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Classification of Marine Life & Habitats

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Classification of Marine Life & Habitats Classification of Marine Life & Habitats OCN 201 Biology Lecture 3 Grieg Steward Autotrophs can make the organic building blocks of Heterotrophs have to eat organics life starting from carbon dioxde carbon dioxide nucleotides sugars C H S H amino acids H lipids Classifying Marine Organisms by Nutrition Autotrophs - use CO to make organics • 2 • Who: All plants, some protista and bacteria • Can use sunlight (photo-) or chemical (chemo-) energy • Heterotrophs - Need to consume organic compounds • Who: everything that is not autotrophic • Mixotrophs - They can do both! Autotrophy (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis) Energy Autotrophic Cell 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sugar Cells are more than sugar. Other compounds are built from simple sugars plus nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous) & trace metals) Respiration Reversing the reaction yields energy the cell can use Autotrophic Cell 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Energy Respiration Heterotrophs consume organics. Much is respired to get energy and some is used as building blocks to grow. Heterotroph 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Energy Animals Heterotrophs Fungus Heterotrophs Macroalgae & Plants Photoautotrophs Photoautotrophs Protists Heterotrophs Mixotrophs Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Bacteria and Archaea Heterotrophs Mixotrophs 3.8 bya 2 bya Today 7 Classifying Marine Organisms by Habitat • Benthic (benthos = bottom) • Pelagic (pelagius = of the sea) Ocean Habitats Intertidal PELAGIC (littoral) BENTHIC zone Classifying Marine Organisms by Lifestyle Epifauna • Benthic (benthos = bottom) • Infauna Epifauna • Infauna • Pelagic (pelagius = of the sea) • Plankton (Drifters, weak swimmers) • Nekton (Swimmers) Pelagic Organisms 35 mm Nekton (all are animals) 5 mm Plankton phytoplankton zooplankton bacterioplankton Physical Divisions of the Marine Environment Supralittoral (splash zone) NERITIC OCEANIC Epipelagic 200 m Sublittoral Littoral Mesopelagic (intertidal) 1000 m Bathypelagic Bathyal 4000 m Abyssal Abyssopelagic 6000 m Hadalpelagic Hadal Physical & Chemical Factors Affecting Life • Temperature & Light DECREASE with Depth & Latitude • Pressure INCREASES with Depth • Salinity more variable near shore • Air exposure in the littoral zone Pressure Increases with Depth Photo courtesy Kate Achilles Deep-diving marine mammals have collapsible lungs Temperature Variations Temperature Decreases with Depth Temperature Decreases with Latitude POLAR TEMPERATE TROPICAL TEMPERATE POLAR TOTAL light and COLOR Spectrum Vary with depth Red Yellow Green Blue UV Euphotic zone= where photosynthesis is possible! “Good” Light Euphotic 20 to 100 m Twilight Disphotic Disphotic zone= there is light but not enough for photosynthesis! about 600 m No Light Aphotic No light from the sun penetrates Photosynthesis Feeds The Ocean Energy Food The Pelagic Divisions (By Light) Photosynthesis can only EUPHOTIC ZONE “Good” Light happen up here! 20 to 100 m DISPHOTIC ZONE Twilight about 600 m APHOTIC ZONE No Light 18.
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