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Morphology of the Mandibular Gland of the Ant Paraponera Clavata (Hymenoptera: Paraponerinae)
Received: 9 October 2018 Revised: 17 January 2019 Accepted: 2 February 2019 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23242 RESEARCH ARTICLE Morphology of the mandibular gland of the ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Paraponerinae) Thito Thomston Andrade1 | Wagner Gonzaga Gonçalves2 | José Eduardo Serrão2 | Luiza Carla Barbosa Martins1 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde, Abstract Departamento de Biologia e Química, The ant Paraponera clavata (Fabricius, 1775) is the only extant species of Paraponerinae and is Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, widely distributed in Brazilian forests. Aspects of its biology are documented extensively in the Maranhão, Brazil literature; however, knowledge of P. clavata internal morphology, specifically of exocrine glands, 2Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, is restricted to the venom apparatus. The objective of this study was to describe the mandibular Minas Gerais, Brazil gland morphology of P. clavata workers. The mandibular gland is composed of a reservoir con- nected to a cluster of Type III secretory cells with cytoplasm rich in mitochondria and lipid drop- Correspondence lets, similar to that of other ants. Notably, the glandular secretion is rich in protein and has a Luiza Carla Barbosa Martins, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e solid aspect. This is the first morphological description of the mandibular gland of P. clavata. Saúde, Departamento de Biologia e Química, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Research Highlights Maranhão, Brazil. This study presents the morphological description of the mandibular gland of Paraponera clavata Email: [email protected] (Hymenoptera: Paraponerinae). Singular characteristics of the gland are described: the glandular Review Editor: George Perry secretion is rich in protein and has a solid aspect. -
Radiation in Socially Parasitic Formicoxenine Ants
RADIATION IN SOCIALLY PARASITIC FORMICOXENINE ANTS DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (D R. R ER . N AT .) DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN FAKULTÄT III – BIOLOGIE UND VORKLINISCHE MEDIZIN DER UNIVERSITÄT REGENSBURG vorgelegt von Jeanette Beibl aus Landshut 04/2007 General Introduction II Promotionsgesuch eingereicht am: 19.04.2007 Die Arbeit wurde angeleitet von: Prof. Dr. J. Heinze Prüfungsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. S. Schneuwly 1. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. J. Heinze 2. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. S. Foitzik 3. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. P. Poschlod General Introduction I TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Six origins of slavery in formicoxenine ants 13 Introduction 15 Material and Methods 17 Results 20 Discussion 23 CHAPTER 2: Phylogeny and phylogeography of the Mediterranean species of the parasitic ant genus Chalepoxenus and its Temnothorax hosts 27 Introduction 29 Material and Methods 31 Results 36 Discussion 43 CHAPTER 3: Phylogenetic analyses of the parasitic ant genus Myrmoxenus 46 Introduction 48 Material and Methods 50 Results 54 Discussion 59 CHAPTER 4: Cuticular profiles and mating preference in a slave-making ant 61 Introduction 63 Material and Methods 65 Results 69 Discussion 75 CHAPTER 5: Influence of the slaves on the cuticular profile of the slave-making ant Chalepoxenus muellerianus and vice versa 78 Introduction 80 Material and Methods 82 Results 86 Discussion 89 GENERAL DISCUSSION 91 SUMMARY 99 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 101 REFERENCES 103 APPENDIX 119 DANKSAGUNG 120 General Introduction 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life and is considered to be one of the most potent forces in evolution. As many degrees of symbiosis, a phenomenon in which two unrelated organisms coexist over a prolonged period of time while depending on each other, occur, it is not easy to unequivocally define parasitism (Cheng, 1991). -
Sistemática Y Ecología De Las Hormigas Predadoras (Formicidae: Ponerinae) De La Argentina
UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Sistemática y ecología de las hormigas predadoras (Formicidae: Ponerinae) de la Argentina Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PRISCILA ELENA HANISCH Directores de tesis: Dr. Andrew Suarez y Dr. Pablo L. Tubaro Consejero de estudios: Dr. Daniel Roccatagliata Lugar de trabajo: División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” Buenos Aires, Marzo 2018 Fecha de defensa: 27 de Marzo de 2018 Sistemática y ecología de las hormigas predadoras (Formicidae: Ponerinae) de la Argentina Resumen Las hormigas son uno de los grupos de insectos más abundantes en los ecosistemas terrestres, siendo sus actividades, muy importantes para el ecosistema. En esta tesis se estudiaron de forma integral la sistemática y ecología de una subfamilia de hormigas, las ponerinas. Esta subfamilia predomina en regiones tropicales y neotropicales, estando presente en Argentina desde el norte hasta la provincia de Buenos Aires. Se utilizó un enfoque integrador, combinando análisis genéticos con morfológicos para estudiar su diversidad, en combinación con estudios ecológicos y comportamentales para estudiar la dominancia, estructura de la comunidad y posición trófica de las Ponerinas. Los resultados sugieren que la diversidad es más alta de lo que se creía, tanto por que se encontraron nuevos registros durante la colecta de nuevo material, como porque nuestros análisis sugieren la presencia de especies crípticas. Adicionalmente, demostramos que en el PN Iguazú, dos ponerinas: Dinoponera australis y Pachycondyla striata son componentes dominantes en la comunidad de hormigas. Análisis de isótopos estables revelaron que la mayoría de las Ponerinas ocupan niveles tróficos altos, con excepción de algunas especies arborícolas del género Neoponera que dependerían de néctar u otros recursos vegetales. -
Borowiec Et Al-2020 Ants – Phylogeny and Classification
A Ants: Phylogeny and 1758 when the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné Classification published the tenth edition of his catalog of all plant and animal species known at the time. Marek L. Borowiec1, Corrie S. Moreau2 and Among the approximately 4,200 animals that he Christian Rabeling3 included were 17 species of ants. The succeeding 1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA two and a half centuries have seen tremendous 2Departments of Entomology and Ecology & progress in the theory and practice of biological Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, classification. Here we provide a summary of the NY, USA current state of phylogenetic and systematic 3Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State research on the ants. University, Tempe, AZ, USA Ants Within the Hymenoptera Tree of Ants are the most ubiquitous and ecologically Life dominant insects on the face of our Earth. This is believed to be due in large part to the cooperation Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, which also allowed by their sociality. At the time of writing, includes wasps and bees. ▶ Eusociality, or true about 13,500 ant species are described and sociality, evolved multiple times within the named, classified into 334 genera that make up order, with ants as by far the most widespread, 17 subfamilies (Fig. 1). This diversity makes the abundant, and species-rich lineage of eusocial ants the world’s by far the most speciose group of animals. Within the Hymenoptera, ants are part eusocial insects, but ants are not only diverse in of the ▶ Aculeata, the clade in which the ovipos- terms of numbers of species. -
For Today's Geo Quiz, We're Heading Towards the Top of the British
E.O. Wilson Solenopsis invicta (Imported Red Fire Ant) and Paraponera clavata (Bullet Ant) Ari: From the Encyclopedia of Life, this is: One Species at a Time. I’m Ari Daniel Shapiro. The Encyclopedia of Life is an online, evolving library of all life on the planet. And it was dreamed up by Edward O. Wilson. Wilson: I am a retired – in quotation marks – professor at Harvard University. And I’m very active in both research around the world, particularly on ants. Ari: E.O. Wilson is 81 now. I sat with him in his spacious library at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard. I came to see him not about the Encyclopedia of Life, but to have a conversation about his favorite organisms – ants. He began by telling me about the ants all around us. Wilson: We are surrounded by mementos that I’ve accumulated over the years – gifts given to me, blown-up photographs, sculptures of ants, prizes for working on ants. It’s a little museum of memorabilia – all myrmecological in nature. Myrmecology is the scientific study of ants. Ants are ideally suited for the study of advanced social behavior as it evolved in insects. They have among them the most elaborate social systems found in the whole world – next to human beings. They are so very strange. For example, they communicate almost entirely by pheromones, exchanging chemical substances one to the other in a way that’s quite invisible to us. Ari: Can you tell me about a species you’ve studied in the field where you’ve kind of seen this chemical communication in action? Wilson: One of the ant species that I studied a great deal was the one that I discovered when I was a 13 year-old boy in Mobile, Alabama. -
Foraging Behavior of the Queenless Ant Dinoponera Quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
March-April 2006 159 ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS Foraging Behavior of the Queenless Ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ARRILTON ARAÚJO AND ZENILDE RODRIGUES Setor de Psicobiologia, Depto. Fisiologia, Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, C. postal 1511 – Campus Universitário, 59078-970, Natal, RN, [email protected] Neotropical Entomology 35(2):159-164 (2006) Comportamento de Forrageio da Formiga sem Rainha Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) RESUMO - A procura e ingestão de alimentos são essenciais para qualquer animal, que gasta a maior parte de sua vida procurando os recursos alimentares, inclusive mais que outras atividades como acasalamento, disputas intra-específicas ou fuga de predadores. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever e quantificar diversos aspectos do forrageamento, dieta e transporte de alimentos em Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi em mata atlântica secundária do Nordeste do Brasil. Foram observadas três colônias escolhidas ao acaso distantes pelo menos 50 m uma das outras. Ao sair da colônia, as operárias eram seguidas até o seu retorno à mesma, sem nenhum provisionamento alimentar, nem interferência sobre suas atividades. As atividades utilizando técnica de focal time sampling com registro instantâneo a cada minuto, durante 10 minutos consecutivos. Cada colônia era observada 1 dia/semana, com pelo menos 6 h/dia resultando em 53,8h de observação direta das operárias. Foram registradas as atividades de forrageamento, o sucesso no transporte do alimento, tipo de alimento, limpeza e as interações entre operárias. O forrageio foi sempre individual não ocorrendo recrutamento em nenhuma ocasião. A dieta foi composta principalmente de artrópodes, sendo na maioria insetos. Em pequena proporção, ocorreu coleta de pequenos frutos de Eugenia sp. -
Speciation of Ants in the Tropics of South America
Ludwig Maximilians Universität Master‘s Program in Evolution, Ecology and Systematics Speciation of Ants in the Tropics of South America Master’s Thesis September 2012 Adrián Troya Supervisors Prof. Dr. Gerhard Haszprunar (Zoologische Staatssammlung München - ZSM) ForDr. Stephan Review Hutter (Ludwig Maximilians Universität Only - LMU) PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition www.CutePDF.com 2 …to my dad For Review Only 3 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 8 2.1 About the Species and the Specimens ...................................................................................... 8 2.2 Molecular Lab Methods .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Molecular Analyses and Phylogenetic Inference .................................................................... 13 2.4 Morphological Phylogenetic Inference ................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Cladistic Analyses ............................................................................................................ -
Fossil Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Ancient Diversity and the Rise of Modern Lineages
Myrmecological News 24 1-30 Vienna, March 2017 Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages Phillip BARDEN Abstract The ant fossil record is summarized with special reference to the earliest ants, first occurrences of modern lineages, and the utility of paleontological data in reconstructing evolutionary history. During the Cretaceous, from approximately 100 to 78 million years ago, only two species are definitively assignable to extant subfamilies – all putative crown group ants from this period are discussed. Among the earliest ants known are unexpectedly diverse and highly social stem- group lineages, however these stem ants do not persist into the Cenozoic. Following the Cretaceous-Paleogene boun- dary, all well preserved ants are assignable to crown Formicidae; the appearance of crown ants in the fossil record is summarized at the subfamilial and generic level. Generally, the taxonomic composition of Cenozoic ant fossil communi- ties mirrors Recent ecosystems with the "big four" subfamilies Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae comprising most faunal abundance. As reviewed by other authors, ants increase in abundance dramatically from the Eocene through the Miocene. Proximate drivers relating to the "rise of the ants" are discussed, as the majority of this increase is due to a handful of highly dominant species. In addition, instances of congruence and conflict with molecular- based divergence estimates are noted, and distinct "ghost" lineages are interpreted. The ant fossil record is a valuable resource comparable to other groups with extensive fossil species: There are approximately as many described fossil ant species as there are fossil dinosaurs. The incorporation of paleontological data into neontological inquiries can only seek to improve the accuracy and scale of generated hypotheses. -
Contact Toxicities of Anuran Skin Alkaloids Against the Fire Ant (Solenopsis Invicta)
Naturwissenschaften (2013) 100:185–192 DOI 10.1007/s00114-013-1010-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Contact toxicities of anuran skin alkaloids against the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Paul J. Weldon & Yasmin J. Cardoza & Robert K. Vander Meer & W. Clint Hoffmann & John W. Daly & Thomas F. Spande Received: 19 July 2012 /Revised: 4 January 2013 /Accepted: 7 January 2013 /Published online: 23 January 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA) 2013 Abstract Nearly 500 alkaloids, representing over 20 struc- estimated the cutaneous concentrations of several com- tural classes, have been identified from the skin of neotrop- pounds based on their reported recoveries from skin extracts ical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). These cutaneous of free-ranging frogs and our measurements of the skin compounds, which are derived from arthropod prey of the surface areas of museum specimens. Pumiliotoxin 251D frogs, generally are believed to deter predators. We tested exhibited contact toxicity below its estimated cutaneous the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) for toxicosis concentration in the Ecuadorian frog, Epipedobates antho- following contact with 20 alkaloids (12 structural classes) nyi, an observation consistent with the hypothesized role identified from dendrobatids or other anurans. Individual of this compound in anuran chemical defense. Our results ants forced to contact the dried residues of 13 compounds and those of a previous study of mosquitoes indicate that exhibited convulsions and/or reduced ambulation. We some anuran skin compounds function defensively as contact toxins against arthropods, permeating their exoskeleton. Communicated by: Sven Thatje . John W. Daly deceased 5 March, 2008 Keywords Alkaloid Allomone Ant Defense Frog Toxicity P. -
Hormigas De Colombia F
HORMIGAS DE COLOMBIA F. Fernández, R.J. Guerrero & T. Delsinne Editores Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Sede Bogotá HORMIGAS DE COLOMBIA F. Fernández, R.J. Guerrero & T. Delsinne Editores © Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá © Facultad de Ciencias © Fernando Fernández (Ed. académico) © Roberto Guerrero (Ed. académico) © Thibaut Delsinne (Ed. académico) © Autores varios Primera edición, abril 2019 ISBN 978-958-783-765-0 (papel) ISBN 978-958-783-766-7 (digital) Facutad de Ciencias Edición Coordinación de Publicaciones Facultad de Ciencias [email protected] Diseño y diagramación Valentina Nieto Salvo cuando se especifica lo contrario, las figuras y tablas del presente volumen son propiedad de los autores Bogotá, D. C., Colombia, 2019 Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial por cualquier medio sin la autorización escrita del titular de los derechos patrimoniales Impreso y hecho en Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Catalogación en la publicación Universidad Nacional de Colombia Hormigas de Colombia / F. Fernández, R.J. Guerrero & T. Delsinne, editores. -- Primera edición. -- Bogotá : Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, 2019. 1200 páginas en dos columnas : ilustraciones (principalmente a color), diagramas, fotografías, láminas Incluye referencias bibliográficas al final de cada capítulo ISBN 978-958-783-765-0 (rústica). -- ISBN 978-958-783-766-7 (e-book) 1. Formicidae 2. Hymenoptera 3. Taxonomía 4. Mirmecología 5. Región neotropical 6. Biodiversidad 7. Colombia I. Fernández Castiblanco, Fernando, 1961-, editor II. Guerrero Flórez, Roberto José, 1981-, editor III. Delsinne, Thibaut, 1978-, editor CDD-23 595.796 / 2019 Capítulo 7. Diversidad y morfología de las glándulas exocrinas en las hormigas 165 J. -
Ants in the Ant-Man Movie, with Biological Notes
Ants in the Ant-Man movie, with biological notes Elidiomar R. Da-Silva* & Thiago R. M. de Campos Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. *Email: [email protected] Belonging to the family Formicidae (order passion for ants, which are well characterized in Hymenoptera), ants are cosmopolitan insects, his paintings. Ants are likewise prominent in inhabiting all kinds of terrestrial environments, cartoons, such as Atom Ant (Hanna-Barbera except the arctic, with nearly 10,000 known Productions, 1965–1968) and The Ant and The species. Ants are also social animals, interacting Aardvark (United Artists, 1969–1971), and inside their nests within each caste and each films, like A Bug’s Life (Pixar Animation Studios, role. These worldwide animals are abundant 1998) and Antz (DreamWorks Pictures, 1998). and dominant in each habitat and niche More importantly for us, ants are featured even (Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990), being responsible in superhero comics and films. for a huge nectar consumption (amongst other In the present article1, we list all the ant substances acquired from plants), decomposing species shown in the Ant-Man movie (Marvel organic matter (hence helping with the Studios, 2015) and present notes on their ecological recycling of nutrients), as well as biology and distribution. In order to do so, the gathering and transporting seeds (thus helping Blu-ray version of the movie was meticulously plant dispersion) (Levey & Byrne, 1993). watched, observing features such as Artificial systems, such as urban centers, can be morphology and behavior, which were then colonized and exploited by a variety of ant compared to scientific records. -
Seed Dispersal Mutualisms Are Essential for the Survival of Diverse Plant Species and Communities Worldwide
ABSTRACT YOUNGSTEADT, ELSA KRISTEN. Neotropical Ant-Gardens: Behavioral and Chemical Ecology of an Obligate Ant-Plant Mutualism. (Under the direction of Coby Schal.) Seed dispersal mutualisms are essential for the survival of diverse plant species and communities worldwide. An outstanding but poorly understood ant-seed mutualism occurs in the Amazonian rainforest, where arboreal ants collect seeds of several taxonomically diverse plant species and cultivate them in nutrient-rich nests, forming abundant hanging gardens known as ant-gardens (AGs). AG ants and plants are dominant members of lowland Amazonian ecosystems, and their interaction is obligate and apparently species-specific. Though established AGs are limited to specific participants, it is unknown at what stage specificity arises. Seed fate pathways in AG epiphytes are undocumented, and the recognition cues that mediate the mutualism are unknown. Here the species specificity of the AG ant-seed interaction is assessed, and chemical cues are characterized that elicit seed- finding and seed-carrying in AG ants. To examine the specificity of the ant-seed interaction, general food baits and seeds of the AG plant Peperomia macrostachya were offered on alternate days at 108 bait stations. Seventy ant species were detected at food baits and could have interacted with AG seeds, but only three species collected P. macrostachya seeds, and 84% of observed seed removal by ants was attributed to C. femoratus. In a separate experiment, arthropod exclusion significantly reduced AG seed removal rates, but vertebrate exclusion did not. Thus species specific seed dispersal, rather than post-dispersal processes, appears to be the primary determinant of the distribution of AG plants.