional unauthorised items or cash or systematic; Disqualify or replace if systematic (Question choice?)

Attractive to non- Strengthen targeting arrangements; Consider social verification or beneficiaries IDs/Tazkira or create agency specific identities.

Based on the examples shared participants were asked to identify the various risks that are typical in Afghanistan. The risks identified varied by group and the participants agreed that there were more risks in the south than the north and the eastern parts of the country. They also Identified risks by Participants agreed that the central, mainly area like Kabul, • Anti-social use of cash theft and looting was the major risk and hence • Insecurity for staff or beneficiaries practitioners should be innovative mitigate the • Theft or looting specific risks based on the context. For • Inflation example they suggested that it might be wise to • Prone to diversion by authorities, elites, have mobile banking or use of mobile phones in warring parties • Vulnerability, gender or generational bias such contexts. Gender, remains a major issue in Afghanistan and as such agencies should invest so much in gender trainings and focus more on gender mainstreaming and ensure that cash interventions are gender-sensitive, gender-transformative and gender-biased. A total of eight issues was identified and discussed in groups and outcomes shared in plenary. These are shown in table below.

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Risk analysis for Afghanistan

Key risks Possible impacts & Potential mitigation measure degree of likelihood (High, Med, Low) Community relations Rivalries Medium Include all parties at inception & security Intra-household and at all stages of the project Poorest no phones implementation; Make Elderly no text beneficiaries form groups and Increased mobile thefts use one phone; Invest time to reduce gender differences and understanding community and HH dynamics Diversion Money diverted from Medium Put restrictions and conditions basic needs into and assess adherence prior to unanticipated or harmful payments; Target women; use goods (alcohol, drugs, of commodity vouchers e.g. weapons) food vouchers. Standards Money spent on low Low Identify specific suppliers and quality or harmful goods agree with beneficiaries to choose those. Duplication Attempts to access twice Low Beneficiary verification exercise and stiff penalties on those found trying to cheat Errors People omitted Low Create a centralized data base Data collection errors or master roll and smaller lists for specific locations Market effects More buyers and limited Medium Consider in kind-cash supply causes price combinations; consider rises supporting suppliers Fraud, corruption Security of financial High Create SOPs and adhere to transaction them; collaborate with local police NGOs Conflicts with agency High Coordination and joint objectives introduction to projects and explanations to communities e.g. shelter grant can be higher than food grant

Although cash transfers started with a major focus on food security, this has since changed and all other sectors are now using various forms cash/voucher modalities to meet their objectives. As such this calls for sector-specific considerations in analyzing risks beyond the generic analysis. Table 11 shows some of the considerations covered in the CaLP level 1 training.

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Some general and sector specific factors to consider

General Shelter Nutrition Health/Eductation • Government policy, • Risk of inflation or • CTP cannot • Formal and informal agency/donor poor quality substitute high fees are often mandate materials energy foods for charged for access • Familiar modalities • Environmental supplementary to health and • Modalities used by concerns (sourcing feeding of the education. other agencies timber) malnourished. CTP • Rarely considered • Costs to deliver • Ensure DRR, can be directly in CTP money standards and complimentary, • Assets & in-kind • Social, cultural, regulations met ensuring food goes sometimes sold to economic • Are there enough to targeted children pay fees implications skilled people to • Underlying causes • Cash can prevent • Vulnerable groups build of malnutrition can sales and improve • Capacity, availability • Are beneficiaries be improved: access and willingness of involved in design • Access to more traders, financial or able to rebuild? diverse foods, systems and agency • Cash for full or core health • Basic conditions for rebuild? environments and effective targeting Instalments? caring behaviours • Land ownership, • Good landless/tenant, micronutrients host issues through fresh food • Others? ...and vouchers mitigation matching • By meeting non- measures food needs can prevent sale of food aid, affecting nutrition

How to effectively monitor and evaluate CTP projects

Minimum monitoring requirements Process monitoring: to • Number of recipients ensure that the programme • Amount received & received agreed amount is appropriate and relevant to • Payments received on time people’s needs; that it is • Problems, fees, bribes, misunderstanding implemented in the way that • Number of CFW projects was intended – in other • Key commodity prices words, that it is efficient and • Commodity quantity and quality effective;

Minimum evaluation requirements Impact monitoring: to • Expenditure of transfer/voucher ensure that the programme • Changes in food and income sources; expenditure is having the intended impact • Changes in coping strategies and is minimising negative • Inflation impact more effectively and • Total beneficiaries (female/male): direct and indirect efficiently than other types of • Female/male access & control of transfer programmes. • Trader benefits

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Examples of Process and Impact Monitoring

Cash Grants Cash for Work Vouchers Process Impact Process Impact monitoring Process Impact monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring Were correct Have income and Number and Has the project affected The voucher What was the sums of money expenditure quality of projects livelihood strategies? distribution process. impact on received by changed? completed? commodities beneficiaries or Have beneficiaries saved The amount and received on suppliers? Have sources of Enough people, some of the wages? quality of the livelihoods, food or coping adequate commodities meeting of basic Were strategies training, number How did HHs manage the purchased by needs etc? payments changed? of days invested cash they earned? voucher recipients. made on time? What was the What was the Payments Are people economically Traders supplied impact of the Satisfaction of cash used for? prompt, regular, active again? agreed products. vouchers on the beneficiaries timely and market prices with process Were items appropriate Was there an impact on The voucher etc? and methods available in the Number and type family relations, gender distribution process of markets? of direct or roles etc? was transparent and Use of income implementation indirect understood. saved through Were there beneficiaries Were projects useful and provision of What else are changes in market relevant? The use Satisfaction voucher beneficiaries prices of key Measures for of the beneficiaries Effect on traders’ receiving? commodities? equality and Would beneficiaries have livelihoods? participation preferred alternative interventions?

THE WAY FORWARD

These trainings will be followed by Advanced CTP trainings which are scheduled for the month of November. Resources have already been secured by NRC and the FSAC for the two regions. The facilitator is also to help the participants through post-training support and Afghanistan CTP webpage www.afghanctp.org/en

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ANNEX 1: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Western Region

# Full Name Agency Phone Email 1 Asamuddin Wasim WFP [email protected] 2 Mahrouf Moalem UNHCR 0791990276 [email protected]

3 Yama Shiwan OCHA 0793001145 [email protected]

4 Shahrokh Pazhman OCHA 0795878715 [email protected]

5 Abdul Haq Hijran IOM [email protected]

6 Basir Rahimi IOM [email protected]

7 Sayed Abdul Baqi Pakdil NRC 794876046 [email protected] 8 Abdul Nawab Ziayee NRC 794879696 [email protected]

9 Eng. Taha Awar ARAA [email protected] 10 Wahid Afzali C Aid 11 Omid Faiz C Aid

12 Ahmad Farid RWDOA 0787 682483 [email protected]

13 Nazir Ahmad Ghafori RAADA 0799572002 [email protected]

14 Stanikzai SDO 0700 400765 [email protected] 15 Sayed Mahmood WVI 0793465549 [email protected] 16 Joann Kingsley DRC 0793 405 329 [email protected]

17 Ahmad Rafi Rasoly IRC [email protected]

18 M. Sadudin DACAAR [email protected]

19 Ab. Ghafor Sangar Afghan Aid 798101830 [email protected] 20 Hafizullah Benish Dail 799471549 [email protected], 21 Rahmaddin DoRR 799590463 [email protected] 22 Eng Shah Mohammod DRRD 0799262099 23 Eng. M. Jafar DAIL 0799590438 24 Abdul Rasool ARCS 0777715232

25 Malik Afghan CHA 0799615389 [email protected]

26 M. Sadudin DACAAR [email protected]

27 Ab. Ghafor Sangar Afghan Aid 798101830 [email protected]

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Eastern Region

# Name Agency Mobile# E-mail

1 Fahim Omari WFP 0778 682 319 [email protected]

2 Fazal wahid Safi DAIL 0796 902 020 [email protected]

3 Shapoor Amini WFP 0706 005 179 [email protected]

4 Dr Esmatullah IMC 0700 208 298 [email protected]

5 Najeebullah DAIL 0700 669 431 [email protected]

6 Bashirullah HADAAF 0772 308 292 [email protected]

7 Sayed Kasib HEWAD 0786 060 056 [email protected]

8 Mohammd Tamim MADERA 0785 688 469 [email protected]

9 Mohammad Idrees IMC 0785 095 497 [email protected]

10 Abdul Qayoum UNHCR 0700 600 014 [email protected]

11 Abdul Latif ABM 0700 630 197 [email protected]

12 Mohammad Naem ANDMA 0799 818 185 [email protected]

13 Waheedullah SADAAT 0786 995 716 [email protected]

14 Ehsanullah ROP 0781 543 016 [email protected]

15 Abdul Rahman ROP 0780 500 948 [email protected]

16 Asluddin Seraj UNHCR 0791 990 198 [email protected]

17 Tawabullah Safi NCRO 0774 004 737 [email protected]

18 Hamid Ahmadi NPO/RRAA 0700 675 977 [email protected]

19 Firdos SOFAR 077 203 10 46 [email protected] Mohammad Zameer

20 Farooqi UN-Habitat 0700 604 537 [email protected]

21 Sarfaraz Sargand IOM 0793 506 818 [email protected]

22 Shafiullah IRC 0770 300 748 [email protected]

23 Attaulhaq Bashari DAIL 0777 606 853 [email protected]

24 Naqibullah Ahmadzai FGA 0796 238 783 [email protected]

25 Abdul Ghayas DAIL 0700 698 302 [email protected]

26 Eng Sayed Ghufran NCRO 0777 603 672 [email protected]

27 Abdul Wali Faizan APA 0797 257 258 [email protected] 28 Abdul Wahab Sherzad ANDMA 0799 346 782

29 Dawlatzai DAIL 0799 028 009 [email protected]

30 Jamal Nasir Rafiqi UNOCHA 0793 001 103 [email protected]

31 Shah Wali FAO 0700 479 266 [email protected]

32 Khushal Asifi FAO 0798 410 572 [email protected]

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ANNEX 2: WORKSHOP PHOTO GALLERY

Picture 1 & 2: The participants in Jalalabad and Herat, Afghanistan, 2013

Pictures 3 & 4: Group Works in Jalalabad and Herat

Picture 5 & 6: Participants receiving certificate a CD with all the training materials and extras

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REFERENCES1

ACF (2007). Implementing Cash-based Interventions – ACF Food Security Guideline. A Guideline for Aid Workers.

Adams, L. and P. Harvey (2006) Learning from cash responses to the tsunami: Issue Paper 1 to 6. ODI Humanitarian Policy Group, London: Overseas Development Institute

Ali, D., F. Toure and T. Kiewied (2005) Cash Relief in a Contested Area: Lessons from Somalia. Network Paper. Number 50. ODI Humanitarian Practice Network, London: Overseas Development Institute.

ALNAP (2006) Evaluating humanitarian action using the OECD-DAC criteria: An ALNAP guide for humanitarian agencies, London: Overseas Development Institute.

Cash and Vouchers Seminar, Geneva 18 – 19 May 2006, July 2006 version 1.0, International federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

CIAT (2006) Enabling Rural Innovation in Africa Guide Series. A Market Facilitator's Guide to Participatory Agroenterprise Development, International Centre of Tropical Agriculture,

CRS, ICRISAT and ODI (2002) Seed Vouchers and Fairs: a Manual for Seed-Based Agricultural Recovery after Disaster in Africa, Catholic Relief Services, International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics and Overseas Development Institute.

Harvey, P. (2007) Cash-based response in Emergencies, ODI Humanitarian Policy Group, London: Overseas Development Institute.

Knox-Peebles, C. (2001) Impact Assessment of Save the Children’s Cash for Relief Project in Legambo and Meket (Wollo), Ethiopia, London: Save the Children.

Oxfam GB (2006) Cash-Transfer Programming in Emergencies: A Practical Guide, Oxford: Oxfam GB. < http://publications.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam/add_info_024.asp>

1 Participants were encourage to take time and read the materials referenced, some of which were provided on CD issued to each participant. 27