ZSL Institute of Zoology Review 2013/2014 Review Zoology of Institute ZSL INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY REVIEW 2013/2014 SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION

The Zoological Society of London Registered Charity in England and Wales: no 208728 zsl.org

Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY and at:

ZSL Whipsnade Zoo Dunstable Bedfordshire LU6 2LF

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ZSL The Year in Review 2013 ZSL Conservation Review 2013 Our annual overview of the year, An in-depth look at our field featuring our zoos, fieldwork, conservation and research, science, engagement activities showing how we are achieving our and ways to get involved. key targets at home and abroad. IoZ RESEARCH STRATEGY

We run a programme of meetings OUR AIM OUR ACTIVITIES and publications: To undertake and promote relevant HEFCE-funded programme • Journal of Zoology and high-quality zoological and conservation We undertake research and research training Animal Conservation research, to help ZSL achieve its conservation in the following themes: • Annual programme of evening objectives, and to inform and influence • Behavioural and Population Ecology science and conservation events conservation policy. • Biodiversity and Macroecology • Biannual international symposia on topical themes in conservation biology • Evolution and Molecular Ecology • Technical publications to support • People, Wildlife and Ecosystems best practice in zoos (International Zoo OUR OBJECTIVES • Wildlife Epidemiology Yearbook) and in field conservation 1. Encouraging and rewarding (Conservation Reports) excellence in the performance and We provide education through MSc • Conservation Science and Practice book communication of science, conservation and PhD programmes. series published with Wiley-Blackwell and animal husbandry

2. Attracting and engaging a diverse range of Science Plan With University College London people and organisations in the science of The major topics: We maintain and develop research links zoology and conservation – from students • Biodiversity patterns and processes with genetics, evolution and environment, How can we explain and model biological and other relevant departments, notably to leaders in their field diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and the Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental 3. Using our unique convening role as a biological scales? Research. We aim to maximise the leading learned society to foster and • People and the environment in a opportunities for shared graduate training achieve international excellence in science changing world at masters and doctoral level. relevant to our core conservation priorities How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside human We contribute to London-wide activities in 4. Managing and developing a relevant and population growth and development? ecology and evolution through membership useful body of zoological knowledge of the Centre for Ecology and Evolution. 5. Providing policy makers, conservationists With the rest of the Zoological Society and the general public with the of London With institutions in London We respond to research questions We maintain and develop research links with information needed to make informed and contribute to ZSL’s academic bodies, especially the Centre for decisions on conservation issues Conservation Programmes: Ecology and Evolution. We run MSc courses 6. Raising the profile of conservation • Conservation Breeding and in wild animal health and wild animal issues and priorities, and ensuring Reintroduction; EDGE; Indicators biology with the Royal Veterinary College they are well represented at policy and Assessments; Marine and and an MSc in conservation science. level and in the media Freshwater; Wildlife Health • Africa; South and Central Asia; Our research is influenced by London-based Southeast Asia; Mongolia; UK and Europe conservation issues. Our programme of talks communicate science and conservation. We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living With other organisations animal collection: We collaborate with most relevant outside • Animal health and welfare research bodies for our core research interests. Our • Reproductive monitoring programme of talks communicate science and conservation.

2 ZSL CONSERVATION REVIEW 2013 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / WELCOME

Welcome The President and Director General of the Zoological Society of London introduce the Institute of Zoology Review 2013/2014.

This will be my last foreword for Science for I am proud to introduce you to the IoZ annual Conservation, the Institute of Zoology Review. review. Conservation decisions need to be informed After a decade as President of the Zoological by the best available scientific evidence. ZSL is very Society of London, I am stepping down and passing fortunate, therefore, to have a team of extremely on the baton to Professor Sir John Beddington. talented scientists working to help address Sir John will no doubt be familiar to everyone conservation issues of global importance. The pages through his recent role as the UK Government’s that follow illustrate the breadth of their science – Chief Scientific Advisor, but he is also a research scientist with a monitoring species under threat, understanding the causes of species worldwide reputation in the field of applied population biology. He declines, investigating wildlife disease, exploring the processes that has just the credentials needed for the role of President, and I can step impede human-wildlife coexistence, and much more besides. down knowing that I will be leaving the Society in excellent hands. The review not only tells you about the work being done in IoZ, One of the things I have been most proud of from my tenure as but it also highlights how our research, programme of scientific events President is helping the Institute of Zoology (IoZ) go from strength and conferences, and publications raise the profile of conservation to strength. Government assessments of the science that is carried issues and influence policymakers, conservationists and the public. out there have shown it moving up the national rankings in research We are also deeply committed to training and educating the next excellence. In 2010, a panel of independent reviewers described it as generation of conservationists. IoZ hosts a growing number of PhD a “world-class organisation” and, while I readily admit to being biased, and MSc students, and helps young people gain valuable conservation I can only agree with their view. In the pages that follow, you can read experience through short-term internships. about some of the ongoing research projects being carried out by IoZ Our success and influence would not be possible without the scientists, illustrating why it has the reputation it does. I can also step support of many external collaborators, most notably through our down knowing that I will be leaving the Institute in excellent shape. partnership with University College London, and the wide range of Looking to the future, I can only see a greater need for an organisations that generously fund our research. I would like to take organisation that carries out science for the benefit of the global this opportunity to thank them all for their continued support. conservation effort. The challenges of the next decade will not be Finally, Professor Tim Blackburn stepped down as Director of Science less than those of the one I have just presided over, but I am sure the in 2014. I’d like to thank him for his leadership of the Institute over the Institute and its scientists will continue to rise to meet them. I wish past seven years. I’d also like to welcome his successor, Professor Ken them all the very best in their work to make the world a better place Norris, who joins us as Director of Science after 17 years at the University for animals and their habitats, and for people. of Reading. I look forward to IoZ going from strength to strength.

Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS Ralph Armond President, Zoological Society of London Director General, Zoological Society of London

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 3 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / NEWS Institute of Zoology news Over the past year, IoZ’s research has continued to improve our understanding of the natural world and address a wide range of conservation issues.

Ganges river dolphin IMPROVED MONITORING OF THE ENDANGERED GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN Freshwater cetaceans are among the most threatened groups of mammals, and visual surveys, which are the most frequently used method of estimating population size, are known to be limited in accuracy. IoZ researchers used a combined visual and acoustic survey to improve the detectability of Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in the rivers of southern Bangladesh. The combined survey resulted in consistently higher detectability than a visual-only method, thereby improving researchers’ power to detect trends in population size. This research was published in the journal PLoS One.

SOAPBOX SCIENCE Natural History From April to June, the UK’s leading female scientists transformed busy city streets into Museum event a stage for scientific discovery and debate for the fourth year of Soapbox Science. The initiative, co-founded by IoZ’s Nathalie Pettorelli and Seirian Sumner of the University of Bristol, went nationwide and beyond in 2014, with events in Bristol, London, Swansea and Dublin. Soapbox Science aims to provide role models for the many women who want to pursue a career in science, in recognition of the fact that science is the future of our economy and women are key players in assuring its success.

CETACEAN STRANDINGS An Independent Scientific Review Panel, which included IoZ researcher Paul Jepson, published its findings on the mass stranding in 2008 of approximately 100 melon- headed whales (Peponocephala electra) in the Loza Lagoon system in Madagascar. The panel concluded that the stranding was triggered by acoustic stimuli; more specifically, a multi-beam echosounder system operated by a survey vessel contracted by ExxonMobil Exploration and Production (Northern Madagascar) Limited. This is the first-known marine mammal mass stranding event of this nature to be closely associated with high-frequency mapping sonar systems, and the findings add to the growing concern about the potential effects of noise disturbance on marine mammals. The report is available on the International Whaling Commission website (iwc.int/2008-mass-stranding-in-madagascar). Female scientists hit the IoZ’s Rob Deaville and Matt Perkins helped run an streets for Soapbox Science exhibit on cetacean strandings at the Natural History Museum, which was seen by 10,000 people.

4 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 NEW IOZ DIRECTOR We are delighted to welcome Professor Ken Norris as Director of IoZ. Ken was previously Director of the Centre for Agri-Environmental Research at the University of Reading. His research focuses on the population biology and management of threatened tropical island species, mainly birds; understanding large-scale migration and dispersal patterns in tropical seabirds; the ecology and management of UK agro-ecosystems; and the interactions between biodiversity, ecosystem services and rural people in African forest-agriculture landscapes. SUPPORTING CONSERVATION Our science benefits ZSL’s fieldwork – read A pregnant male Darwin’s frog more in our annual conservation report at IS CHYTRID DRIVING DARWIN’S zsl.org/publications FROGS TO EXTINCTION? Darwin’s frogs (Rhinoderma darwinii and R. rufum) have experienced marked population declines, and the latter has not been found in the wild since 1980. In collaboration with Universidad Andrés Bello in Chile, IoZ researchers have investigated historical and current evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis AWARDS (Bd) infection in Rhinoderma spp. to determine whether chytridiomycosis is implicated in the declines of these species. Archived and live amphibian specimens ZSL Staff Medal at sites where Rhinoderma are either currently present or have recently gone extinct Congratulations to IoZ’s were examined for Bd infection, using real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) Andrew Cunningham, analysis. The results, published in PLoS One, revealed that the prevalence of infection who was awarded was significantly higher in sites where Rhinoderma had become extinct, or where the ZSL Staff Medal R. darwinii is experiencing severe population declines, than in locations where in recognition of his there has been no apparent decline. Few examples of the ‘extinction by infection’ contributions to wildlife phenomenon exist and this study supports the possibility of chytridiomycosis being epidemiology. Andrew’s research has included associated with the probable extinction of the northern Darwin’s frog (R. rufum). important and influential work on catastrophic vulture declines in India, zoonotic pathogens in CETACEAN STRANDINGS African fruit bats and ground-breaking research on global amphibian population declines. SAVING THE HIHI UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE FOR ASSISTED COLONISATION RSPB Conservation Science Award Climate change affects the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental IoZ researcher Aliénor conditions, causing species to shift their range in response. Translocations Chauvenet was awarded the can be beneficial for species that are not capable of dispersing naturally. 2013 RSPB Conservation Science However, the use of this extreme conservation action requires robust evidence Award in recognition of her that translocation is necessary, as well as guidance on where best to translocate research on the dynamics individuals. Researchers at IoZ have developed a methodological framework of translocated populations under different that combines statistical and predictive population modelling to understand environmental and management scenarios. the relationship between climate, climate change and population dynamics. In the first case study where this framework was applied, the New Zealand 2013 Conservation Practitioners Award hihi bird (Notiomystis cincta), the direct impact of climate and future change The Hihi Recovery Group, chaired by IoZ in climatic conditions on population viability was investigated. The results, researcher John Ewen, was also celebrating published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, show that, despite the current in 2013 after being awarded a prestigious management of the species, climate change remains a major threat to Conservation Practitioner Award from the its long-term persistence. This new methodological framework supports Australasian Wildlife Management Society. See the colonisation of hihi into areas outside their historic range that can hihiconservation.com for more information. sustain the birds.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 5 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / INTRODUCTION

Introduction IoZ Director Professor Tim Blackburn reflects on how research carried out at the Institute is advancing conservation.

It is all change at the top of IoZ in 2014. You will has not. For most universities, the outcome of the REF determines have read that this year marks the end of Sir Patrick how much government funding they will get for the next six years, Bateson’s tenure as President of ZSL. It also marks so it is obvious why academic institutions take it so seriously. We are the end of my tenure as Director of the Institute, fortunate at IoZ that our government funding does not depend directly after seven years in charge. Being the Director has on the REF, but we enter the process to benchmark the quality of our been a fantastic experience for me. I have learnt science against equivalent university departments. huge amounts about conservation science, In 2007, the outcome of our RAE submission was that the Institute as well as about the joys of senior management. shot up the rankings of academic departments, climbing more places in This role has been made immeasurably easier because the league table than any other biology department in the country. We IoZ is populated by an inspirational and dedicated group are determined to maintain that level of success, and believe of staff and students, who need little other than for we have every chance given one of the key differences their Director to give them the means to get on between the old and new assessment systems. with their work. It has been a privilege for me One of the new features of the REF is that 20% to have the opportunity to do so. of the score a department gains is determined My last year in charge had a similar by its “impact” – the “reach and significance” flavour to my first, as both were focused of its research on the economy, society on the Institute’s submission to the UK and/or culture. IoZ has impact in spades. government’s six-yearly exercise to quantify The results from our high-quality animal the quality of the research carried out in conservation research feed into evidence- academic departments across the country. based conservation practice and policy In 2007, that review was the Research advice at all scales, from local to international. Assessment Exercise (RAE). This year, the You will see the quality of the research we do exercise had been rebranded as the Research in the pages that follow, and I’m sure you will Excellence Framework (REF). The name of the understand why it has an impact in a world where process may have changed, but its importance conservation is increasingly necessary and important.

6 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / RESEARCH THEMES

Research themes Discover the latest advances in IoZ’s key research themes, and recent highlights from our other scientific work and activities, in the following pages.

8 BEHAVIOURAL AND POPULATION ECOLOGY 18 INDICATORS AND ASSESSMENTS UNIT 10 BIODIVERSITY AND MACROECOLOGY 20 COMMUNICATING SCIENCE 12 EVOLUTION AND MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 22 ZSL SCIENTIFIC AWARDS 14 PEOPLE, WILDLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMS 23 THE ZSL LIBRARY 16 WILDLIFE EPIDEMIOLOGY 24 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

7 ZSL CONSERVATION REVIEW 2013 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / RESEARCH THEMES

Behavioural and Population Ecology Our research in Behavioural and Population Ecology has two major interlinked aims: to test fundamental hypotheses in behavioural and population ecology, and to use our knowledge of the behavioural and population ecology of wild species, and the human populations that interact with them, to inform conservation policy and management.

The Tsaobis Baboon PERSONALITY PREDICTS Project (this page and DECISION-MAKING IN opposite) is giving A WILD PRIMATE new insights into social behaviour Personality is increasingly recognised as playing an important role in the behaviour of wild animals. However, in a world where evolution should favour flexible adaptive responses, the phenomenon of personality, which limits behavioural flexibility, appears paradoxical. One situation in which personalities might arise would be where information about the environment, such as the location of food patches or the presence of predators, is unreliable. Recent theory suggests that natural selection would favour consistent decision-making (personality) under such conditions, although a switch towards more flexible decision-making would be expected as the reliability of information increases. We tested this theory in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) at the Tsaobis Baboon Project in Namibia. Researchers asked whether an individual’s foraging decisions (whether to find food for itself or to join another’s food discovery) were more likely to be influenced by its personality in an unfamiliar environment. Using a large-scale feeding experiment to create an unfamiliar environment (in contrast to the familiar natural surroundings) we found that this was indeed the case. The baboons were more likely to show flexible foraging decisions in the presence of reliable information, but their foraging decisions became personality-dependent in its absence. In a second study on the Tsaobis baboons, we also asked whether personality influenced the propensity for individuals to learn from other group members. We conducted two field experiments in which individuals had the opportunity to learn how to solve a foraging

8 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 task from watching others solve it. Two may be unexpectedly selective in their different personality traits, namely boldness exploitation of social information. and calmness, were tested. Both traits were found to influence an individual’s capacity Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, G (2013) for social learning. However, there was Personality predicts decision making only when information also evidence that the acquisition of social is unreliable. Animal Behaviour 86(3): 633-639. Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, G (2014) information was not always correlated with Personality predicts the propensity for social learning in a its use. This last finding suggests that animals wild primate. PeerJ 2: e283. HOW ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING BREEDING AFFECT A MIGRATORY BIRD

In many animals, processes occurring in one season carry over to influence reproductive success and survival in future seasons. For example, in light- bellied Brent geese (Branta bernicla hrota), breeding success in summer depends partially on the size of the fat stores these birds have been able to amass during winter, which can then be used as energy to produce eggs. What is far less clear, however, is how additional processes occurring during breeding can alter the REINTRODUCTION BIOLOGY AND THE VALUE strength of these ‘carry-over effects’. OF LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH The idea of such interactions among seasons is not new, but evidence Conservation conservation translocation tools are required. describing the strength and form of translocations have Assisted colonisation has been hotly debated as these interactions is rare. IoZ researchers classically focused a species conservation tool, and we have also have shown that female light-bellied on reintroduction, seen some excellent case studies on ecological Brent geese with higher body mass which has a replacements for extinct species. prior to spring migration successfully long history and And it doesn’t stop there: recently there reared more offspring during breeding (a continues to be a has been a growing interest in DeExtinction, carry-over effect), but only in years where highly popular form the possibility of using advances in genetic environmental conditions during breeding of conservation technology to bring long-dead species back were favourable. In years of bad weather management. to life, as a conservation tool. We recently during breeding, all birds suffered reduced However, its success rates remain variable, provided our expert opinion on DeExtinction by reproductive output, irrespective of and there have been repeated calls for better considering the ultimate aim of this capability pre-migration mass. or more strategic monitoring to learn how as being deep ecological enrichment (hence, These results suggest that the to improve success and discover how best fundamentally, treating DeExtinction as a form advantage of carrying extra body fat stores to manage establishing populations. of conservation translocation). We promote the to the breeding grounds after winter The New Zealand hihi (Notiomystis cincta) use of the IUCN Guidelines on Reintroduction changes between years, depending on is a threatened, endemic passerine bird that and Other Conservation Translocations as a environmental conditions during the has been the focus of a long-term, globally valid framework within which to judge the breeding season. Therefore, although carry- significant IoZ project to provide detailed appropriateness of DeExtinction candidates, over effects can explain a large degree of insights into these areas. Our research has and applied these guidelines to three case the variation among individuals in their included detailed studies of population ecology, studies, including the thylacine, a recently breeding success, our ability to interpret behavioural ecology, molecular ecology and extinct carnivorous marsupial. these effects in terms of their implications parasitology, which together help ensure the Armstrong, DP and Ewen, JG (2013) Consistency, continuity and for population dynamics is dependent long-term viability and management of this creativity: long-term studies of population dynamics on Tiritiri on knowledge of additional processes population, and also provide important insight Matangi Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37(3): 288-297. occurring in subsequent seasons. Seddon, P, Moehrenshlager, A and Ewen, JG (2014) Reintroducing on small population biology and management resurrected species: selecting DeExtinction candidates. worldwide. Reintroduction, however, is not Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29(3): 140-147 Harrison, XA, Hodgson, DJ, Inger, R, Colhoun, K, Gudmundsson, the only form of conservation translocation. As Thorogood, R, Armstrong, DP, Low, M, Brekke, P and Ewen, JG (2013) GA, McElwaine, G, Tregenza, T and Bearhop, S (2013) The value of long-term ecological research: 15 years of integrating Environmental conditions during breeding modify the the extent to which natural environments are knowledge and conservation of hihi on Tiritiri Matangi Island. strength of mass-dependent carry-over effects in a altered increases, more novel and controversial New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37(3): 298-306. migratory bird. PLoS One 8(10): e77783.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 9 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / RESEARCH THEMES

Biodiversity and Macroecology This research theme aims to describe patterns of diversity in the biology, ecology and distribution of animal species and their habitats at regional and global scales, and to test hypotheses about the evolutionary and ecological processes that may explain the origin and maintenance of this diversity. We also aim to work with practitioners to apply this knowledge in setting priorities for conservation action.

10 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 WHY SOME CARNIVORES ARE BETTER Below right: remains INVESTIGATING EXTINCTION STUDIED THAN OTHERS of the short-horned CHRONOLOGIES FOR water buffalo, one CHINESE MEGAFAUNA Given the budgetary restrictions on scientific research and the increasing of many extinct need to better inform conservation actions, we need to evaluate research megafauna species. Late Quaternary megafaunal extinction efforts and their effectiveness. The characteristics of the species themselves Opposite: IoZ research chronologies across eastern and Southeast influence how much we study them, which creates a strong bias in our reveals biases in Asia are poorly understood. Previous understanding. In an effort to better identify patterns and causes of biases research on carnivores radiometric studies suggested that a surprising in research, we explored how species’ characteristics influenced the degree such as the cheetah number of now-extinct Late Pleistocene to which they were studied. We combined bibliometric information from large mammal species survived into northern a literature review of almost 16,500 peer-reviewed publications on a well- and southern China, indicating that Chinese known group of 286 species, the Order Carnivora, with global data sets on megafaunal extinctions may have been species’ life history and ecological traits. We identified a wide variation in staggered across the Late Quaternary. Our intensity of research effort at both family and species levels, with some of study critically re-examined all radiometric the least studied being those that are predicted to become increasingly evidence suggesting Holocene survival of threatened. We found that bigger species with larger geographic ranges Chinese Late Quaternary megafauna, and we tended to be more studied than those with greater adaptability and conducted new dating of mammal material broader diets. The IUCN threat status did not exhibit a strong relationship from reportedly Holocene sites containing with research effort, which suggests that the conservation needs of characteristically Late Pleistocene faunas. individual species are not major drivers of research interest. Instead, our Evidence for Holocene survival of any Chinese findings hint at the complex role of human perspectives in setting research Late Pleistocene megafaunal species was agendas, along with the need to manage human-carnivore relationships. found to be weak or untenable. No previous Our study is the first to use a combination of bibliometric analysis and radiometric dates used to support Holocene biological data to quantify and interpret gaps in knowledge across an megafaunal survival represent direct bone entire Order, and should be invaluable in focusing future research efforts. dates for species of interest, and stratigraphic association between material yielding

Brooke, ZM, Bielby, J, Nambiar, K and Carbone, C (2014) Correlates of research effort in carnivores: body size, Holocene dates and megafaunal remains is range size and diet matter. PLoS One 9(4): e93195. dubious at most sites. Concerns over accurate identification of faunal material further confuse claims for Holocene survival of many species. QUANTIFYING THE IMPACTS OF ALIEN SPECIES Robust radiometric last-occurrence dates for extinct Chinese megafauna are all restricted Alien species (those moved by human activities to areas outside their natural geographic range) have to the Late Pleistocene, similar to the timing of caused deleterious impacts to their recipient environments, such as extinctions of native populations, the many other Late Quaternary megafaunal and disruption of soil nutrient and water cycling and natural disturbance regimes. Preventing and species extinctions elsewhere in Eurasia and mitigating such impacts is a drain on limited conservation resources, and there is an incentive to in the Americas. Considerable further research understand which species are currently, or are likely to be, the most damaging. A fundamental is required to reconstruct robust extinction problem is how to compare the range of impacts attributable to diverse alien taxa, acting on different chronologies for different Chinese megafaunal levels of ecological complexity, and assessed using a range of metrics. Our researchers proposed mammals across the Late Quaternary within a solution to this problem based on semi-quantitative scenarios of effect for different predefined well-resolved radiometric frameworks. mechanisms of impact by an alien species. The scenarios describe increasing levels of impact on native species by each mechanism, and are designed so that successively higher categories reflect an increase in the order of magnitude of the particular impact. Documented impacts for a species can be linked to a given mechanism, and then to a given scenario under that mechanism; this provides a transparent approach for assigning an alien species to one of five sequential categories of impact. A species assigned to a higher impact category is considered to have had a greater deleterious impact on some aspects of an environment in which it is alien than a species in a lower impact category. This classification scheme has several advantages. The impact mechanisms were developed to classify impacts in the IUCN SSC Global Invasive Species Database, and can be used in conjunction with this global database. Alien species can be classified on the basis of incomplete data on their full range of impacts, but can be reclassified as more information becomes available. Data-deficient species can be classified as such, and the approach can therefore highlight knowledge gaps and help to prioritise future research. The scheme is designed to have a similar structure to the IUCN Red List, and so could be integrated with existing Red Listing practices and policies.

Blackburn, TM, Essl, F, Evans, T, Hulme, PE, Jeschke, JM, Kühn, I, Kumschick, S, Marková, Z, Mrugała, A, Nentwig, W, Pergl, J, Pyšek, P, Rabitsch, W, Ricciardi, Turvey, ST, Tong, H, Stuart, AJ and Lister, AM (2013) Holocene survival A, Richardson, DM, Sendek, A, Vilà, M, Wilson, JRU, Winter, M, Genovesi, P and Bacher, S (2014) A unified classification of alien species based on the of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the magnitude of their environmental impacts. PLoS Biology 12(5): e1001850. evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 76: 156-166.

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Evolution and Molecular Ecology This research theme aims to deepen our knowledge of the evolutionary processes that shape biodiversity across systems and at all scales. Although the tools of molecular genetics are commonly employed by members of the theme, projects also involve experimental ecology, modelling and long-term population studies, among other methods and approaches, to inform conservation practice and policy, and add to our basic understanding of evolution.

THE ROLE OF EXTRA-PAIR MATING IN THE WHITE-BROWED SPARROW WEAVER

In many species, females engage in copulations with males other than events occurred with males to which the female was more closely related their social mate, but, despite considerable research effort, the mechanisms than her social (within-group) mate. This finding was unexpected, as driving such extra-pair mating (EPM) in wild populations remain poorly animals are typically predicted to avoid such inbreeding due to potential understood. Most hypotheses designed to explain EPM behaviour negative effects on offspring. Our study highlights that, in the absence suggest promiscuous females are attempting to trade up by securing of any direct mechanism to identify related individuals, the extended kin the genes from males that are higher in quality than their social mate. We structure common to many cooperative species, and indeed of several investigated the potential role of EPM in a cooperatively breeding bird, the non-cooperative species, may expose individuals to a risk of inbreeding white-browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali). As is typical of many when engaging in promiscuous matings within the immediate vicinity of cooperative species, sparrow weavers live in social groups containing their home territory. This study reinforces the importance of social structure multiple individuals where only a single dominant pair reproduces and in determining access to mating opportunities in a wild cooperative other group members help to raise the offspring. Our study revealed that breeder, where subordinate males are very rarely successful in siring dominant female sparrow weavers are more likely to engage in EPM when extra-pair offspring with dominant females. paired with low-quality dominant males (as measured by neutral genetic marker heterozygosity), and typically mate with males that are higher Harrison, XA, York, JE, Cram, DL and Young, AJ (2013) Extra-group mating increases inbreeding risk in a quality than their social mates. Contrary to prediction, some of these EPM cooperatively breeding bird. Molecular Ecology 22: 5700-5715

12 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 MICROSCOPIC AQUATIC PREDATORS LINKED TO A GLOBAL PATHOGEN

Most research investigating pathogen virulence focuses on how hosts prevent infection or limit damage and disease after infection has occurred, but focusing on host barriers to infection overlooks important extrinsic determinants of the host/pathogen dynamic. While it is true that pathogens confront host immune responses, those with free-living stages must also confront environmental barriers before contact with a potential host. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) exhibits strong variation of virulence in single-host species and the infectious stage is zoosporic and environmental before entering the host. We investigated how environmental zoospore survival varies in GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE TALL Opposite: the pond habitats where prevalence of infection SEA PEN IN SCOTTISH SEA LOCHS white-browed of common midwife tadpoles (Alytes sparrow weaver. obstetricans) varies significantly. While water The tall sea pen (Funiculina quadrangularis) is a feather-like colonial Above: the tip of chemistry did not affect zoospore survival, coral that can grow more than two metres tall. It is found on sheltered, a sea pen colony the density of microscopic organisms did, muddy seabeds at depths of 20 to 2,000 metres. Colonies often form with polyps clearly with the result that fewer zoospores were dense forests that provide important structural habitat for other marine visible. Below alive after exposure to pond water collected organisms. Although found globally, it has a patchy distribution in right: aquatic at locations where prevalence of infection of UK waters, limited largely to the sea lochs and open water of north- predators under tadpoles was low. Microscopic examination west Scotland. The tall sea pen is recognised as a Species of Principle the microscope of micro-organisms exposed to fluorescently Importance and a priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, and labelled zoospores showed that these pond is also an indicator of the state of health of deep-sea mud habitats. Unlike organisms were reducing zoospore density other UK sea pen species, F. quadrangularis is unable to withdraw into by feeding on them. Aquatic microfauna can the sediment, so demersal fishing activities, such as trawling, present rapidly lower the abundance and density of a great threat. Fishing has resulted in drastic declines in Mediterranean infectious stages by consuming Bd zoospores, populations, where these sea pen forests constitute essential habitat for resulting in a significantly reduced commercially important species such as the Norway lobster. Nothing is probability of infection in known about the larval dispersal or gene flow between colonies of the anuran tadpoles. Our tall sea pen, but this knowledge is critical to understanding its resilience findings offer new to natural or anthropogenic changes to its environment. perspectives for An IoZ study aimed to address this by determining the genetic explaining the diversity and connectivity of F. quadrangularis colonies in the sea lochs of divergent impacts Scotland. The four sites studied revealed high genetic diversity and low of Bd infection genetic differentiation between populations. High gene flow between in amphibian sites indicates the potential to recolonise areas lost to disturbance, assemblages provided the disturbance is abated and populations are allowed to and contribute recover. However, there was a notable absence of asexual reproduction, to our which may increase vulnerability. Scottish sea lochs are atypical habitat understanding for this species, which are relatively easy to access in comparison of ecosystem with the open seas, where the majority of sea pen populations are found. resilience The genetic tools developed in this work will provide a foundation to colonisation for further studies. Currently we are exploring deeper, more exposed by novel pathogens. population centres, such as those in the southern Norwegian North Sea. This work increases our understanding of this indicator species and, critically, will support our interpretation of disturbance impact. Schmeller, DS, Blooi, M, Martel, A, Garner, TWJ, Fisher, MC, Azemar, F, Clare, FC, Leclerc, C, Jäger, L, Guevara-Nieto, M, Loyau, A and Pasmans F (2014) Microscopic aquatic predators strongly affect Wright, EP, Kemp, K, Rogers, AD and Yesson, C (2014) Genetic structure of the tall sea pen Funiculina infection dynamics of a globally emerged pathogen. Current quadrangularis in NW Scottish sea lochs. Marine Ecology. doi: 10.1111/maec.12174 Biology 24: 176-180.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 13 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / RESEARCH THEMES

People, Wildlife and Ecosystems This research theme aims to understand humans as a component of ecosystems and to use this understanding to develop solutions ensuring sustainable coexistence in the face of environmental change. Research focuses on understanding processes that promote and impede human- wildlife coexistence; evaluating the contribution of ecosystem services to sustainable livelihoods, economies and society; and understanding and predicting the impacts of policy and management interventions on conservation outcomes.

MAPPING HUMAN THREATS TO SAHARAN BIODIVERSITY

Deserts are among the most poorly understood biomes in the world, in the wild, while the majority have disappeared from more than 90% of despite covering 17% of global land mass and harbouring high levels their Saharan range. This workshop also spurred satellite-based research of biodiversity. They are rarely viewed as conservation priority areas, to help monitor anthropogenic threats to Saharan biodiversity, focusing yet these sensitive systems are home to unique species, adapted to on oil exploration and exploitation. Oil exploration and exploitation harsh and highly variable environments. Back in 2010, an international constitutes an important threat to an already fragmented and vulnerable workshop at ZSL to map large vertebrate distribution across the Sahara desert biodiversity, yet little is known about where such developments are spearheaded an increased engagement in desert conservation across taking place and the intensity of their impacts. The study demonstrated the Society. how freely available Landsat data can be employed to detect exploration The workshop led to the publication of an article in the journal Diversity sites in Algeria and Niger. It provides a methodological basis for the and Distributions this year, which demonstrated a catastrophic collapse in mapping of anthropogenic threats associated with oil exploitation Saharan megafauna. Of 14 large vertebrates assessed, four are now extinct that can be conducted across all desert regions.

Duncan, C, Kretz, D, Wegmann, M, Rabeil, T and Pettorelli, N (2014) Oil in the Sahara: Mapping anthropogenic threats to Saharan biodiversity from space. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 369(1643): 20130191. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0191 Durant, SM, Wacher, T, Bashir, S, Woodroffe, R, De Ornellas, P, Ransom, C, Newby, J, Abáigar, T, Abdelgadir, M, El Alqamy, H, Baillie, J, Beddiaf, M, Belbachir, F, Belbachir-Bazi, A, Berbash, AA, Bemadjim, NE, Beudels-Jamar, R, Boitani, L, Breitenmoser, C, Cano, M, Chardonnet, P, Collen, B, Cornforth, WA, Cuzin, F, Gerngross, P, Haddane, B, Hadjeloum, M, Jacobson, A, Jebali, A, Lamarque, F, Mallon, D, Minkowski, K, Monfort, S, Ndoassal, B, Niagate, B, Purchase, G, Samaïla, S, Samna, AK, Sillero-Zubiri, C, Soultan, AE, Stanley Price, MR and Pettorelli, N (2014) Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara’s megafauna. Diversity and Distributions. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12157

14 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSHMEAT IN THE LIVELIHOODS OF WEST AFRICAN CASH-CROP FARMERS

Bushmeat is an important resource in the livelihoods of many rural The second study examined communities in sub-Saharan Africa, and may be crucial for the most whether hunting in farmland might vulnerable, especially during times of economic hardship. Two recent complement offtake from forests and studies aimed to quantify the role of bushmeat in diversified rural provide a sustainable source of bushmeat. household economies in a wildlife-depleted forest-farm landscape Patterns of hunting and wildlife depletion were investigated in intensively in Ghana. Repeat questionnaires among 63 households were used managed farm-forest mosaic landscape. The results indicated a high level over a one-year period to explore whether: vulnerable households of wildlife depletion and local extinction of the largest species, especially harvested more bushmeat; bushmeat contributed a greater proportion in farmland. Most hunting occurred in forests and offtake from farmland of household production in vulnerable households; bushmeat is more was low, yet hunting in farmland was disproportionately common important for cash income than consumption in vulnerable households; relative to its coverage in the landscape. Most farmland hunting was and bushmeat sales are more important for vulnerable households. opportunistic and integrated with agricultural activities. These findings The bushmeat harvest value averaged less than US$1 per day for 89% suggest that intensively used farmland provides little opportunity to of households. Bushmeat harvest and sales were highest during the reduce hunting pressure in forests. agricultural lean season. Most harvested bushmeat (64%) was consumed, enabling households to spend 30% less on meat or fish purchases. These Schulte-Herbrüggen, B, Cowlishaw, G, Homewood, K and Rowcliffe, JM (2013) The importance of bushmeat in results suggest that, despite heavily depleted wildlife and diversified the livelihoods of West African cash-crop farmers living in a faunally-depleted landscape. PLoS One 8(8): e72807. Schulte-Herbrüggen, B, Rowcliffe, JM, Homewood, K, Kurpiers, LA, Whitham, C and Cowlishaw, G (2013) livelihoods, bushmeat continues to play a key role in rural households Wildlife depletion in a West African farm-forest mosaic and the implications for hunting across the landscape. by acting as a safety net during times of economic hardship. Human Ecology. DOI: 10.1007/s.10745-013-9609-5.

SMALL-SCALE BADGER CULLING Above: bushmeat TO FENCE OR NOT TO FENCE? plays a key role in MAY INCREASE RISK OF BOVINE Large-scale fencing interventions have a long rural households history of wreaking havoc on wildlife. Veterinary TUBERCULOSIS TRANSMISSION in West Africa. cordon fencing across the Kalahari resulted Opposite: an oil UK governments are currently considering a ‘test and vaccinate or remove’ in the collapse of the wildebeest migration, lake in Niger’s Tin (TVR) approach as a way of minimising the role of badgers in the spread while widespread perimeter fencing of Toumma Desert; of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). TVR involves trapping badgers and testing African reserves has also had a dramatic effect the Sahara’s addax them for infection with Mycobacterium bovis, the organism responsible on wildlife populations. In recent decades, (inset) have been for bTB. Animals that test positive are culled, while individuals that test recognition of the harmful effects of fencing has pushed to the negative are vaccinated and released. Unfortunately, the available tests led to increased calls for its removal. However, brink of extinction. are not sensitive, detecting only 50% of infected badgers, making it highly the issue of fencing came into the conservation Below: GPS collars likely that the TVR approach would release infected badgers. Because spotlight recently after its use was advocated are used to track of the relatively low proportion of badgers that carry infection, TVR for the protection of African lions, leading to movements would result in the culling of, on average, a small number of badgers per a response from several scientists, including of badgers social group. If removal of this scale led to increased badger movement many at ZSL. This debate prompted an article (perturbation), there could be an increased risk of bTB in cattle as a result in Science examining the costs and benefits of of increased transmission from released infected badgers. It is therefore large-scale fencing initiatives, and urging caution essential to know how the removal of a small number of badgers affects about the use of these interventions. As climate social behaviour and movement if we are to assess the risk change increases the importance of wildlife that new bTB control strategies, such as TVR, pose to bTB mobility and landscape connectivity, fence incident rates. We analysed historical badger-culling removal may become a key form of climate data to see whether there were any associations change preparedness, and fencing of wildlife between the historic intensity of culling that a should be considered only as a last resort. social group had experienced and four different metrics of badger movement. The results Creel, S, Becker, MS, Durant, SM, M’Soka, J, Matandiko, W, Dickman, showed that small-scale culls, such as those AJ, Christianson, D, Dröge, E, Mweetwa, T, Pettorelli, N, Rosenblatt, E, that would occur if TVR were implemented, Schuette, P, Woodroffe, R, Bashir, S, Beudels-Jamar, RC, Blake, S, Borner, M, Breitenmoser, C, Broekhuis, F, Cozzi, G, Davenport, TRB, Deutsch, J, could lead to significant increases in badger Dollar, L, Dolrenry, S, Douglas-Hamilton, I, Fitzherbert, E, Foley, C, Hazzah, movement. The data suggest that we cannot L, Henschel, P, Hilborn, R, Hopcraft, JGC, Ikanda, D, Jacobson, A, Joubert, rule out the possibility that removing even a B, Joubert, D, Kelly, MS, Lichtenfeld, L, Mace, GM, Milanzi, J, Mitchell, N, Msuha, M, Muir, R, Nyahongo, J, Pimm, S, Purchase, G, Schenck, C, single badger could lead to social perturbation and Sillero-Zubiri, C, Sinclair, ARE, Songorwa, AN, Stanley-Price, M, Tehou, CA, subsequent increased risk of bTB transmission to cattle. Trout, C, Wall, J, Wittemyer, G and Zimmermann, A (2013). Conserving large populations of lions – the argument for fences has holes. Ecology Letters 16: 1413-e3. Bielby, J, Donnelly, CA, Pope, LC, Burke, T and Woodroffe, R (2014) Badger responses to small-scale culling Woodroffe, R, Hedges, S and Durant, SM (2014) To fence or not to fence. may compromise targeted control of bovine tuberculosis. PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.1401503111 Science 344: 46-8.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 15 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / RESEARCH THEMES

Wildlife Epidemiology This research theme aims to identify where disease is a threat to wildlife conservation, either as a primary cause of species declines or as a threat to remnant wildlife populations. It also aims to investigate the emergence of disease as a conservation threat and develop an understanding of the consequences of changes in wildlife disease epidemiology, both to wildlife conservation and welfare, and to human health and welfare, particularly where these changes are driven by anthropogenic forces.

ARE GARDEN BIRDS A SOURCE OF HUMAN SALMONELLA?

In recent years there has been considerable media attention on While our study indicates that garden birds may act as a source diseases of wild birds that have the potential to cause ill health of human infection with strains of Salmonella that commonly affect in humans – high-profile examples include the highly pathogenic these birds in England and Wales, there are many types of Salmonella H5N1 avian influenza and West Nile virus. A recent collaborative study bacteria, and these garden bird-associated strains account for only 0.2% assessed the public health significance of passerine salmonellosis in of the 147,495 Salmonella infections diagnosed in humans by Public British garden birds. Passerine salmonellosis is a well-known cause of Health England between 2000 and 2010. The Garden Wildlife Health wild bird mortality, chiefly affecting gregarious and seed-eating species project offers guidance to the public on disease prevention and control, such as finches and sparrows. In Britain, incidents have been diagnosed and recommends that sensible hygiene precautions be followed when since the 1950s and are typically observed in the vicinity of garden bird feeding garden birds, especially when handling sick or dead birds. feeding stations during winter. Salmonella Typhimurium phage types 40, 56 variant and 160 account for the vast majority of incidents: these GARDEN WILDLIFE HEALTH strains are considered host-adapted, and passerines are postulated to be their primary reservoir. While several studies have documented Find out more about our gastroenteritis in humans with these S. Typhimurium phage types, to date there has been no national study to assess the zoonotic risk. collaborative Garden Wildlife A long-term review between 1993 and 2012 was conducted of passerine and human infection with garden bird-associated strains of Health monitoring project at these S. Typhimurium phage types in England and Wales and similar gardenwildlifehealth.org temporal and spatial trends of infection were found in both the garden bird and human populations. Further characterisation of the Salmonella bacteria from garden birds and humans, using pulsed field gel Lawson, B, de Pinna, E, Horton, RA, Macgregor, SK, John, SK, Chantrey, J, Duff, JP, Kirkwood, JK, Simpson, VR, electrophoresis, found that the majority of isolates from both Robinson, RA, Wain, J and Cunningham, AA (2014) Epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a groups were the same. source of human Salmonellosis in England and Wales. PLoS One 9(2): e88968.

16 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZOONOTIC VIRAL DYNAMICS IN STRAW-COLOURED FRUIT BATS

Bats host many viruses that are significant for human and domestic animal health, but the dynamics of these infections in their natural reservoir hosts remain poorly understood. The straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) is Africa’s most widely distributed and commonly hunted fruit bat, often living in close proximity to human populations. This species has been identified as a reservoir of potentially zoonotic viruses, but uncertainties remain regarding viral transmission dynamics and mechanisms of persistence. We combined genetic and serological analyses of populations across Africa to determine the extent of epidemiological connectivity among straw-coloured fruit bat populations. Multiple markers reveal panmixia across the continental range at a greater geographical scale than previously recorded for any other mammal. Multiple serological assays reveal antibodies to henipaviruses and Lagos bat virus in all locations, including small isolated island populations, indicating that factors other than population size and connectivity may be responsible for viral persistence. A second study aimed to explore seasonal life-cycle events that may drive infection dynamics, which can directly impact the risk of exposure to spillover hosts. We followed henipavirus antibody levels of more than 100 CRYPTIC GENOME DIVERSITY IN individual straw-coloured fruit bats in a closed, Opposite: garden captive, breeding population over a 30-month birds such as THE AMPHIBIAN PATHOGEN BD period, using a powerful novel antibody greenfinches quantitation method. Evidence of population- are vulnerable Many pathogenic fungi are recognised threats to animal species, none level persistence of viral infection and periods to passerine more so than the emergent amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium of increased horizontal virus transmission salmonellosis. dendrobatidis (Bd). By sequencing a global panel of Bd isolates we have associated with the pregnancy/lactation period Above: the straw- identified three rapidly evolving features of its genome that we believe were found. The novel findings of infection coloured fruit bat hold the key to the worldwide success of this organism. persistence and the effect of pregnancy carries potentially First, we identified widespread chromosome copy number variation on viral transmission, as well as an accurate zoonotic viruses (CCNV) across our lineages, with individual isolates harbouring quantitation of chiropteran maternal antiviral between two and five copies of each chromosome and rapid antibody half-life, provide fundamental baseline rates of CCNV occurring in culture in as few as 40 generations. data for the continued study of viral infections Second, we identified uneven rates of recombination across in these important reservoir hosts. Our findings genomes and lineages, revealing hotspots in known classes of have potentially important public health virulence factors. implications, and highlight a need to avoid Finally, we identified significant evidence of diversifying selection disturbances that may precipitate viral spillover. across the secretome of Bd, and showed that selection also targets putative virulence factors. These findings are further evidence that Peel, A.J, Sargan, DR, Baker, KS, Hayman, DTS, Barr, JA, Crameri, G, Suu- fungal genomes are highly dynamic and provide indications that Ire, R, Broder, CC, Lembo, T, Wang, L-F, Fooks, AR, Rossiter, SJ, Wood, virulence of Bd changes and host immune barriers are overcome JLN and Cunningham, AA (2013) Continent-wide panmixia of an African fruit bat facilitates transmission of potentially zoonotic by exploiting multiple modes of molecular evolution. viruses. Nature Communications 4: 2770. Baker, KS, Suu-Ire, R, Barr, J, Hayman, DTS. Broder, CC, Horton, DL, Durrant, C, Murcia, PR, Cunningham, AA and Wood, JLN (2013) Farrer, RA, Henk, DA, Garner, TWJ, Balloux, F, Woodhams, DC and Fisher, MC (2013) Chromosomal copy Viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host. Journal of Animal number variation, selection and uneven rates of recombination reveal cryptic genome diversity linked Ecology 83: 415–428. to pathogenicity. PLoS Genetics 9(8): e1003703.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 17 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / MONITORING BIODIVERSITY

Indicators and Assessments Unit The Indicators and Assessments Unit is a joint IoZ and Conservation Programmes initiative to monitor global biodiversity, and comprises around 20 staff and students.

ABOUT THE UNIT Right: IoZ has been Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have set stringent goals for assessing dung biodiversity conservation. Scientifically robust indicators are required to track progress towards these beetle species. goals, and to effectively determine the status and trends of biodiversity; the Indicators and Assessments Far right: a tiny Unit (IAU) was formed in 2006 for this purpose. This year its work has included assessments of wildlife Mataki tracking comeback, the creation of national biodiversity indicators and the continued development of national device. Below right: data sets of extinction risk. The unit has also begun to explore new opportunities through technologies National Red Lists such as remote sensing and animal tracking, and through engaging with the technical community. are highlighting the These projects are designed to provide new science to inform global biodiversity policy for the CBD status of rare species 2020 strategic plan. such as the okapi

WILDLIFE COMEBACK IN EUROPE

With biodiversity in century. Analysis of range and abundance- continuing threats to many European species. continuing decline change information for selected mammals and The report concludes that conservation in worldwide, and targets birds revealed divergent trends from 1960 for the coming decades must continue to build set to reduce biodiversity different species and regions, with population on recent successes by restoring functional loss not being met, increases ranging from less than 10% for the red landscapes, as well as mitigating conflict arising conservation successes kite (Milvus milvus) to more than 3,000% for the from an increasing interaction between animals are rare in comparison European bison (Bison bonasus), Eurasian beaver and people by recognising the wealth of with the news of (Castor fiber) and white-headed duck (Oxyura opportunities that wildlife comeback can declining populations leucocephala). Mammals showed particularly bring to regions of resurgence. and extinctions. Wildlife in Europe is showing large recoveries in southern and western Europe, a variety of responses to human pressure: where urbanisation is freeing up landscape ASSESSING CANADIAN while certain groups are clearly in decline, for recolonisation, leading to an extension in BIODIVERSITY other wildlife species are showing resurgence distributional range of around 30% over the same from previously low levels. Understanding the time frame. Results indicated that this comeback Conservation policy is often implemented at mechanisms facilitating this comeback and can be attributed predominantly to species a national level, so determining the status and applying the principles underlying conservation protection and active targeted conservation; trends of biodiversity within a country, and success to other declining species is crucial habitat management and site protection; and understanding the drivers of these trends, is to improve conservation of wildlife both in legal protection. In terms of species management critical to putting policies in place. Over the past Europe and across the world. In 2013, the techniques, translocations and reintroductions year, the Indicators and Assessments Unit has Indicators and Assessments Unit launched the were associated with positive change, but initiated an ongoing project, in collaboration ‘Wildlife Comeback’ report, the culmination of reduction in hunting pressure, protection from with Environment Canada, for the development a collaborative project between ZSL, BirdLife, persecution and the phasing out of certain of a national biodiversity indicator for Canada. the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) organochlorides were also important for recovery. Building upon the unit’s existing research and and the Rewilding Europe initiative, which While vindicating decades of conservation efforts, expertise, this indicator will use the growing examined patterns and processes behind these positive developments must be placed in Living Planet Database to monitor the status wildlife resurgence in Europe since the mid-20th the context of dramatic historical declines and and trends of biodiversity in the country.

18 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 BIG DATA, ENGAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATION As our ability to monitor and assess changes in biodiversity improves, we are faced with increasing challenges in collating and managing such big data. In an effort to tackle this issue, the Indicators and Assessments Unit teamed up with the UCL Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research (CBER) to initiate a series of Conservation Hackathons. These events bring together biodiversity scientists and technical experts to develop novel approaches to data analysis, management and visualisation. The first Conservation Hackathon was held in London in April 2014, generating a great deal of interest in the conservation and technology communities. Three more events are planned for the coming year, and details will be available at conservationhackathon.org

MONITORING DUNG BEETLES MATAKI TRACKING DEVICES

A Sampled Red List assessment of 1,500 dung beetle species was carried out in 2013. As a result As habitat loss, climate change and human- of this work, the unit has added more than 450 newly listed dung beetle species to the Red List wildlife conflict continue to affect species database, dramatically increasing the total number of species to more than 500. We are currently worldwide, accurately monitoring animal working with experts to finalise an additional 500 species assessments. movement, behaviour and distribution is increasingly important. However, gathering this information is often a challenge – animal- NATIONAL RED LISTS tracking devices can be costly, complex and difficult to recover. The Mataki tracking device The National Red List website and project sets out to address these problems searchable database of threatened species by providing an open-source, low-cost has recently been comprehensively updated platform for monitoring animal movement with new content and additional species and behaviour. We have pioneered the assessments, with the help of the Indicators development and application of this system to and Assessments Unit. In collaboration with enable the remote download of data, and are the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and BirdLife now using the tiny Mataki tracking devices for a Europe, we have added 18,544 species range of research, from recording the behaviour assessments to the online database. of seabirds in high resolution to monitoring the As a result, the current species coverage activity patterns of large carnivores. Working of the National Red List species database with Microsoft Research, ZSL also sent out a stands at 95,810 assessments for 69,223 call for collaborations, receiving more than 80 unique species. applications from all over the world for sets It now comprises species assessments of Mataki tracking devices. Our collaborators from 76 different countries and regions. are now trialling these devices in a growing Plant assessments contribute to the bulk number of projects worldwide, including of the database, making up 52% of all tracking African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) assessments (as of August 2014). and monitoring avian reintroductions.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 19 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / EVENTS AND PUBLICATIONS

Communicating science An important part of IoZ’s work is facilitating the communication of science among professional zoologists and researchers, and to the public. We achieve this through a varied programme of events, and the publication of scientific journals and books.

Above: One SCIENCE AND CONSERVATION EVENTS ZSL symposium considered the use of remote sensing ZSL’s popular series of Science and SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION in conservation. Conservation Events is free and open to SEMINAR SERIES the public. Held on the second Tuesday of Top right: the each month throughout the academic year, The seminar series provides IoZ staff and students with the opportunity symposium’s every meeting provides an overview of the to learn more about the work of visiting researchers, collaborators and organisers, Nathalie latest developments in conservation and invited speakers. A wide range of subjects was covered over the year, Pettorelli, Woody zoological research. This year’s programme including ‘Large carnivore conservation in Zambia: an overview of the Turner and Martin included lectures on ‘The future roles of Zambian carnivore programme’, ‘Island conquerors: the population Wegmann. Bottom translocations in species conservation’, dynamics and management of invasive rats on islands’, right: Professor ‘Sharp-toothed jaws and toothless laws: and ‘Sexual conflict and genital evolution’. Callum Roberts are we doing enough to conserve sharks?’, ‘Demand for sustainable palm oil: are we conserving tropical biodiversity?’ and UPCOMING EVENTS ‘Biodiversity and conservation in the Middle East’. A one-day conference was held in Please visit zsl.org/science/whats-on October to consider vaccination in the control of bovine tuberculosis. for our current programme of events

20 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 SYMPOSIA PUBLICATIONS ZSL’s symposia bring together teams of international experts Journal of to discuss important topics in Zoology conservation science, providing Published monthly, an opportunity for leaders to the Journal includes exchange ideas and communicate hypothesis-driven their research. A symposium on ‘From studies that advance energetics to macroecology: carnivore our knowledge of responses to environmental change’, animals and their systems. Two held in November, explored the impact of new mini-series were published: habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation on ‘Social evolution’ and ‘The ecology the availability and distribution of food, which, in turn, and evolution of mammalian affects the energy balance of individuals, ultimately reducing both survival and reproduction. heterothermy’. A special issue in Carnivores are one of the few groups for which we have reliable data on predator and prey April was dedicated to ‘Current abundance across a range of species and ecosystems. Thus researchers are able to identify research and future trends in the how and why species differ in their responses to environmental variation, and predict how study of palaeoethology’ and a they might tolerate future environmental change. virtual issue on ‘Sound production In February, ZSL hosted the United for Wildlife symposium ‘International wildlife trafficking: mechanisms in animals’ was also solutions to a global crisis’. The international illegal trafficking in wildlife and wildlife products produced. The podcast and series has reached crisis proportions: it threatens the existence of iconic species, undermines the of ‘Hidden Gems’ can be downloaded rule of law, threatens local community development and livelihoods, and compromises local, from the journal homepage. national and global security. This symposium was a call to action for the global community to identify strategies and approaches that can successfully prevent this illegal trade. Animal The symposium ‘Remote sensing for conservation: uses, prospects and challenges’, held in Conservation May, highlighted the potential for synergies between remote sensing science and ecological Animal Conservation research, and described how integrative approaches allow a better ecological understanding provides a forum for of the mechanisms shaping current changes in biodiversity patterns. rapid publication of novel research into the conservation of animal species and their habitats. Feature STAMFORD RAFFLES LECTURE papers and commentaries, published in each issue, continue to be well The 2014 Stamford Raffles Lecture on ‘The past and future of life in UK received. A new feature, ‘Letter seas’ was given by Professor Callum Roberts, University of York. from the Conservation Front Line’, We are fortunate in the UK to be surrounded by some of was introduced to explore the the most productive seas on the planet. However, in the priorities of conservation practitioners past two centuries, the expansion and industrialisation and highlight areas of research that of fishing has triggered a transformation of the they need conservation scientists environment that has accelerated towards the present. to undertake. This lecture reviewed the loss of marine biodiversity, including the disappearance of large species such as International skates, angel sharks, bluefin tuna and wolfish, and critically Zoo Yearbook examined policies introduced to protect marine species. Volume 48 of the International Zoo Yearbook adds to its reputation as an invaluable resource for researchers, students and animal managers. The focus of the current volume, ‘Avian challenges’, focuses on the issues faced in the management of avian species in zoos, as well as the potential conservation impact that our collections can have on avian species in the wild, including conservation breeding and population management.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 21 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / SCIENTIFIC AWARDS ZSL Scientific Awards 2013 ZSL recognises outstanding achievements in conservation and zoological research through its annual presentation of awards and prizes. The following awards were presented at our awards ceremony in June 2014:

ZSL Frink Medal ZSL Stamford Raffles Award for his engaging and important book ZSL Honorary Fellowship Presented to a professional scientist for For distinguished contributions to Feral: searching for enchantment on Awarded to persons who, by their substantial and original contributions zoology, open to amateur zoologists the frontiers of rewilding. association with the Society, have to zoology. Awarded to Michael or to professional zoologists in promoted the objectives of ZSL. Akam FRS, Head of the Department recognition of contributions that are ZSL Thomas Henry Huxley Prize Awarded to: Ken Sims, Director of Zoology, University of Cambridge, outside the scope of their professional and Marsh Award of Thrigby Hall Wildlife Gardens. for advancing our understanding of activities and principal specialisation. Presented for the best zoological evolutionary developmental biology. Awarded to David Mallon, for doctoral thesis produced in the ZSL Staff Medal his significant contributions to UK. Awarded to Helen Leggett, Presented for outstanding service ZSL Scientific Medal antelope conservation. University of Oxford, for her thesis and contributions to ZSL. Awarded Presented to research scientists with ‘Developments in social evolution to Andrew Cunningham, for no more than 15 years’ postdoctoral Marsh Award for and virulence in parasites’. outstanding contributions to experience for distinguished work in Conservation Biology wildlife epidemiology (see page 5). zoology. Awarded to: Iain Couzin, of For contributions to fundamental ZSL Charles Darwin Award Princeton University, for outstanding science and its application to the and Marsh Prize Thank you research on collective behaviour and conservation of animal species Presented for the best zoological ZSL would like to thank the the structural dynamics of animal and habitats. Awarded to Debbie project by an undergraduate student Marsh Christian Trust and groups; David Hosken, University of Pain, Director of Conservation attending a university in the UK. Thomson Reuters for their Exeter, for exceptional contributions at the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Awarded to Mark Scherz, for his generous support of the to our understanding of sperm for outstanding contributions project ‘The paraphyly of ratites competition and evolution; and to the conservation of birds. just doesn’t fly’. awards programme. Judith Mank, University College London, for distinguished research Marsh Award for Marine and ZSL Prince Philip Award on evolutionary genetics, gene Freshwater Conservation and Marsh Prize function and gene expression. For contributions to fundamental Awarded to an A-level (or Higher) science and its application to student for the best zoological Above, left to right: Iain ZSL Silver Medal conservation in marine and/or project involving some aspect of Couzin; Judith Mank; George Given to a Fellow of the Society or freshwater ecosystems. Awarded animal biology. Presented to Carly Monbiot; Tim Birkhead; any other person for contributions to to David Bilton, Plymouth University, Brown, Taunton School, for her zoology, including such activities as for significant research on the project ‘Can the common garden David Hosken; Andrew public education in natural history, ecology and conservation biology snail see in colour?’ Cunningham; David Mallon; and wildlife conservation. Awarded of aquatic invertebrates. Sir Patrick Bateson; Brian to Tim Birkhead FRS, for significant ZSL Award for Outstanding Marsh; Krisin Vehrs; Helen contributions to our understanding Thomson Reuters Contributions to the Leggett; Ken Sims; Carly and appreciation of bird ecology Zoological Record Award Zoo Community and sexual selection, and for his Presented for the public Awarded to Kristin Vehrs, Brown and James Penny, outstanding science writing and communication of zoology. Executive Director of the Association Taunton School; Debbie public engagement. Awarded to George Monbiot, of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). Pain; Michael Akam

22 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / THE LIBRARY

The ZSL EXHIBITIONS AND EVENTS

Throughout 2013 we held talks and tours on eminent Library naturalist Alfred Russel It was another busy year for the ZSL Library Wallace to commemorate the centenary of his death. in 2013, with more than 2,100 book titles Many of Russel Wallace’s added to the online catalogue, 2,073 journal publications and letters are part of the ZSL archive. issues accessioned and 2,371 loans made There continues to be plenty to ZSL Fellows and staff. of interest in the manuscripts of naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson, concerning the birds and mammals of Nepal. Puneeta Sharma, a student at University of the Arts London, recently carried out conservation work on a painting of a chiru, or Tibetan antelope, as part of her 2014 master’s project. David Lowther, PhD student at Newcastle University, was appointed as the Library’s Visiting Scholar during 2014. David’s research into the development of zoology in Britain from 1820 to 1850 includes an analysis of Hodgson’s ornithology paintings and contributions to the identification and classification of Nepalese birds. During National Insect Week we exhibited images of butterflies and dragonflies from British entomology: being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland by John Curtis (London: Reeve, 1862). To mark the 160th anniversary of the arrival at ZSL London Zoo of Adhela, the first female hippopotamus seen in Europe since Roman times, we put on a special Hippomania display curated by Goldsmiths College student Jacob Bates-Firth. Subsequently The ZSL Library plays an important role in communicating information we displayed a selection of Giraffomania items to coincide with July’s about and inspiring an interest in animals, habitats and conservation. A event, ‘The giraffe: new perspectives on a “well-known” species’. key resource for the learned society, the Library manages and facilitates A special tour for Fellows was held in March to celebrate the access to a relevant, useful body of zoological and conservation contribution of women to the history of zoology, following a group knowledge. A central part of the Library’s work is developing the ZSL attending a ‘Wonder Women of Natural History’ event earlier in the online catalogue, library.zsl.org, which acts as a portal to a range of year. Other external visitors have included the Bartlett Zoo History resources, reaches a wide audience and provides an aid to access and Society, staff of the Canadian High Commission, and students from discovery. Available 24/7, the catalogue lists details of more than 39,000 the University of Kent and from Hampshire’s Sparsholt College. books, serial holdings, ZSL archives and artworks, and was used 12,115 times in 2013. Since October 2013, our book and serial holdings have FROM THE ARCHIVES also been listed in the academic and specialist library catalogue COPAC (copac.ac.uk), which brings together the catalogues of more than 70 Items consulted from the archives and special collections included: major libraries in the UK and Ireland. The Library featured on the blog historic bird books and zoo guides; Minutes of Council; ZSL’s Royal Charter of SUNCAT, the Serials Union Catalogue (suncat.ac.uk), which aims to and material on the Cretan ibex, the thylacine, Berthold Lubetkin, ZSL improve academics’ access to print and electronic serial publications. London Zoo in Victorian times, World Wars I and II, and the Children’s Zoo. We were thanked for our imaginative contribution to their blog. ZSL Our Artefact of the Month exhibition series included features on also contributed details about our copy of the first edition of Charles ZSL London Zoo during World War II; works by naturalist and scientific Darwin’s On the Origin of Species to the Darwin Census, a major project to illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian for World Book Day, International Women’s catalogue extant first-edition copies by California’s Huntington Library. Day and Science & Engineering Week; and our watercolour of an Asian lion by artist and poet Edward Lear. As ever, we are extremely grateful for the continued help of our ARTEFACT OF THE MONTH dedicated team of volunteers, and to the many Fellows and Members of ZSL who continue to support the Library with their time and by Discover highlights from donating books, archives and zoo ephemera, as well as funds for the conservation of our collections. our collections at zsl.org/ Top left: the ZSL Library is a vital resource for researchers. Top right: bird of blogs/artefact-of-the-month paradise artwork was displayed for Alfred Russel Wallace’s centenary

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 23 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Education and training Education and training are central to IoZ’s activities and we have a strong commitment to hosting research projects, particularly those leading to a PhD degree.

WILD ANIMAL HEALTH AND WILD ANIMAL BIOLOGY MSc COURSES

In 2013, 25 students graduated from the MSc courses in wild animal health (WAH) and wild animal biology (WAB). Nicola Gunary and Adam Naylor received the awards for the MSc WAB and MSc WAH students with the highest aggregate marks, respectively. The best MSc WAB research project prize was shared between Nicola Gunary and Graham Duggan Students mastering for their research projects ‘Assessing patterns of Cryptosporidium spp reptile surgery. Below and Giardia spp prevalence as indicators of anthropozoonotic disease right: giraffes were the risk in the Critically Endangered western lowland gorilla’ and ‘Tongue- focus of one MSc project tied: an assessment of nocturnal behaviour in captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)’. Lydia Franklinos received the award for the best MSc WAH research project for her work on ‘Fluctuating asymmetry in UK PhD STUDENTS raptors and the influence of pollutant exposure’. A total of 114 scientific papers have been published from our MSc Our PhD students are co-registered at a university department, but most students’ research. Graduates of the two courses, who now number 356 spend the majority of their time at IoZ. In the 2013-2014 academic year, from 54 countries, form a valuable global network of wild animal health PhDs were awarded to Claire Asher (University of Leeds), for research on the professionals, contactable through ZSL and Royal Veterinary College’s dynamics of reproductive dominance in dinosaur ants; Lucie Bland (Imperial alumnus association, Wild Animal Alumni. College London), for work on resolving the effects of data-deficient species on the estimation of extinction risk; Jessica Bryant (University College CONSERVATION SCIENCE MSc COURSE London), for research on developing a conservation evidence base for the Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus); Chris Clements The MSc course in conservation science, run in partnership with Imperial (University of Sheffield), for research on extinction and environmental College, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Durrell Wildlife Conservation change, and testing the predictability of species loss; Jennifer Crees (Imperial Trust, is becoming increasingly popular with those focused on starting College London), for studies on the dynamics of large mammal range shifts or enhancing their career in conservation research. It continues to attract and extinction using evidence from the Holocene record of Europe; Helen good numbers of high-quality applicants from the UK, Europe and further Cross (University College London), for research on the importance of small- afield. In 2013, 33 students graduated, with 13 distinctions and 15 merits. scale fishing to rural coastal livelihoods with a comparative case study from Leejiah Dorward was awarded the prize for the best overall student, and the Bijagós Islands, Guinea-Bissau; Tammy Davies (University of St Andrews), Rebecca Sennett received the prize for the best coursework performance. for assessing the relationship between poverty and biodiversity, in the Stephanie Britain and Mariel Harrison were jointly awarded the prize for context of land-use change in the Solomon Islands; Rhys Farrer (Imperial the best project. Stephanie worked with ZSL to carry out a survey of forest College London), for work on comparative genomics and epidemiology of elephant distribution outside protected areas in south-east Cameroon, the amphibian-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd); James while Mariel worked with the International Institute for Environment and McNamara (Imperial College London), for research on the dynamics of Development to evaluate the links between poverty and conservation a bushmeat hunting system under social, economic and environmental around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. change; Hannah O’Kelly (Imperial College London), for research monitoring conservation threats, interventions and impacts on wildlife in a Cambodian forest; Stephen Price (University of London, Queen Mary), for work on the emergence of a virulent wildlife disease, using spatial epidemiology and phylogenetic methods to reconstruct the spread of amphibian viruses; Lisa Signorile (Imperial College London), for research on genetic determinants of the expansion of eastern grey squirrel populations across Europe; Freya Smith (Imperial College London), for investigating the epidemiology of the amphibian pathogen Bd in the UK; David Stanton (Cardiff University), for work on the phylogeography, population genetics and conservation of the okapi; and Leila Walker (University of Cambridge), for research on the consequences of early- and adult-life nutrition for the colour and conservation of hihi (Notiomystis cincta).

24 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS

People and projects Find details of IoZ’s funding sources, international collaborations and professional affiliations in this section.

26 FUNDING 33 PUBLICATIONS 27 COLLABORATIONS 38 GOVERNANCE AND STAFF 32 STAFF REPRESENTATION ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS Funding In 2013 we received our annual core income from the Higher Education Funding Council for England via University College London, with additional funding from other sources. In total, 46 new grants were received during the year.

MONITORING SUSTAINABLE FISHING

Kirsty Kemp and Chris Yesson were awarded £265,806 from Sustainable Fisheries Greenland (SFG) for the project ‘Community Responses to Trawling Impact’. This ZSL-led initiative, run in collaboration with the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, aims to establish effective monitoring of the impact of commercial shrimp trawling on the sea floor communities of west Greenland. The project incorporates image analysis, population-level genetic studies, and mapping of observations and environmental Palmate newts have experienced disease-driven data, to create the first habitat maps of the declines. Left: ZSL-led research is investigating the Greenland shelf. It also constitutes one impact of shrimp trawling on Greenland’s sea floor component of the independent research that SFG must submit to the Marine UNDERSTANDING PARASITES IN NEWTS Stewardship Council (MSC), in order to gain its coveted certification. Being sold Trent Garner was awarded a grant from the Morris Animal Foundation under the MSC eco-label will allow SFG’s for the project ‘Is mortality caused by an infectious disease leading shrimp to maintain their position in the to the decline of palmate newts in Scotland?’ Disease-driven declines UK market, which has seen a supermarket- in amphibians have been attributed primarily to two groups of driven shift towards responsible consumerism. parasites, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranaviruses (rv). One group of parasites, the Mesomycetozoaea, may prove to be TACKLING CETACEAN STRANDINGS a substantial but currently unrecognised parasitological threat to temperate-zone amphibians. Amphibian infections with ZSL received a grant of £279,167 to fund the Cetacean Strandings Mesomycetozoans have been described on three continents and Investigation Programme until June 2015, as well as supporting the can affect a wide range of amphibian hosts. Researchers from IoZ development of improved methods of euthanasia of large, stranded and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies investigated the marine mammals. The funding follows the workshop on ‘Euthanasia emergence of a parasitic infection on the Isle of Rum, home to a single protocols to optimise welfare concerns for stranded cetaceans’ chaired amphibian species, the palmate newt Lissotriton helveticus, and by IoZ in 2013. This was convened under the auspices of the International found diseased newts with numerous epidermal lesions. Post-mortem Whaling Commission (IWC), with support from the UK and Norwegian examinations revealed that the disease is caused by an infection governments. Its findings can be found on the IWC website (iwc.int/ with a Mesomycetozoan parasite. The research, funded by the Morris iwc-report-published-on-stranded-cetaceans-euthana). We hope Animal Foundation and a PhD studentship funded by the NERC quota that the outputs will provide resources for international networks to help studentship scheme, will help to determine if the disease affecting tackle strandings and the associated welfare concerns. palmate newts on Rum could lead to significant declines.

Funding organisations 21st Century Tiger Environment Canada Rewilding Europe Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Esmée Fairbairn Foundation Royal Society Arcus Foundation Higher Education Funding Council for England Rufford Foundation Badger and Cattle Vaccination Initiative Honolulu Zoo St Louis Zoo (Save Me Trust) L’Oréal UK Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Sustainable Fisheries Greenland Bat Conservation Trust Morris Animal Foundation Synchronicity Earth British Ecological Society National Aquarium Ltd Thriplow Charitable Trust Chester Zoo National Geographic Society United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Natural England Conservation Monitoring Centre Defra New Zealand Department of Conservation Wilderness Wildlife Trust Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Panthera WWF Netherlands

26 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS Collaborations IoZ’s work is carried out in conjunction with a host of international collaborators and partners, to whom we extend our thanks.

Adelphi University (USA) Avila University (USA) CABI IUCN Sampled Red List Index Chagos Conservation Trust IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index California Academy of Sciences Effectiveness of marine protected Department of Adnan Menderes University Bangor University IUCN Sampled (USA) IUCN Sampled Red areas for protecting migratory Economic Development, (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index; Biodiversity List Index pelagic fish species Environment and Tourism List Index indicators for 2010 and beyond; California State University (USA) Charles Darwin University (South Africa) IUCN Sampled African Technology Policy Monitoring Ganges river dolphin IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Studies Network (Kenya) in southern Bangladesh Cambridge Infectious Diseases Red List Index Department of Forests (Cyprus) Biodiversity, ecosystem services, Bat Conservation Trust Zoonotic emergence of viral Charles University (Czech Rep) Regional Red List Programme social sustainability and tipping Conservation status of bats in infections in fruit bats in Ghana; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Desert Research Foundation of points in African drylands Europe; Biodiversity indicators Health-seeking behaviours Chennai Snake Park (India) Namibia Individual optimisation African Wildlife Conservation for 2010 and beyond relating to febrile and encephalitic IUCN Sampled Red List Index and social constraints in group- Fund Range-wide conservation Berks, Bucks & Oxon Wildlife illness in rural Ghana; Risk of Chinese Academy of living vertebrates programme for cheetah and Trust Health of Vipera berus zoonotic disease spillover Sciences (China) IUCN Doğa Derneği (Turkey) wild dog populations in England from fruit bats to humans Sampled Red List Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index American Museum of Natural Bermuda Institute of Ocean in Ghana Quaternary mammal extinction Dokuz Eylül University (Turkey) History (USA) IUCN Sampled Sciences IUCN Sampled Red Cambridge Research Institute dynamics in Asia IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index List Index Cetacean strandings around the Circumpolar Biodiversity Downstream Research Group American University of Beirut Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean UK coast Monitoring Programme (USA) Conservation of the (Lebanon) IUCN Sampled Red Sciences (USA) IUCN Sampled Cardiff University Living Planet Index Yangtze River dolphin List Index Red List Index Phylogeography and conservation Clemson University (USA) DPPVN – Society of Bird Research Amphibian and Reptile Biodiversity Consultancy genetics of okapi; Metapopulation IUCN Sampled Red List Index and Nature Protection (Slovenia) Conservation (ARC) Disease risk IUCN Sampled Red List Index genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons Coastal Oceans Research and IUCN Sampled Red List Index analysis and health surveillance for Biodiversity Synthesis Center Care Earth Trust (India) Development in the Indian Durrell Wildlife Conservation the species recovery programme; (USA) IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ocean (Kenya) IUCN Sampled Trust Conservation priorities for IUCN Sampled Red List Index; List Index Carnegie Museum of Natural Red List Index EDGE mammals; Chytridiomycosis Health of Vipera berus populations BIOSCAPE IUCN Sampled Red History (USA) IUCN Sampled Colorado State University (USA) epidemiology, emergence and in England; Epidemiology of List Index Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index impact in Dominica; West Indian dermocystid parasites affecting BirdLife Australia Population Centers for Disease Control and Columbia University (USA) mammal extinctions; Conservation UK newts; Is anthropogenic recovery of the Australian Prevention (USA) Samburu- Anthropogenic drivers of of the mountain chicken frog; movement of an invasive species regent honeyeater Laikipia Wild Dog Project emerging infectious diseases Ecology of the solenodon and responsible for distribution BirdLife International Central Connecticut State Comisión Nacional para el hutia in agricultural and native of a generalist pathogen? IUCN Sampled Red List Index University (USA) IUCN Sampled Conocimiento y Uso de la forest systems in Dominica; Animal Health and Veterinary Bishop Museum (USA) Red List Index Biodiversidad (Mexico) Metapopulation genetics in Laboratories Agency Cetacean IUCN Sampled Red List Index Central Ecology Health of IUCN Sampled Red List Index Mauritius pink pigeons strandings around the UK coast; Bohol Island State University Vipera berus populations Conservation International Earlham College (USA) Disease risk analysis and health (Philippines) IUCN Sampled in England IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index surveillance for the species Red List Index Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle Conservation of Arctic Flora Eastern Kentucky University (USA) recovery programme; Zoonotic Bournemouth University & Evolutive (France) IUCN and Fauna Living Planet Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index disease spillover from fruit bats IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index Consortium for Eden Project IUCN Sampled to humans in Ghana; Zoonotic Brigham Young University (USA) Centre de Coordination pour Conservation Medicine (USA) Red List Index emergence of viral infections in IUCN Sampled Red List Index la Protection des Amphibiens Anthropogenic drivers of Edith Cowan University fruit bats in Ghana; Potentially British Antarctic Survey et Reptiles de Suisse (karch) emerging infectious diseases (Australia) IUCN Sampled zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum IUCN Sampled Red List Index Spatial epidemiology and Convention on Biological Red List Index Applied Biomathematics (USA) British Divers Marine Life Rescue molecular evolution of Diversity (Canada) IUCN Sampled Ege University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Cetacean strandings around the amphibian chytridiomycosis Red List Index; Living Planet Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Arafura Timor Research Facility UK coast Centre de Recherche sur les Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red British Embassy in Quito Mammifères Marins (France) Strandings Network Cetacean (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Ecuador) Building capacity Cetacean strandings around strandings around the UK coast List Index ArtDatabanken (Sweden) and determining disease threats the UK coast Committee on the Status of Enciclopedia de la Flora IUCN Sampled Red List Index; to Galápagos taxa Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Endangered Wildlife in Canada Chilena (Chile) Regional Regional Red List Programme British Hedgehog Preservation Disease risk analysis and health Regional Red List Programme Red List Programme Auburn University (USA) Society Garden Wildlife Health surveillance for the species CSIRO Australian Animal Environment Agency IUCN Sampled Red List Index; British Herpetological Society recovery programme Health Laboratory (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Signal content of plumage colour Assessing the conservation issue Centre for Environment, Potentially zoonotic viruses in Environment Canada Australian Freshwater Turtle of Aesculapian snakes introduced Fisheries & Aquaculture Science Eidolon helvum; IUCN Sampled Development of Canadian Species Conservation and Research onto Crown lands Cetacean strandings around Red List Index Index to monitor biodiversity and Association IUCN Sampled British Trust for Ornithology the UK coast; IUCN Sampled Davidson College (USA) ecosystem health Red List Index Garden Wildlife Health Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Essex Wildlife Trust IUCN Sampled Australian Museum and Brunel University London Centro Internacional de Ecología Deakin University Red List Index Department of Environment Otters as a model species to Tropical (Venezuela) Regional (Australia) IUCN Sampled European Bird Census Council and Conservation IUCN Sampled investigate biomagnification Red List Programme Red List Index Living Planet Index Red List Index of pharmaceuticals Centro Regional de Demetra IUCN Sampled European Commission Australian National Butterfly Conservation Investigaciones Científicas Red List Index Determinants of occurrence, University IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red y Tecnológicas (Argentina) Département de l’Etude du Milieu distribution and abundance Red List Index List Index Regional Red List Programme Naturel et Agricole (Belgium) of African mammals

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 27 European Environment Agency Gobabeb Training & Research Institute for Environmental the Hainan gibbon as a case Conservation of the mountain IUCN Sampled Red List Index Centre (Namibia) MHC, parasite Protection and Research (Italy) study; Conservation priorities chicken frog Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y loads and mate choice in desert Ecology and evolution of invasive for EDGE mammals Ministry of Environment and Museo (Argentina) IUCN Sampled baboons; individual optimisation alien species Katarniaghat Foundation (India) Tourism (Namibia) MHC, parasite Red List Index and social constraints in group- Institute for Nature Conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index loads and mate choice in desert Farm Africa Tackling tyranny of living vertebrates of Serbia IUCN Sampled Red Kenya Wildlife Service baboons; individual optimisation the average to ensure pro-poor Göteborg Natural History List Index Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog and social constraints in group- ecosystem interventions are fit Museum (Sweden) Institute of Agricultural and Project; Conservation priorities living vertebrates for purpose IUCN Sampled Red List Index Environmental Sciences (Estonia) for EDGE mammals Ministry of the Environment Fauna & Flora International Government of Azores Habitat Regional Red List Programme Kunming Institute of Zoology (Czech Rep) Regional Red Conservation priorities for EDGE suitability of oceanic cetaceans Institute of Ecology and (China) Disease threats and List Programme mammals; IUCN Sampled Red List Government of the Biological Resources (Vietnam) conservation of the Chinese Ministry of the Environment Index; Building a future for the Commonwealth of Dominica IUCN Sampled Red List Index giant salamander (Japan) Regional Red Hainan gibbon; Enhancing the Amphibian conservation in the Institute of Ecology Kwame Nkrumah University List Programme effectiveness of Protected Areas Caribbean; Conservation priorities and Systematics (Cuba) of Science and Technology Ministry of Lands and in Tajikistan for EDGE mammals IUCN Sampled Red List Index in Kumasi (Ghana) Ecosystem Resettlement (Namibia) MHC, Federal Office for the Green Indian States Trust (India) Institute of Hydrobiology (China) services in Ghana: understanding parasite loads and mate choice Environment (Switzerland) Tackling tyranny of the average Conservation of the Yangtze River the human component in desert baboons; individual Regional Red List Programme; to ensure pro-poor ecosystem dolphin; Conservation priorities La Trobe University (Australia) optimisation and social constraints IUCN Sampled Red List Index interventions are fit for purpose for EDGE mammals IUCN Sampled Red List Index in group-living vertebrates Field Museum (USA) Griffith University (Australia) Institute of Zoology (China) Laurentian University (Canada) Ministry of Nature Protection IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ecology and evolution of invasive Landscape epidemiology of (Armenia) IUCN Sampled Red Finnish Environment Institute Group on Earth Observations alien species ranavirus in Ontario List Index Regional Red List Programme Secretariat (Switzerland) Instituto Butantan (Brazil) Liberian Forestry Development Mississippi Department of FishBase IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Authority Conservation priorities Wildlife, Fisheries & Parks (USA) List Index Biodiversity indicators for 2010 Instituto de Biología, UNAM for EDGE mammals IUCN Sampled Red List Index Fondation Bertarelli (Switzerland) and beyond (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red Lincoln University (New Zealand) Missouri Botanical Gardens (USA) Effectiveness of marine protected Groupe de Recherche sur List Index Ecology and evolution of invasive IUCN Sampled Red List Index areas for protecting migratory les Cétacés (France) Habitat Instituto de Ecología (Mexico) alien species Missouri Department pelagic fish species suitability of oceanic cetaceans IUCN Sampled Red List Index London School of Economics of Conservation (USA) Food & Environment Research Guana Tolomato Matanzas Instituto Nacional de and Political Science Saving IUCN Sampled Red List Index Agency Disease risk analysis National Estuarine Research Pesquisas da Amazônia (Brazil) Sumatran swamps: carbon credits Monash University (Australia) and health surveillance for the Reserve (USA) IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index and biodiversity conservation Ecology and evolution of species recovery programme Red List Index Instituto Tecnológico in Indonesia introduced avian malaria; Forestry & Wildlife Division Guiyang University (China) de Chetumal (Mexico) Louisiana Fauna Project (USA) Cultural and biological values (Dominica) Amphibian Disease threats and conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index of highland lakes in Papua, conservation in the Caribbean of the Chinese giant salamander Instituto Tecnológico de Louisiana State University (USA) Indonesia; IUCN Sampled Frankfurt Zoological Society Hainan Normal University (China) Huejutla (Mexico) IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index; Population (Germany) Long-term IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität- recovery of the Australian demography of the Serengeti Harvard University (USA) Instituto y Nucleo Zoológico München (Germany) IUCN regent honeyeater cheetah population IUCN Sampled Red List Index ARCO (Spain) IUCN Sampled Sampled Red List Index Moredun Research Institute Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute Hebrew University of Jerusalem Red List Index Lund University (Sweden) Epidemiology of poxviruses (Germany) Potentially zoonotic (Israel) IUCN Sampled Red Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Ecology and evolution of in squirrels viruses in Eidolon helvum List Index PAN (Poland) Regional Red introduced avian malaria Museo de Historia Natural (Peru) FrogLife Garden Wildlife Helmholtz Centre for List Programme Macquarie University (Australia) Regional Red List Programme Health; Are humans spreading Environmental Research International Association IUCN Sampled Red List Index Museo de Zoología (Venezuela) wildlife disease between (Germany) Determinants of of Astacology IUCN Sampled Makerere University (Uganda) IUCN Sampled Red List Index British frog populations? Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Red List Index Living Planet Index Museo di Storia Naturale Fundación Amigos de emergence in European International Livestock Research Mampam Conservation dell’Università di Firenze la Naturaleza (Bolivia) amphibian populations; Institute (Kenya) Biodiversity, IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Italy) IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index ecosystems, sustainability and Marine Environmental Red List Index Fundación Andígena (Venezuela) Herpetological Society of the tipping points in African drylands Monitoring Cetacean strandings Museo Nacional de Ciencias IUCN Sampled Red List Index Philippines IUCN Sampled Red International Pacific Halibut around the UK coast Naturales (Spain) Mitigating the Galapagos Conservation Trust List Index Commission Conservation Marshall University (USA) emergence of Batrachochytrium Building capacity and determining Hokkaido Prefectural Central genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks IUCN Sampled Red List Index dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan disease threats to Galápagos taxa Fisheries Experimental Station Iowa State University (USA) Massey University (New Zealand) midwife toad; Determinants of Galápagos National Park (Japan) IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index Effects of multiple stressors on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Building capacity and determining List Index Irish Whale and Dolphin Group reproduction and development European amphibian populations; disease threats to Galápagos taxa Humboldt State University Cetacean strandings around the in cetaceans; Ecology and Role of host movement and Game and Fisheries Research (USA) IUCN Sampled Red UK coast conservation of the hihi: a case sexual behaviour in transmission (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red Israel Ministry of the Environment study for reintroduction biology of chytrid fungus in amphibians; List Index List Programme Regional Red List Programme Mauritian Wildlife Foundation IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Georgia College & State Hungarian Natural History Istituto per le Piante da Legno e Improving supplementary feeding comparative transcriptomics of University (USA) IUCN Sampled Museum IUCN Sampled Red l’Ambiente (Italy) IUCN Sampled in species conservation midwife toads associated with Red List Index List Index Red List Index Max-Planck-Gesellschaft emergence of ranavirus in Iberia; German Aerospace Center Icelandic Institute of Natural IUCN Species Survival (Germany) The role of individual Effects of extrinsic factors on Determinants of occurrence, History Population dynamics of Commission IUCN Sampled Red biology in determining contact-rates in an amphibian distribution and abundance the light-bellied Brent goose List Index; Conservation of the population-level processes in disease reservoir; Emerging of African mammals Illinois Natural History Survey Yangtze River dolphin; Protected vertebrates; Determinants of diseases and their impacts Ghent University (Belgium) (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index areas: trends in biodiversity occurrence, distribution and on European amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Illinois Wesleyan University (USA) James Cook University (Australia) abundance of African mammals Spatial epidemiology and Chemical and bacteriological IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Merritt College (USA) molecular evolution of control of Batrachochytrium sp Indianapolis Zoo (USA) Joint Nature Conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index amphibian chytridiomycosis Global Biodiversity Information IUCN Sampled Red List Index Committee IUCN Sampled Midwest Biodiversity Institute Museo Nacional de História Facility Biodiversity indicators for INIBIOMA (Argentina) Red List Index; Regional Red (USA) IUCN Sampled Red (Uruguay) IUCN Sampled Red 2010 and beyond IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Programme List Index List Index Global Marine Species Institut National Agronomique Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Ministry of Agriculture, Museo Nacional de Historia Assessment IUCN Sampled Paris-Grignon (France) Dynamics Garden (China) Constraints on Trade, Land, Housing and the Natural (Chile) IUCN Sampled Red List Index of species extinctions recovery of small populations: Environment (Montserrat) Red List Index

28 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS

Museo Tridentino di Scienze snakes introduced onto Crown population-level processes Royal Veterinary College Southeastern Louisiana University Naturali (Italy) IUCN Sampled Lands; Health of Vipera berus in vertebrates Wildlife health bridge; Individual (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index populations in England; Methods Ohio University (USA) optimisation and social constraints Species 2000 IUCN Sampled Red Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle of disease risk analysis for IUCN Sampled Red List Index in group-living vertebrates; List Index (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled reintroduction programmes Old Dominion University (USA) Epidemiology of parapoxvirus State Institute for Nature Red List Index Natural History Museum IUCN Sampled Red List Index in squirrels; Disease risk analysis Protection (Croatia) Regional Muséum National d’Histoire Cetacean strandings around Omsk State Pedagogical and health surveillance; Can Red List Programme Naturelle (France) IUCN Sampled the UK coast; IUCN Sampled University (Russia) IUCN Sampled cognitive challenges enhance the State Museum of Natural History Red List Index Red List Index; Disease risk analysis Red List Index psychological wellbeing of large- (Stuttgart, Germany) Regional Museum für Naturkunde and health surveillance for the Open University (Sri Lanka) brained animals in zoos? Red List Programme; IUCN (Germany) IUCN Sampled species recovery programme; Conservation priorities for Russian Academy of Sciences Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Deep ocean polychaete dispersal EDGE mammals IUCN Sampled Red List Index State Natural History Museum NanJing Normal University in evolutionary and ecological Ovidius University of Constanta Rutgers, the State University of Braunschweig (Germany) (China) Conservation of the time; Spatial epidemiology (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red New Jersey (USA) Comparative IUCN Sampled Red List Index Yangtze River dolphin; IUCN and molecular evolution of List Index studies linking ecology, evolution State University of New York Sampled Red List Index amphibian chytridiomycosis Paignton Zoo Environmental and physiology; Ecology and (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Aeronautics and Space Natural History Museum Park Disease risk analysis and evolution of invasive alien species Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale Administration (USA) Biodiversity (Denmark) Zoonotic emergence of health surveillance for the species Sahara Conservation Fund du CNRS à Moulis (France) indicators for 2010 and beyond; viral infections in fruit bats in Ghana recovery programme Determinants of occurrence, Determinants of Batrachochytrium Determinants of occurrence, Natural History Museum of Bern Palacký University, Olomouc distribution and abundance dendrobatidis emergence in distribution and abundance (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red (Czech Republic) IUCN Sampled in African mammals European amphibian populations; of African mammals; Role of List Index Red List Index Saint Petersburg Scientific Ecology and evolution of individual biology in determining Natural History Museum of Pamukkale University (Turkey) Center (Russia) IUCN Sampled introduced avian malaria population-level processes Crete (Greece) IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Statistics Netherlands in vertebrates Red List Index Panthera Tiger conservation and Salmonella Reference Unit, Public IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Agricultural Natural History Museum of dam development in the tribal Health England Garden Wildlife Stellenbosch University (South Research Foundation (Greece) Zimbabwe IUCN Sampled forests of northeast India Health; Garden Bird Health Initiative Africa) Comparative studies IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Park Zoologico Nacional San Diego Natural History linking ecology, evolution and National Birds of Prey Trust Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Dominica) Conservation priorities Museum (USA) IUCN Sampled physiology; Ecology and evolution Conservation of Gyps spp (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled for EDGE mammals Red List Index of invasive alien species; IUCN vultures in India Red List Index Parks Canada Protected areas: San Diego Zoo (USA) Sampled Red List Index National Institute for Nature Conservancy trends in biodiversity IUCN Sampled Red List Index Stony Brook University (USA) Medical Research Modelling IUCN Sampled Red List Index Pennsylvania State University ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red West Indian mammal extinctions amphibian response to Nature Protection Trust of (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Swedish Board of Fisheries Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Seychelles IUCN Sampled People’s Trust for Endangered Scenic Hudson (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Institute for Public Red List Index Species Chytridiomycosis in IUCN Sampled Red List Index Swedish Species Information Health and the Environment NatureServe (USA) Leptodactylus fallax in Montserrat; Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) Center IUCN Sampled Red (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index Disease risk analysis and health Cetacean strandings around the List Index Red List Index New York State Diagnostic surveillance for the species UK coast Swiss Federal Institute for National Institute of Water Laboratory (USA) Samburu- recovery programme Sea Fisheries Research Institute Forest, Snow and Landscape and Atmospheric Research Laikipia Wild Dog Project Pontificia Universidad Católica (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red Research IUCN Sampled (New Zealand) IUCN Sampled New York State Museum (USA) de Chile IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Red List Index Camera trapping as a census tool List Index Sea Mammal Research Unit Tanzania National Parks National Museum (South Africa) New Zealand Department of Plymouth University Cetacean Cetacean strandings around the Long-term demography of the IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation Regional Red strandings around the UK coast UK coast Serengeti cheetah population; National Museum of Natural List Programme; IUCN Sampled Queen’s University Belfast Sea Watch Foundation Cetacean Implementation of a national History of Spain IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Improving IUCN Sampled Red List Index strandings around the UK coast plan for carnivore conservation Red List Index supplementary feeding in species Queen’s University Canada Senckenberg Naturmuseum in Tanzania National Museum of Nature and conservation; Ecology and IUCN Sampled Red List Index Frankfurt (Germany) Tanzania Wildlife Research Science (Japan) IUCN Sampled conservation of the hihi: a case Queensland Museum (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institute Long-term demography Red List Index study for reintroduction biology IUCN Sampled Red List Index Shaanxi Normal University of the Serengeti cheetah National Museum of the Newcastle University Rajarata University of Sri Lanka (China) Conservation priorities for population; Implementation Philippines IUCN Sampled Epidemiology of poxviruses in IUCN Sampled Red List Index EDGE mammals; Disease threats of a national plan for carnivore Red List Index squirrels; Cetacean strandings RAMAS IUCN Sampled Red and conservation of the Chinese conservation in Tanzania; National Museum Wales around the UK coast List Index giant salamander Determinants of occurrence, IUCN Sampled Red List Index Nordens Ark (Sweden) Razi University (Iran) Smithsonian National Museum distribution and abundance in National Museums of Kenya IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index of Natural History (USA) African mammals; CUT plan Conservation priorities for North Carolina Museum Receiver of Wreck, Maritime and IUCN Sampled Red List Index for large carnivore management EDGE mammals of Natural Sciences (USA) Coastguard Agency Cetacean Smithsonian Tropical Research in Tanzania National Oceanic and IUCN Sampled Red List Index strandings around the UK coast Institute (USA) Camera trapping Tarangire Elephant Project Atmospheric Administration North of England Zoological Rewilding Europe as a census tool (Tanzania) Implementation of (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Society IUCN Sampled Red Rewilding Europe Sociedad Ornitólogica de a national plan for carnivore National Science Foundation List Index Royal Belgian Institute of la Hispaniola (Dominica) conservation in Tanzania (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index North-West University Natural Sciences IUCN Sampled West Indian mammal extinctions; Technical University of Denmark National Taiwan Ocean University (South Africa) Behavioural Red List Index Conservation priorities for IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index ecology of Pyxicephalus adspersus; Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh EDGE mammals Teesside University West Indian National University of Ireland, Testing the ‘Out of Africa’ IUCN Sampled Red List Index Société Audubon Haiti mammal extinctions Galway IUCN Sampled Red hypothesis for the emergence of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew West Indian mammal extinctions; Tel Aviv University (Israel) List Index lethal amphibian chytridiomycosis; IUCN Sampled Red List Index: Conservation priorities for IUCN Sampled Red List Index National University of Mongolia IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index EDGE mammals Texas A&M University (USA) Regional Red List Programme Spatial epidemiology and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Society for Southeast Asian IUCN Sampled Red List Index National University of Singapore molecular evolution of Arts IUCN Sampled Red List Index Herpetology (Germany) Tidewater Inc (USA) Regional Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index amphibian chytridiomycosis Royal Society for the Protection IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Programme Natural England Disease risk Northern Michigan University of Birds Conservation of Gyps South African National Toledo Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled analysis and health surveillance for (USA) IUCN Sampled Red spp vultures in India; Disease risk Biodiversity Institute Red List Index the species recovery programme; List Index analysis and health surveillance for IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Tour du Valat (France) Conservation genetics of Norwegian Institute for the species recovery programme; Regional Red List Programme Living Planet Index adders in the UK; Assessing the Nature Research The role of Living Planet Index; Garden Wildlife South Australian Museum Truman State University (USA) conservation issue of Aesculapian individual biology in determining Health; Garden Bird Health Initiative IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 29 Tsaobis Nature Park (Namibia) Universidade do Estado do Rio distribution and abundance emergence of ranavirus in Iberia; biogeography and population Individual optimisation and de Janeiro (Brazil) IUCN Sampled in African mammals Susceptibility of social species to history of Galápagos giant tortoises social constraints in group- Red List Index University of Birmingham population decline in changing University of Liverpool Cetacean living vertebrates Universidade do Vale do Comparative studies linking environments; Cetacean strandings strandings around the UK coast; UNEP World Conservation Itajaí (Brazil) IUCN Sampled ecology, evolution and physiology around the UK coast; Ecology and Garden Bird Health Initiative; Monitoring Centre IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Bonn (Germany) evolution of introduced avian Changes in risk of zoonotic Red List Index; Living Planet Index Universidade Federal da Predator-prey size relationships malaria; Population dynamics disease outbreaks as a result of Uniformed Services University Bahia (Brazil) IUCN Sampled and evolution of giganticism of the light-bellied Brent goose; climate change: insights from a (USA) Potentially zoonotic viruses Red List Index in dinosaurs Immunogenetic variation in seasonal host-parasite system in Eidolon helvum Universidade Federal da Paraíba University of Braunschweig white-browed sparrow weaver; University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) United States Department of (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red (Germany) IUCN Sampled Population genetic impacts of IUCN Sampled Red List Index Agriculture Forest Service IUCN List Index Red List Index an emerging wildlife disease University of London, Imperial Sampled Red List Index; Individual Universidade Federal de Mato University of Bristol Individual University of Florida (USA) College Comparative studies differences in taste perception Grosso (Brazil) IUCN Sampled optimisation and social IUCN Sampled Red List Index linking ecology, evolution and and dietary wariness: behaviours Red List Index constraints in group-living University of the Free State physiology; Energetic constraints with relevance to pest control; Universidade Federal do vertebrates; Phenotypic plasticity (South Africa) IUCN Sampled on animal ecology; Mammalian Regional Red List Programme Amazonas (Brazil) IUCN Sampled in tropical paper wasps Red List Index community structure and United States Geological Red List Index University of California (USA) University of Fribourg dynamics across gradients of Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Universidade Federal do Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog (Switzerland) Ecology and land-use intensity in Malaysian Index; Disease risk analysis for Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Project; IUCN Sampled Red evolution of invasive alien species Borneo; Zoonotic emergence reintroduction programmes IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index University of Ghana Potentially of viral infections in fruit bats in Universidad Andrés Bello (Chile) Universidade Federal do University of Cambridge MHC, zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Ghana; Determinants of pathogen Saving mouth brooding frogs: the Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) parasite loads and mate choice Zoonotic emergence of viral distribution and prevalence in impact of chytridiomycosis on IUCN Sampled Red List Index in desert baboons; Potentially infections in fruit bats in Ghana a multi-host and island system; Darwin’s frogs Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; University of Glasgow Alternative livelihood approach Universidad Autónoma de (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index to improving sustainability of Aguascalientes (Mexico) List Index Signal content of plumage colour; University of Granada (Spain) bushmeat hunting in West and IUCN Sampled Red List Index Università delgi Studi di Firenze Risk of zoonotic disease spillover IUCN Sampled Red List Index Central Africa; Mitigating the Universidad Autónoma (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red from fruit bats to humans in University of Guam emergence of Batrachochytrium de Ciudad Juárez (Mexico) List Index Ghana; Epidemiological aspects IUCN Sampled Red List Index dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan IUCN Sampled Red List Index Università di Siena (Italy) of amphibian chytridiomycosis; University of Hong Kong midwife toad; Determinants of Universidad Complutense Ecology and evolution of Role of host movement and IUCN Sampled Red List Index Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis de Madrid (Spain) Ecology invasive alien species sexual behaviour in transmission University of Hyogo (Japan) emergence in European and evolution of introduced Universität Salzburg (Austria) of chytrid fungus in amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List Index amphibian populations; avian malaria IUCN Sampled Red List Index Influence of climate change on bat University of Illinois (USA) Population-level cost of Universidad de Guayaquil Universität Trier (Germany) communities and effectiveness IUCN Sampled Red List Index Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Ecuador) Building capacity IUCN Sampled Red List Index of protected areas in Mexico; University of Innsbruck (Austria) infection in the Pyrenean midwife and determining disease threats Université Cadi Ayyad (Morocco) Adaption to captivity in corncrake; IUCN Sampled Red List Index toad; Spatial global biodiversity to Galápagos taxa; Parasites IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sexual conflict and social control University of Kansas (USA) monitoring in the context of data as tools for biogeography Université de Poitiers (France) of female mating strategies in IUCN Sampled Red List Index uncertainty; Invasive species as and population history of IUCN Sampled Red List Index a wild primate; Health-seeking University of Kent Mitigating the vectors of disease in amphibians; Galápagos giant tortoises Université de Savoie (France) behaviours relating to febrile and emergence of Batrachochytrium Emerging disease threats to Universidad de los Andes Determinants of Batrachochytrium encephalitic illness in rural Ghana; dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan newts in the UK; Epidemiology (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled dendrobatidis emergence in Ecology and conservation of the midwife toad; Conservation status of amphibian chytridiomycosis; Red List Index European amphibian populations hihi: a case study for reintroduction of European bats; Implications Modelling amphibian response to Universidad de Puerto Rico Universiti Malaysia Sarawak biology; Zoonotic emergence of of infectious disease for the chytrid infection; IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index; (Malaysia) IUCN Sampled Red viral infections in fruit bats in Ghana global trade and conservation Red List Index; Modelling the Amphibian conservation in List Index University of Canberra (Australia) of amphibians; Assessing the dynamics of translocated the Caribbean University of Aberdeen IUCN Sampled Red List Index; conservation issue of Aesculapian populations; Ecosystem services Universidad de Salamanca Cetacean strandings programme Extinction, island biogeography snakes introduced onto Crown in Ghana: understanding the (Spain) IUCN Sampled Red University of Adelaide (Australia) and community structure in lands; IUCN Sampled Red List human component; Dynamics List Index Ecology and evolution of invasive island birds Index; Metapopulation genetics in of large mammal range collapse Universidad del Valle (Colombia) alien species; Ecology and University of Colombo (Sri Mauritius pink pigeons; Improving and extinction: evidence from IUCN Sampled Red List Index evolution of introduced avian Lanka) Conservation priorities the impact of amphibian the Holocene record; Bovine Universidad del Zulia (Venezuela) malaria; Comparative studies for EDGE mammals conservation programmes; New tuberculosis in cattle and IUCN Sampled Red List Index linking ecology, evolution and University of Copenhagen analytical methods for camera- badgers; Determinants of tiger Universidad Juárez Autónoma physiology; Extinction, island (Denmark) Individual optimisation trap data; Immune and neutral occurrence and population de Tabasco (Mexico) biogeography and community and social constraints in group- genetic diversity in historical and viability in fragmented landscapes; IUCN Sampled Red List Index structure in island birds; Prayer living vertebrates extant populations threatened Chemical and bacteriological Universidad Nacional Autónoma animal releases in Taiwan: University of East Anglia by disease; Disease risk analysis control of Batrachochytrium de México IUCN Sampled Red analysis of an eastern pathway Garden Bird Health Initiative; IUCN for reintroduction programmes; sp; Interaction between cattle List Index to biological invasions; Ecology Sampled Red List Index; Evolution Emergence, epidemiology and and badgers; African lion Universidad Nacional Mayor and conservation of the hihi: and diversification of ants impact of chytridiomycosis in the population genetics in a changing de San Marcos (Peru) IUCN a case study for reintroduction University of Eastern Finland – mountain chicken frog; Ecology landscape; Disease susceptibility Sampled Red List Index biology; Global study of the Kuopio (Finland) IUCN Sampled and conservation of the hihi: a in three amphibian species; Universidad San Francisco de richness, spread and impacts Red List Index case study for reintroduction The role of individual biology Quito (Ecuador) IUCN Sampled of exotic birds University of Edinburgh biology; Emerging diseases in determining population- Red List Index University of Agricultural Emerging disease threats to and their impacts on European level processes in vertebrates; Universidade de Aveiro Science and Veterinary Medicine UK newts; Epidemiology of amphibians; Ranavirus diagnostics Management interventions (Portugal) Mammal diversity and (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red dermocystid parasites affecting University of Las Palmas (Spain) for large mammal populations soil functional integrity across List Index UK newts; Is infectious disease Cetacean strandings around in Cambodia; Ecological and habitat gradients in Brazil University of Alberta leading to decline in palmate the UK coast; IUCN Sampled genetic determinants of grey Universidade de Brasília (Brazil) (Canada) IUCN Sampled newts in Scotland? Red List Index squirrel expansion in Italy IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index University of Exeter Genetics of University of Leeds Determining and Britain; Testing the ‘Out Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal) University of Bath Comparative caste determination in polistine disease threats to endemic of Africa’ hypothesis for the Emerging diseases and their studies linking ecology, evolution wasps; Ecology and evolution Galápagos taxa; Dynamics of emergence of lethal amphibian impacts on European amphibians and physiology of introduced avian malaria; reproductive dominance in chytridiomycosis; Effects of Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) University of Bayreuth (Germany) Comparative transcriptomics of dinosaur ants; IUCN Sampled Red agricultural intensification on IUCN Sampled Red List Index Determinants of occurrence, midwife toads associated with List Index; Parasites as tools for biodiversity in Chaco Argentina;

30 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS

Adaptation to captivity in associated with emergence of University of Quintana Roo University of Wageningen in vertebrates; CUT plan for corncrake; Epidemiological ranavirus in Iberia; Global study (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red (The Netherlands) Camera large carnivore management aspects of amphibian of richness, spread and impacts List Index trapping as a census tool; in Tanzania; Implementation chytridiomycosis; Evolutionary of exotic birds; Tiger conservation University of Reading Ecology Comparative studies linking of a national plan for carnivore potential of living fossils; Is and dam development in the of the solenodon and hutia in ecology, evolution and physiology conservation in Tanzania anthropogenic movement of tribal forests of northeast India; agricultural and native forest University of Washington (USA) Wildlife Division (Ghana) an invasive species responsible Is anthropogenic movement of systems in Dominica Long-term demography of the Potentially zoonotic viruses for distribution of a generalist an invasive species responsible University of Rochester (USA) Serengeti cheetah population in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic pathogen?; Whole genome for distribution of a generalist Modelling the amphibian University of the West emergence of viral infections analysis of Batrachochytrium pathogen?; Spatial epidemiology response to infection by Indies (Jamaica) Amphibian in fruit bats in Ghana dendrobatidis and molecular evolution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis conservation in the Caribbean; Wildlife Institute of India University of London, King’s amphibian chytridiomycosis; University of Roehampton IUCN Sampled Red List Index Monitoring tigers, large College Environmental change in Managing mangroves in the fact Individual optimisation and University of Western Australia mammal and human wildlife riparian ecosystems: development of climate change; Disease risk social constraints in group-living IUCN Sampled Red List Index; conflict in India of a new policy-planning tool analysis and health surveillance for vertebrates; Sexual conflict and Effectiveness of marine protected Wildlife Trust of India University of London, Queen the species recovery programme; social control of female mating areas for protecting migratory IUCN Sampled Red List Index Mary Sex, flies and fungus; Developing tools to define strategies in a wild primate pelagic fish species Wildlife Trusts UK Disease risk Identifying emerging disease historical population baselines University of Salford Great University of Wisconsin (USA) analysis and health surveillance for threats to UK newts; Comparative University of Manchester crested newts and their use of a IUCN Sampled Red List Index the species recovery programme transcriptomics of midwife toads Chemical and bacteriological farmed landscape in England University of the Witwatersrand Wildlife Veterinary Investigation associated with emergence of control of Batrachochytrium sp University of San Carlos (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red Centre Garden Bird Health Initiative ranavirus in Iberia; Is anthropogenic University of Marburg (Germany) (Philippines) IUCN Sampled List Index Wildscreen IUCN Sampled Red movement of an invasive species IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index University of Würzburg List Index responsible for distribution of a University of Minnesota (USA) University of San Diego (Germany) Determinants of Woods Hole Oceanographic generalist pathogen? IUCN Sampled Red List Index (USA) Energetic constraints occurrence, distribution and Institute (USA) Cetacean University of London, Royal University of Missouri (USA) on animal ecology abundance of African mammals strandings around the UK coast Holloway West Indian mammal Building capacity and determining University of Sheffield University of York IUCN Sampled Worcester Polytechnic Institute extinctions; Primates of the disease threats to Galápagos taxa Comparative studies linking Red List Index; Biology and (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Caribbean: using historical era University of Montpellier ecology, evolution and extinction of the elephant birds List Index introductions of primates to the (France) Sexual conflict and physiology; Ecology and University of Zurich (Switzerland) Working Dogs for Conservation Lesser Antilles to understand rates social control of female mating evolution of invasive alien species; Determinants of Batrachochytrium (USA) Long-term demography of of island evolution; Quaternary strategies in a wild primate Cascading extinctions and the dendrobatidis emergence in the Serengeti cheetah population mammal extinction dynamics University of New Mexico design of ecological risk indicators; European amphibian populations; World Wildlife Fund International in Asia; Disease risk analysis and (USA) Energetic constraints Genomic aspects of DNA IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index; Drivers health surveillance for the species on animal ecology damage induced by germplasm Micro-evolutionary response of extinction: lessons from recovery programme University of Niš (Serbia) cryopreservation; Micro- to climate change in recent extinctions University of London, University IUCN Sampled Red List Index evolutionary response to climate wild populations Worldwide Dragonfly College London Constraints on University of Oklahoma (USA) change in wild populations Vaquita.org Foundation Association IUCN Sampled recovery of small populations: IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Southampton New Conservation of the Yangtze Red List Index the Hainan gibbon case study; University of Otago (New approaches to the biology and River dolphin Xerces Society for Invertebrate Biodiversity, ecosystem services, Zealand) IUCN Sampled Red extinction of the elephant birds Veterinary Services Division Conservation (USA) social sustainability and tipping List Index University of St Andrews (Dominica) Chytridiomycosis IUCN Sampled Red List Index points in African drylands; Large University of Oxford Population IUCN Sampled Red List Index; emergence in Dominica; Xuzhou Normal University felid ecology and interactions with genetic units in the Ethiopian Ecosystem service provision and Implementation of a regional (China) IUCN Sampled Red humans in the Algerian Sahara; wolf; Conservation genetics adaptive management in the management plan for amphibians List Index Social and ecological dynamics of of adders in the UK; Camera Solomon Islands; Monitoring in the Caribbean Yale University (USA) Ecology and the bushmeat trade; How many trapping as a census tool; IUCN Ganges river dolphin in Veterinary Services Division evolution of invasive alien species tigers? Investigating validity of Sampled Red List Index; West southern Bangladesh (Ghana) Zoonotic virus infections Yibin University (China) population estimates from camera Indian mammal extinctions; University of Sussex in Eidolon helvum IUCN Sampled Red List Index trap data; Ranavirus diagnostics; Antarctic monitoring; Regional Health-seeking behaviours Villanova University (USA) Yüzüncü Yıl Universitesi (Turkey) Spatiotemporal epidemiology of Red List Programme; Role of relating to febrile and encephalitic IUCN Sampled Red List Index Signal content of plumage colour emergent amphibian disease in social information in mediating illness in rural Ghana Virginia Tech University (USA) ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife aquatic habitats; Human-wildlife individual fitness and population University of Swansea Effects of Hunting behaviour in Conservation (Italy) Disease conflict, wellbeing and economic dynamics; Quantifying effects of extrinsic factors on contact rates Serengeti cheetah threats to endangered Sardinian opportunity: coexisting with environmental disturbance on in an amphibian disease reservoir West University of Timisoara newts; Using spatial genetics carnivores in the Gobi Desert; community interactions using University of Sydney (Australia) (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red to infer host movement and Climate change, drought impacts camera traps IUCN Sampled Red List Index; List Index transmission probability and mitigation of human-wildlife University of the Pacific Improving supplementary feeding Wetlands Institute (USA) Zoo Atlanta (USA) IUCN Sampled conflict in East African rangelands: (USA) IUCN Sampled Red in species conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index the case of Amboseli; Effectiveness List Index University of Tasmania Whitley Wildlife Conservation Zoological Museum of marine protected areas for University of the Philippines (Australia) IUCN Sampled Trust Conservation priorities for (Copenhagen) IUCN Sampled protecting migratory pelagic fish IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index EDGE mammals Red List Index species; Primates of the Caribbean: University of Portsmouth University of Tennessee (USA) Whittier College (USA) Zoological Survey of India using historical era introductions Genomic aspects of DNA IUCN Sampled Red List Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index of primates to the Lesser Antilles damage induced by germplasm Extinction, island biogeography Wild Camel Protection Zoologisches to understand rates of island cryopreservation; Chemical and community structure in Foundation Conservation Forschungsmuseum evolution; Mobile gaming, and bacteriological control island birds priorities for EDGE mammals Alexander Koenig (Germany) citizen science and biodiversity; of genetics variants of University of Texas (USA) Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust IUCN Sampled Red List Index Phenotypic plasticity in tropical Batrachochytrium sp Regional Red List Programme; Population dynamics of the Zootropic (Guatemala) paper wasps; Improving the University of Presov (Slovakia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index light-bellied Brent goose IUCN Sampled Red List Index impact of amphibian conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Victoria (Canada) Wildlife Conservation Society programmes; Addressing University of Pretoria (South Conservation genetics of the (USA) Long-term demography of information needs in cheetah; Africa) IUCN Sampled Red Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants the Serengeti cheetah population; Cultural and biological values of List Index of pathogen distribution and Conservation priorities for highland lakes in Papua, Indonesia; University of Queensland prevalence in a multihost and EDGE mammals; Occurrence, Prayer animal releases in Taiwan: (Australia) Comparative studies island system distribution and abundance of analysis of an eastern pathway to linking ecology, evolution and University of Virginia (USA) African mammals; The role of biological invasions; Comparative physiology; IUCN Sampled Red Energetic constraints on individual biology in determining transcriptomics of midwife toads List Index animal ecology population-level processes

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 31 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS Staff representation IoZ staff play a significant role within a wide range of professional organisations and are involved in some leading science and conservation publications.

PROFESSIONAL Research Associate) Scientific Advisory Committee) Michael Palmer (Member) Tim Blackburn (Visiting Professor) AFFILIATIONS Charity Archivists and International Primatological Marine Mammal Society Veterinary Research Club American Society of Records Managers Group Society Nadia Richman (Member) Becki Lawson (Council Member) Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Michael Palmer Juliet Wright (Member) Nature Conservation Trust, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Trent Garner (Member) (Membership Secretary) IUCN SSC South Africa Katie Beckmann (Member) Animal Health Information Chartered Institute of Ecology Tim Blackburn (Member, Invasive Sarah Durant (Trustee) Wildlife Disease Association Specialists (UK and Ireland) and Environmental Management Species Specialist Group); Monika New Zealand Department Becki Lawson (Member, Ann Sylph (Member) Kelly Moyes (Member) Böhm (Member, Snake and Reptile of Conservation Awards Committee) Ape Alliance Committee on Earth Red List Authority; Member, John Ewen (Co-chair, Working Dogs for Conservation Juliet Wright (Chair, Bushmeat Observation Systems Pangolin Specialist Group; Member, Hihi Recovery Group) Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Working Group) Nathalie Pettorelli (Member, Mollusc Specialist Group; Member, Office International des Épizooties Science Advisory Board) Applied Vision Association Biodiversity Steering Group) Butterfly Specialist Group); Jessica Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad World Congress of Herpetology Hannah Rowland (Member) Deep Sea Biology Society Bryant (Member, Primate Specialist hoc Group on Amphibian Diseases) Trent Garner (Member, Association for the Study Chris Yesson (Secretary) Group); Andrew Cunningham Primate Society of Great Britain Executive Committee) of Animal Behaviour Defenders of Wildlife (Member, Amphibian Survival Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Alliance; Member, Wildlife Health Juliet Wright (Member) Zoological Education Hannah Rowland (Member) Scientific Advisory Board) Specialist Group; Member, Ramsar Becki Lawson (Council Member) Association for Tropical Department for Environment, Conservation Breeding Specialist Nathalie Pettorelli (Invited Zirrichiltaggi (Sardinia) Biology and Conservation Food and Rural Affairs Group); David Curnick (Member, Expert, Scientific and Jon Bielby (Member); Oliver Wearn (Member) Andrew Cunningham (Member, Mangrove Specialist Group); Sarah Technical Review Panel) Trent Garner (Member) Australasian Wildlife GB Wildlife Disease Surveillance Durant (Member, Cat Specialist Reef Conservation UK Management Society Partnership); Trent Garner (Member, Group); John Ewen (Member, David Curnick EDITORIAL John Ewen (Member) Amphibian Health Advisory Reintroduction Specialist Group); (Committee Member) POSITIONS Bat Conservation Trust, UK Committee); Paul Jepson (Member, Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian Royal Veterinary College Animal Conservation Kate Jones (Trustee) CSIP Project Steering Group) Specialist Group); Dada Gottelli Andrew Cunningham (Visiting Trent Garner (Editor); Biodiversity Indicators Partnership European College of (Member, Canid Specialist Group); Professor); Paul Jepson (Honorary Nathalie Pettorelli (Editor) Louise McRae (Partner) Zoological Medicine Paul Jepson (Member, Wildlife Senior Lecturer); Anthony Sainsbury Computational and Mathematical British Ecological Society Andrew Cunningham (Diplomat, Health Specialist Group; Member, (Honorary Senior Lecturer) Methods in Medicine Jon Bielby (Member; Early-Career Chair, Wildlife Population Health); Cetacean Specialist Group); Kate Societas Europea Herpetologica Jinliang Wang (Member, Stage Committee Member, Paul Jepson (Diplomat, Wildlife Jones (Member, Chiroptera Trent Garner (Member) Editorial Board) Parasite and Pathogen Special Population Health); Anthony Specialist Group); Helen Meredith Society for Conservation Biology EcoHealth Interest Group); Monika Böhm Sainsbury (Member) (Program Officer, Amphibian David Curnick (Member); Tammy Andrew Cunningham (Member); Patricia Brekke European Society for Specialist Group); Nathalie Davies (Member); John Ewen (Member, Editorial Board) (Member); Frances Clare (Member); Evolutionary Biology Pettorelli (Member, Mangrove (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli Ecological Applications Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Andrew Trent Garner (Member) Specialist Group); Anthony (Member, Board of Governance); Trent Garner (Member, Cunningham (Member); David European Wildlife Sainsbury (Member, Wildlife Health Nadia Richman (Member) Editorial Board) Curnick (Member); Tammy Davies Disease Association Specialist Group); Samuel Turvey Society for the Study of Emu: Austral Ornithology (Member); Simon Dures (Member); Becki Lawson (Member, (Member, Cetacean Specialist Amphibians and Reptiles John Ewen (Associate Editor) Ellie Dyer (Member, Macroecology Student Activities Council) Group; Member, Saola Working Trent Garner (Member) Endangered Species Research Special Interest Group); Trent Fisheries Society Group; Conservation Co-ordinator, Student Conference on Marcus Rowcliffe (Editor) Garner (Member); Kirsty Kemp of the British Isles Small Mammal Specialist Group); Conservation Science European Journal of (Member); Kirsten McMillan David Curnick (Member); Rosie Woodroffe (Core Member; Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Wildlife Research (Member); Louise McRae (Member); Kirsty Kemp (Member) Co-ordinator, African Wild Dog Conference Advisory Committee) Anthony Sainsbury Nathalie Pettorelli (Member); Genetics Society Working Group; Member, Canid Surrey Amphibian (Associate Editor) Nadia Richman (Member); Trent Garner (Member); Specialist Group; Member, Wildlife and Reptile Group Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Hannah Rowland (Member) Hannah Rowland (Member) Health Specialist Group) Christopher Durrant (Member) Hannah Rowland (Review Editor) British Herpetological Society GEO-BON Kenya Wildlife Service Surrey Wildlife Trust Global Ecology and Biogeography Frances Clare (Member); Monika Böhm (Member, Working Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Steering Christopher Durrant (Member) Kate Jones (Editor) Kirsten McMillan (Member) Group 2); Louise McRae (Member, Group on Conservation and UNEP-ASCOBANS International Journal British Phycological Society Working Group 2); Nathalie Management of Large Carnivores) Paul Jepson (Member, of Parasitology Chris Yesson (Member) Pettorelli (Member) Kerala Veterinary and Animal Advisory Group) Anthony Sainsbury British Veterinary Association Herpetologists’ League Sciences University (India) Universidad Andrés Bello (Chile) (Associate Editor) Andrew Cunningham (Member) Trent Garner (Member) Anthony Sainsbury Andrew Cunningham Journal of Applied Ecology British Veterinary Hihi Recovery Group (Member, Expert Committee) (Visiting Professor) Nathalie Pettorelli (Editor) Zoological Society Patricia Brekke (Member), King Saud University University College London Journal of Evolutionary Biology Katie Beckmann (Member); John Ewen (Co-chair) (Saudi Arabia) Tim Blackburn (Honorary Jinliang Wang (Member, Andrew Cunningham (Member) International Advisory Group Tim Blackburn (Member, Professor); Andrew Cunningham Board of Reviewing Editors) Bushmeat Working Group for the Northern Bald Ibis Distinguished Scientist (Honorary Professor) Journal of Zoology Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Andrew Cunningham Fellowship Scheme) University of Adelaide (Australia) Jon Bielby (Member, Editorial Marcus Rowcliffe (Member); (Committee Member) Laurentian University (Canada) Andrew Cunningham Board); Trent Garner Juliet Wright (Member) International Council for Trent Garner (Adjunct Professor) (Visiting Professor) (Member, Editorial Board) Centre for Ecology and Evolution Exploration of the Sea London Biology Librarians’ Group University of Birmingham NeoBiota Kate Jones (Member, Paul Jepson (Member, Working Ann Sylph (Member) Tim Blackburn (Honorary Professor) Tim Blackburn (Editor) Steering Committee) Group on Marine Mammal Ecology) London Invasive Species Initiative University of Cambridge Scientific Reports Centre of Excellence for Invasion International Foundation Ellie Dyer (Committee Member) Hannah Rowland (Churchill Andrew Cunningham (Editor) Biology, South Africa for Science London Learned and Professional College Research Fellow) Wildlife Research Tim Blackburn (Honorary Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Societies Librarians’ Group University of Oxford Andrew Cunningham (Editor)

32 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS

Publications IoZ staff and students have contributed to a huge range of publications over the 2013-2014 academic year.

Almond, REA, Butchart, SHM, North Atlantic. Conservation the United States of America Forrester, GJ, Ruscoe, WA, Reed, home. Australian Field Oldfield, TEE, McRae, L and de Genetics 15: 789-802. 111: 9193-9198. DN, Bukombe, J, Mchetto, J and Ornithology 30: 57-66. Bie, S (2013) Exploitation indices: Sinclair, ARE (2014) Episodic developing global and national Barratclough, A, Jepson, PD, Bijma, J, Pörtner, H-O, Yesson, C outbreaks of small mammals Clements, CF, Collen, B, metrics of wildlife use and trade. Hamilton, PK, Miller, CA, Wilson, and Rogers, AD (2013) Climate influence predator community Blackburn, TM and Petchey, Biodiversity monitoring and K and Moore, MJ (2014) How change and the oceans – what dynamics in an east African OL (2014) Effects of directional conservation: bridging the gap much does a swimming, does the future hold? Marine savanna ecosystem. Oikos environmental change between global commitment and underweight, entangled right Pollution Bulletin 74: 495-505. 123: 1014-1024. on extinction dynamics local action: 159-188. Collen, whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in experimental microbial B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and weigh? Calculating the weight Blackburn, TM, Essl, F, Evans, T, Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, communities are predicted Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: at sea, to facilitate accurate Hulme, PE, Jeschke, JM, Kühn, Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, by a simple model. Oikos Wiley-Blackwell. dosing of sedatives to enable I, Kumschick, S, Marková, Z, G (2013) Personality predicts 123: 141-150. disentanglement. Marine Mrugała, A, Nentwig, W, Pergl, decision making only when Angelini, C, Sotgiu, G, Tessa, Mammal Science. DOI: J, Pyšek, P, Rabitsch, W, Ricciardi, information is unreliable. Clements, CF, Collen, B, G, Bielby, J, Doglio, S, Favelli, 10.1111/mms.12132 A, Richardson, DM, Sendek, A, Animal Behaviour 86: 633-639. Blackburn, TM and Petchey, M, Garner, TWJ, Gazzaniga, E, Vilà, M, Wilson, JRU, Winter, M, OL (2014) Effects of recent Giacoma, C and Bovero, S (2014) Bashir, S (2013) Monitoring in Genovesi, P and Bacher, S (2014) Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, environmental change on Environmentally determined UNDP-GEF biodiversity projects: A unified classification of alien Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, G accuracy of inferences of juvenile growth rates dictate balancing conservation priorities, species based on the magnitude (2014) Personality predicts the extinction status. Conservation the degree of sexual size financial realities, and scientific of their environmental impacts. propensity for social learning Biology 28: 971-981. dimorphism in the Sardinian rigour. Biodiversity monitoring PLoS Biology 12(5): e1001850. in a wild primate. PeerJ 2: e283. brook newt. Evolutionary Ecology. and conservation: bridging the Clements, CF, Warren, PH, Collen, DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9717-8 gap between global commitment Blackburn, TM, Su, S and Cassey, Cassey, P, Prowse, TAA and B, Blackburn, T, Worsfold, N and and local action: 348-401. Collen, P (2014) A potential metric of Blackburn, TM (2014) A Petchey, O (2013) Interactions Armstrong, DP and Ewen, JG B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and the attractiveness of bird song to population model for predicting between assembly order and (2013) Consistency, continuity Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: humans. Ethology 120: 305-312. the successful establishment temperature can alter both and creativity: long-term studies Wiley-Blackwell. of introduced bird species. short- and long-term community of population dynamics on Tiritiri Blacklaws, BA, Gajda, AM, Tippelt, Oecologia 175: 417-428. composition. Ecology and Matangi Island. New Zealand Beckmann, KM, Borel, N, S, Jepson, PD, Deaville, R, Van Evolution 3: 5201-5208. Journal of Ecology 37(3): 288-297. Pocknell, AM, Dagleish, MP, Bressem, M-F and Pearce, GP Chauvenet, ALM, Ewen, JG, Sachse, K, John, SK, Pospischil, A, (2013) Molecular characterization Armstrong, D and Pettorelli, N Collen, B, Griffiths, J, Friedmann, Baker, KS, Suu-Ire, R, Barr, J, Cunningham, AA and Lawson, of poxviruses associated (2013) Saving the hihi under Y, Rodriguez, JP, Rojas-Suàrez, F Hayman, DTS, Broder, CC, Horton, B (2014) Chlamydiosis in British with tattoo skin lesions in UK climate change: a case for and Baillie, JEM (2013) Tracking DL, Durrant, C, Murcia, PR, garden birds (2005-2011): cetaceans. PLoS One 8(8): e71734. assisted colonization. Journal of change in national-level Cunningham, AA and Wood, JLN retrospective diagnosis and Applied Ecology 50: 1330-1340. conservation status: National (2014) Viral antibody dynamics Chlamydia psittaci genotype Brace, S, Barnes, I, Kitchener, Red Lists. Biodiversity monitoring in a chiropteran host. Journal of determination. EcoHealth. DOI: AC, Serjeantson, D and Turvey, Chen, S, Yi, Z-F, Campos-Arceiz, A, and conservation: bridging the Animal Ecology 83: 415-428. 10.1007/s10393-014-0951-x ST (2014) Late Holocene range Chen, M-Y and Webb, EL (2013) gap between global commitment collapse in a former British Developing a spatially-explicit, and local action: 17-44. Collen, Baláz, V, Vörös, J, Civiš, P, Vojar, J, Beckmann, KM, O’Donovan, D, seabird species. Journal of sustainable and risk-based B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM Hettyey, A, Sós, E, Dankovics, R, McKeown, S, Wernery, U, Basu, Biogeography 41: 1583-1589. insurance scheme to mitigate and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Jehle, R, Christiansen, DG, Clare, P and Bailey, TA (2013) Blood human-wildlife conflict. Biological Wiley-Blackwell. F, Fisher, MC, Garner, TWJ and vitamins and trace elements in Brodie, J, Williamson, CJ, Smale, Conservation 168: 31-39. Bielby, J (2014) Assessing risk Northern-East African cheetahs DA, Kamenos, NA, Mieszkowska, Collen, B, McRae, L, Loh, J, Deinet, and guidance on monitoring of (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) N, Santos, R, Cunliffe, M, Steinke, Chi, JF, Lawson, B, Durrant, S, De Palma, A, Manley, R and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in in captivity in the Middle East. M, Yesson, C, Anderson, KM, C, Beckmann, K, John, S, Baillie, JEM (2013) Tracking Europe through identification of Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Asnaghi, V, Brownlee, C, Burdett, Alrefaei, AF, Kirkbride, K, Bell, change in abundance: the taxonomic selectivity of infection. Medicine 44: 613-626. HL, Burrows, MT, Collins, S, DJ, Cunningham, AA and Tyler, living planet index. Biodiversity Conservation Biology 28: 213-223. Donohue, PJC, Harvey, B, Foggo, KM (2013) The finch epidemic monitoring and conservation: Berthouly-Salazar, C, Hui, C, A, Noisette, F, Nunes, J, Ragazzola, strain of Trichomonas gallinae bridging the gap between global Ball, SJ, Daszak, P, Sainsbury, Blackburn, TM, Gaboriaud, C, F, Raven, JA, Schmidt, DN, is predominant in British non- commitment and local action: AW and Snow, KR (2014) Van Rensburg, BJ, Jansen Van Suggett, D, Teichberg, M and Hall- passerines. Parasitology 71-94. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Coccidian parasites of red Vuuren, B and Le Roux, JJ Spencer, JM (2014) The future of 140: 1234-1245. Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) (2013) Long-distance dispersal the northeast Atlantic benthic Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. and grey squirrels (Sciurus maximizes evolutionary potential flora in a high CO2 world. Ecology Clark, FE, Davies, SL, Madigan, carolinensis) in England. Journal during rapid geographic range and Evolution 4: 2787-2798. AW, Warner, AJ and Kuczaj, SA Connolly, M, Thomas, P, of Natural History 48: 1225-1230. expansion. Molecular Ecology (2013) Cognitive enrichment for Woodroffe, R and Raphael, BL 22: 5793-5804. Brooke, ZM, Bielby, J, Nambiar, K bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops (2013) Comparison of oral and Banguera-Hinestroza, E, Evans, and Carbone, C (2014) Correlates truncatus): evaluation of a novel intramuscular recombinant PGH, Mirimin, L, Reid, RJ, Bielby, J, Donnelly, CA, Pope, LC, of research effort in carnivores: underwater maze device. canine distemper vaccination Mikkelsen, B, Couperus, AS, Burke, T and Woodroffe, R (2014) body size, range size and diet Zoo Biology 32: 608-619. in african wild dogs (Lycaon Deaville, R, Rogan, E and Hoelzel, Badger responses to small- matter. PLoS One 9(4): e93195. pictus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife AR (2014) Phylogeography scale culling may compromise Clarke, RH and Ewen, JG Medicine 44: 882-888. and population dynamics targeted control of bovine Byrom, AE, Craft, ME, Durant, (2013) Red-capped (Papuan) of the white-sided dolphin tuberculosis. Proceedings of the SM, Nkwabi, AJK, Metzger, K, flowerpeckerDicaeum Creel, S, Becker, MS, Durant, (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in the National Academy of Sciences of Hampson, K, Mduma, SAR, geelvinkianum calls Australia SM, M’Soka, J, Matandiko, W,

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 33 Dickman, AJ, Christianson, D, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50: F, Gerngross, P, Haddane, B, Ganas, P, Jaskulska, B, Lawson, B, sexes. Behavioral Ecology and Dröge, E, Mweetwa, T, Pettorelli, 431-437. Hadjeloum, M, Jacobson, A, Zadravec, M, Hess, M and Bilic, Sociobiology 67: 1915-1929. N, Rosenblatt, E, Schuette, P, Jebali, A, Lamarque, F, Mallon, I (2014) Multi-locus sequence Woodroffe, R, Bashir, S, Beudels- Doddington, BJ, Bosch, J, D, Minkowski, K, Monfort, S, typing confirms the clonality Harrison, XA, York, JE, Cram, Jamar, RC, Blake, S, Borner, M, Oliver, JA, Grassly, NC, Garcia, G, Ndoassal, B, Niagate, B, Purchase, of Trichomonas gallinae isolates DL and Young, AJ (2013) Breitenmoser, C, Broekhuis, Schmidt, BR, Garner, TWJ and G, Samaïla, S, Samna, AK, Sillero- circulating in European finches. Extra-group mating increases F, Cozzi, G, Davenport, TRB, Fisher, MC (2013) Context- Zubiri, C, Soultan, AE, Stanley Parasitology 141: 652-661. inbreeding risk in a cooperatively Deutsch, J, Dollar, L, Dolrenry, S, dependent amphibian host Price, MR and Pettorelli, N (2014) breeding bird. Molecular Ecology Douglas-Hamilton, I, Fitzherbert, population response to an Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots Gilbert, AT, Fooks, AR, Hayman, 22: 5700-5715. E, Foley, C, Hazzah, L, Henschel, P, invading pathogen. Ecology while deserts burn? Collapse of DTS, Horton, DL, Müller, T, Hilborn, R, Hopcraft, JGC, Ikanda, 94: 1795-1804. the Sahara’s megafauna. Diversity Plowright, R, Peel, AJ, Bowen, R, Huchard, E, Charmantier, A, D, Jacobson, A, Joubert, B, and Distributions 20: 114-122. Wood, JLN, Mills, J, Cunningham, English, S, Bateman, A, Nielsen, Joubert, D, Kelly, MS, Lichtenfeld, Doherty-Bone, T, Ndifon, RK, AA and Rupprecht, CE (2013) JF and Clutton-Brock, T (2014) L, Mace, GM, Milanzi, J, Mitchell, Nyingchia, ON, Landrie, FE, Eastwood, G, Goodman, SJ, Deciphering serology to Additive genetic variance and N, Msuha, M, Muir, R, Nyahongo, Yonghabi, FT, Duffus, ALJ, Price, Hilgert, N, Cruz, M, Kramer, LD understand the ecology of developmental plasticity in J, Pimm, S, Purchase, G, Schenck, S, Perkins, M, Bielby, J, Kome, and Cunningham, AA (2014) infectious diseases in wildlife. growth trajectories in a wild C, Sillero-Zubiri, C, Sinclair, ARE, NB, LeBreton, M, Gonwouo, LN Using avian surveillance EcoHealth 10: 298-313. cooperative mammal. Journal Songorwa, AN, Stanley-Price, and Cunningham, AA (2013) in Ecuador to assess the of Evolutionary Biology 27: M, Tehou, CA, Trout, C, Wall, J, Morbidity and mortality of the imminence of West Nile Glover, AG, Wiklund, H, Taboada, 1893-1904. Wittemyer, G and Zimmermann, critically endangered Lake Oku Virus incursion to Galápagos. S, Avila, C, Cristobo, J, Smith, A (2013) Conserving large clawed frog Xenopus longipes. EcoHealth 11: 53-62. CR, Kemp, KM, Jamieson, A and Imrat, P, Mahasawangkul, S, populations of lions – the Endangered Species Research Dahlgren, TG (2013) Bone-eating Thitaram, C, Suthanmapinanth, P, argument for fences has holes. 21: 115-128. English, S, Huchard, E, Nielsen, worms from the Antarctic: the Kornkaewrat, K, Sombutputorn, Ecology Letters 16: 1413-14e3. 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34 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS

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BioScience 64: Wright, EP, Kemp, K, Rogers, AD conservation threats, Smith, O and Wang, J (2014) Turner, TE, Charman, DJ, 625-629. and Yesson, C (2014) Genetic interventions and impacts When can noninvasive samples Gallego-Sala, A, Valderrama, E, structure of the tall sea pen on wildlife in a Cambodian provide sufficient information in Williams, C, Draper, F, Honorio Walker, LK, Ewen, JG and Kilner, Funiculina quadrangularis in NW tropical forest. Imperial College conservation genetics studies? Coronado, EN, Roucoux, KH, RM (2014) Sexually selected Scottish sea lochs. Marine Ecology. London, UK. Molecular Ecology Resources Baker, T and Mullan, DJ (2014) dichromatism in the hihi DOI: 10.1111/maec.12174 14: 1011-1023. Ecology of testate amoebae Notiomystis cincta: multiple Price, S (2014) Emergence in an Amazonian peatland colours for multiple receivers. Zanette, LRS, Miller, SDL, Faria, of a virulent wildlife disease: Soto-Azat, C, Valenzuela- and development of a transfer Journal of Evolutionary Biology CMA, Lopez-Vaamonde, C and using spatial epidemiology Sanchez, A, Clarke, BT, Busse, function for palaeohydrological 27: 1522-1535. Bourke, AFG (2014) Bumble and phylogenetic methods K, Ortiz, JC, Barrientos, C and reconstruction. Microbial Ecology bee workers drift to conspecific to reconstruct the spread of Cunningham, AA (2013) Is 68: 284-298. Walker, LK, Thorogood, R, nests at field scales. Ecological amphibian viruses. University of chytridiomycosis driving Karadas, F, Raubenheimer, D, Entomology 39: 347-354. London, Queen Mary, UK. Darwin’s frogs to extinction? Thompson, BS, Clubbe, CP, Kilner, RM and Ewen, JG (2014) PLoS One 8(11): e79862. Primavera, JH, Curnick, DJ and Foraging for carotenoids: Zhu, L, Hu, Y, Qi, D, Wu, H, Signorile, L (2014) Genetic Koldewey, HJ (2014) Locally do colorful male hihi target Zhan, X, Zhang, Z, Bruford, determinants of the expansion Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs, A, assessing the economic viability carotenoid-rich foods in the MW, Wang, J, Yang, X, Gu, X, of eastern grey squirrel Martel, A, Hallmann, CA, of blue carbon: a case study from wild? Behavioral Ecology. DOI: Zhang, L, Zhang, B, Zhang, populations across Europe. Bosman, W, Garner, TWJ, Panay Island, the Philippines. 10.1093/beheco/aru076 S and Wei, F (2013) Genetic Imperial College London, UK. Van Rooij, P, Jooris, R, Ecosystem Services 8: 128-140. consequences of historical Haesebrouck, F and Pasmans, Wang, J (2014) Estimation of anthropogenic and ecological Smith, F (2014) The F (2014) Environmental Thorogood, R, Armstrong, DP, migration rates from marker- events on giant pandas. epidemiology of the amphibian determinants of recent Low, M, Brekke, P and Ewen, JG based parentage analysis. Ecology 94: 2346-2357. pathogen Batrachochytrium endemism of Batrachochytrium (2013) The value of long-term Molecular Ecology 23: 3191-3213. dendrobatidis in the UK. dendrobatidis infections in ecological research: integrating PhD THESES Imperial College London, UK. amphibian assemblages in the knowledge for conservation of Wang, J (2014) Marker-based Asher, C (2013) The dynamics absence of disease outbreaks. hihi on Tiritiri Matangi Island. estimates of relatedness and of reproductive dominance Stanton, D (2014) Conservation Biology. DOI: New Zealand Journal of Ecology inbreeding coefficients: an in dinosaur ants. University of Phylogeography, population 10.1111/cobi.12281 37: 298-306. assessment of current methods. Leeds, UK. genetics and conservation

36 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS

of the okapi. Cardiff initiatives within the BirdLife for the Working for Water Correia Da Costa, AF (2013) elephants (Elephas maximus) University, UK. International Partnership. programme in South Africa. Lead exposure affects bone in Myanmar. mechanical properties of free- Walker, L (2014) The Gleave, RA (2013) Post-dispersal Selinske, M (2013) Do fulfilled living red kites (Milvus milvus) Franklinos, LHV (2013) consequences of early- and seed removal rates: the relative motivations lead to satisfaction? in the UK. Fluctuating asymmetry in adult-life nutrition for the roles played by vertebrates and An assessment of stewardship UK raptors and influence of colour and conservation of invertebrates along a land-use landowners in the Western Cape, Davies, O (2013) Reintroduction pollutant exposure. hihi Notiomystis cincta. gradient due to tropical forest South Africa. or wait and see? University of Cambridge, UK. degradation in Sabah, Malaysia. Hassell, J (2103) Mortality, Selvey, C (2013) A social Duggan, G (2013) Tongue tied: morbidity and development of MSc THESES – Harrison, M (2013) Penetrating evaluation of a community- an assessment of nocturnal infant mountain gorillas (Gorilla CONSERVATION the Impenetrable: establishing based monitoring project in behaviour in captive giraffe beringei beringei): a retrospective SCIENCE profiles and motivations Guyana. cMRV: community- (Giraffa camelopardalis). analysis of 46 years’ worth of Awarded by Imperial College of resource users at Bwindi measuring, reporting necropsy data. London, UK Impenetrable National and verification. Ferri, C (2013) Haemoparasite Park, Uganda. infections of British garden birds. Jayasinghe, MGCM (2013) Causes Aberdeen, S (2013) The history Shirkhorshidi, M (2013) Local of deaths in scimitar-horned and future of island conservation Hazelwood, K (2013) Factors community perceptions on Gunary, N (2013) Assessing oryx (Oryx dammah) in the UK in a snail shell utilising historically affecting red grouse (Lagopus natural resource governance at patterns of Cryptosporidium sp. zoological collections, 1971- formed baselines and extinction lagopus scoticus) nesting protected areas: understanding and Giardia sp. prevalence as 2012: a retrospective study. risk analysis within island success and chick survival factors critical to the success indicators of anthropozoonotic ecosystems to inform risk at Langholm Moor. of integrated conservation disease risk in the Critically Kulkarni, M (2013) A retospective assessment and future Partula and development. Endangered western study of neoplasia in captive wild reintroduction planning. Jenkins, H (2013) The human lowland gorilla. felids resident at ZSL London dimensions of illegal bird Shishkova, E (2013) Socio- Zoo from 1956-2013. Barnes, P (2013) Battitude: trapping in Cyprus. economic impact assessment Holt, S (2013) Exploring the an assessment of human of protected areas: a review of effect of resource predictability Naylor, A (2013) Validation of attitude and behaviour towards Johnson, S (2013) Lapwing methods and their application. on foraging behaviour and faecal progestogen analysis for the Critically Endangered conservation and Agri- success of wild chacma baboons monitoring the reproductive Pteropus rodricensis. Environment Scheme fallow Spooner, F (2013) When the (Papio ursinus). profiles of female lowland plots – population sources going gets tough, the tough (Tapirus terrestrus) and Malayan Brittain, S (2013) A rapid or sinks? An assessment of restrict their movement – the Kirkham, HM (2013) Second tapir (Tapirus indicus). assessment of the status and whether AES fallow plots provide effect of fluctuating resources generation anticoagulant distribution of Loxodonta cyclotis suitable habitat for lapwing on the daily movements of rodenticides in captive birds Rodriguez Lopez Del Rio, PA in South East Cameroon. fledging success. African elephants. at ZSL London Zoo. (2013) Assessing mammalian diversity in urban settings Bush, ER (2013) What’s the Jones, S (2013) Examining Ward, C (2013) Social dynamics Stone, R (2013) Assessing through carrion fly-derived catch? Mosquito net fishing the behavioural costs of of a human wildlife conflict: reactivity in individual elephants DNA analysis. in East Africa. heat in a climatically range- understanding attitudes and through keeper assessments of restricted arid zone bird; behaviours towards yellow- personality and introduction Shadbolt, T (2013) Fonseca, C (2013) Disentangling the case of the Ethiopian shouldered Amazon parrots of a novel stimulus. Characterising Tasmanian porpoise bycatch: interaction Bush-crow Zavattariornis on Bonaire. devil facial tumour disease. between areas of finless stresemanni. Takahashi, EA (2013) The role porpoise occurrence and Wheeler, LJ (2013) Using of dogs in the transmission Simpkins, KS (2013) The spatial distribution of Kerr, CH (2013) Evaluating telemetry data to study and maintenance of canine effects of noise on faecal fishing gear. the viability of shade-grown behavioural responses of distemper in the Serengeti cortisol and behaviour in tree crop plantations as a Grevy’s zebra in a pastoral ecosystem – barking up the off-show pied tamarins Chan, CJ (2013) Interactions conservation strategy in the landscape in Samburu, Kenya. wrong tree? (Saguinus bicolor) at Durrell between invasive mammals context of crop-raiding adjacent Wildlife Conservation Park. and their effects on red-billed to Gola Rainforest National Wilkinson, C (2013) Composition Theodorakou, C (2013) Factors tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus) Park, Sierra Leone. and abundance of freshwater affecting the reproductive nesting productivity. fish communities across a land output and hatching success Laginha Pinto Correia, D (2013) use gradient in Sabah, Borneo. of the leatherback sea turtle Dancer, A (2013) Do community- The role of supplementary Dermochelys coriacea in Tobago, conserved areas in Tanzania feeding in conservation: MSc THESES – WILD West Indies. achieve conservation goals? the example of the hihi ANIMAL BIOLOGY An initiative-wide study (Notiomystis cincta). Awarded by the University of Woodcraft, G (2013) Elucidating using remote imagery and London, UK the evolutionary history of matching methods. Motoki, M (2013) A preliminary the toll-like receptor 1, 6 triage approach to global Abad, K (2103) Drivers of the and 10 superfamily in Dorward, L (2013) Local assessment of palms global lobsters’ (Homaridae) marine mammals. participation where traditional extinction risk. species richness patterns. monitoring has failed; assessing MSc THESES – WILD the participatory monitoring Pollard, CRJ (2013) The right Adams, A (2013) Post mortem ANIMAL HEALTH of saigas (Saiga tatarica) in tools for the job: assessment of prevalence of avian tuberculosis Awarded by the University of Kalmykia, Russia. critical evaluation systems for (caused by Mycobacterium London, UK community-based conservation avium) in captive flamingos in Eckert, S (2013) The value of the programmes in Samburu, the United Kingdom. Barratclough, A (2013) global marine protected area northern Kenya. Calculating the weight of right network in the conservation of Agnew, R (2013) The impact of whales (Eubalaena glacialis) migratory, endangered sharks. Price, V (2013) Trouble in wind farms on the cortisol level at sea, to faciliatae accurate paradise: mapping human- of badgers. dosing of sedatives, to enable Evans, T (2013) The magnitude wildlife conflict in the western disentanglement from and determinants of alien bird Indian Ocean. Brandao, J (2013) Do high noise fishing gear. impacts in Australia. levels and the presence of Püschel Hoeneisen, N (2013) visitors have a negative impact Eng, WLJ (2013) Host-parasite Fairburn, W (2013) An evaluation Evaluating spatial trade-offs of on the behaviour of polar bears ecology of the helminths in of capacity development prioritising different objectives (Ursus maritimus)? a group of working Asian

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 37 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / GOVERNANCE Governance and staff ZSL would like to thank its students, interns, volunteers and collaborators, as well as its staff.

ZSL/UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON JOINT COMMITTEE University College London Professor Frances Brodsky (Director, Division of Biosciences); Chair Dr Helen Chatterjee (Senior Lecturer in Biology and Deputy Director of Museums, Collections and Public Engagement) Professor Andrew Pomiankowski (Head, Genetics, Evolution and Environment; Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences) ZSL Ralph Armond (Director General) Staff at the IoZ Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS (ZSL Secretary; Natural History Museum) Samuel Turvey Ben Garrod Postgraduate Research Honorary Research Fellows Sir Cyril Chantler (appointed Jinliang Wang Gianfranco Gliozzo Assistants Dr Andrew Balmford, University Chair UCL Partners) Rosie Woodroffe, James Hansford Katie Beckmann of Cambridge Professor Ian Owens Postgraduate Tutor Michael Hudson Ricardo Castro César de Sá Professor Tim Coulson, Imperial (Natural History Museum) Postdoctoral Research Staff Eric Isaí Ameca y Juárez Aliénor Chauvenet College London In attendance Jon Bielby Andrew Jacobson Amy Collins Professor Christl Donnelly, Imperial Ian Davis (Senior Management Monika Böhm Natoya Jourdain Stefanie Deinet College London Accountant, School of Life Patricia Brekke Alexandra Kamins Lydia Franklinos Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial and Medical Sciences, UCL) John Ewen Gita Kasthala Tim Hopkins College London Loren Moyse (Faculty Manager, Robin Freeman Rosalind Kennerley Seth Jackson Professor Tony Fooks, Animal Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL) Xavier Harrison Emmelianna Kumar Lindsay Leyden Health and Veterinary Veena Sharma (Finance Director, Edward Johns Alexander Lee Louise McRae Laboratories Agency School of Life and Medical Kirsty Kemp James McNamara Kayna Prescott Professor John Gittleman, Sciences, UCL) Becki Lawson Helen Meredith Naomi Stratton University of Virginia, USA Fiona Evans (Human Resources Kelly Moyes Elizabeth Moorcroft Research Assistants Professor Katherine Homewood, Director, ZSL) Sinead Murphy Sean Morrow David Jacoby University College London Christina Herterich Nathalie Pettorelli Sahil Nijhawan Charlotte Outhwaite Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial (Administration Manager, Marcus Rowcliffe Hannah O’Kelly Project Administrators College London Institute of Zoology); Hannah Rowland Helen O’Neill Becky Shu Chen Professor Ian Owens, Natural Committee Secretary Christopher Yesson David Orchard Michelle Wong History Museum Professor Ken Norris (Director of Postgraduate Research Leandro Patino Technical Staff Professor Andy Purvis, Imperial Science, Institute of Zoology) Students Stephen Price Dada Gottelli, Chief Technician College London Michael Russell (Finance Claudia Amphlett Cassandra Raby Christopher Durrant, Senior Professor James Wood, University Director, ZSL) Claire Asher Nadia Richman Technician and Biosafety Officer of Cambridge Farid Belbachir Silke Riesle Sbarbaro Robert Deaville, Cetacean Honorary Research IoZ Emily Bell Goncalo Rosa Strandings Programme Associates Professor Tim Blackburn, Director Dominic Bennett Su Shan Manager Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse of Science (to 31 July 2014) Lucie Bland Lisa Signorile Lola Brookes Sarah Whitmee Professor Ken Norris, Director of Mariana Bobadilla Suarez Freya Smith Johanna Ibbotson Scientific Publications Science (from 1 August 2014) Sarah Brooke David Stanton Shinto John and Meetings Senior Research Staff Jessica Bryant Leila Walker Gabriela Peniche Linda DaVolls, Head of Scientific Andrew Cunningham, Deputy Lewis Campbell Charlotte Walters Matthew Perkins Publications and Meetings Director, Institute of Zoology; Frances Clare Oliver Wearn Judith Reise Fiona Fisken, Managing Editor, Theme Leader, Wildlife Fay Clark Emma Wombwell Louise Wong International Zoo Yearbook Epidemiology Chris Clements Charlotte Wood Administrative and Elina Rantanen, Journals Manager Chris Carbone, Theme Leader, Murray Collins Juliet Wright Support Staff Megan Orpwood-Russell, Biodiversity and Macroecology Jennifer Crees Veronica Zamora- Christina Herterich, Institute Scientific Events Co-ordinator Guy Cowlishaw, Theme Leader, Helen Cross Gutiérrez Administration Manager Library Behavioural and Population David Curnick Affiliated Postgraduate Amrit Dehal, Information Ann Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Ecology Jeremy Cusack Research Students Systems Administrator Michael Palmer MA (Deputy Sarah Durant, Theme Leader, David Daversa Alice Baniel Idrish Dudhwala, Librarian/Archivist) People, Wildlife and Ecosystems Tammy Davies Anne-Sophie Bertrand Finance Administrator Emma Milnes MA Trent Garner, Theme Leader, Julieta Decarre Alecia Carter David Hitchcock, Buildings and (Assistant Librarian) Evolution and Molecular Caitlin Douglas Marc Fernandez Morron Capital Projects Administrator James Godwin Ecology Clare Duncan Alexander Gorbachev Joanne Keogh, Assistant to (Library Assistant) Paul Jepson Simon Dures Anne Hilborn Director and Admin Manager/ Kate Jones, UCL and ZSL Chair of Ellie Dyer Kirsten McMillan Student Administrator We thank all others working Ecology and Biodiversity Rhys Farrer Kate Richardson Lynne Rushton, Health and at IoZ, including volunteers Anthony Sainsbury Henry Ferguson-Gow Richard Suu-Ire Safety Administrator on projects in the field

38 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 Patron Publication Her Majesty The Queen acknowledgements Design and editorial coordination: Think Head of Scientific Publications ZSL Council Members 2014 and Meetings: Linda DaVolls Editorial consultant: Claire Sargent President: Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS* Designers: Shelley Varley, Professor Sir John Beddington FRS+ Nikki Ackerman Secretary: Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS Senior sub-editor: Gemma Dean Treasurer: Paul Rutteman CBE © Zoological Society of London and contributors 2014. All rights reserved. This review is printed on 100% recycled

paper. We extend our thanks to ZSL Sheila Anderson MBE* staff and other colleagues for the use of photographs, including: Lucy Anderson, Michael Bird George Brown, Alecia Carter/Tsaobis Dr Brian Bertram* Baboon Project, Samantha Cartwright, Cowlishaw et al, Graham Duggan, Martin Cooke Sarah Durant, James Godwin, Kirsty John Edwards* Kemp, Mansur/WCS Bangladesh, Charlotte Medlicott on behalf of Ray Heaton Soapbox Science/L’Oréal UK & Ireland, Ken Livingstone Cian Merne, Kelly Moyes, Jill Pakenham/ BTO, Kevin Parker, Thomas Rabeil, Olivier Professor Anna Meredith Restif, Claudio Soto-Azat, Sam Turvey, Dr Ruth Padel Martin Wegmann, Andy Young, ZSL Cover photo: Glass frog (Rulyrana Elizabeth Passey+ susatamai) by Ben Tapley Dr Maggie Redshaw Sean Rovai Martin Rowson+ Ken Sims+ Robert Wingate

* to June 2014 + from June 2014 Contact Us IoZ enquiries 020 7449 6610 ZSL Directors The Zoological Society of London Director General: Ralph Armond Regent’s Park Conservation Programmes Director: Professor Jonathan Baillie London NW1 4RY zsl.org/science Institute of Zoology Director: Professor Ken Norris Registered charity in England Zoological Director: David Field and Wales: no 208728 Human Resources Director: Fiona Evans Finance Director: Mike Russell Commercial and Communications Director: Rich Storton Development Director: James Wren

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 39 ZSL Institute of Zoology Review 2013/2014 Review Zoology of Institute ZSL INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY REVIEW 2013/2014 SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION

The Zoological Society of London Registered Charity in England and Wales: no 208728 zsl.org

Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY and at:

ZSL Whipsnade Zoo Dunstable Bedfordshire LU6 2LF

For a closer look at ZSL’s work, look out for our other annual publications at zsl.org/about-us/zsl-annual-reports

ZSL The Year in Review 2013 ZSL Conservation Review 2013 Our annual overview of the year, An in-depth look at our field featuring our zoos, fieldwork, conservation and research, science, engagement activities showing how we are achieving our and ways to get involved. key targets at home and abroad.