DOCSLIB.ORG

Langenhoven Detection 2017.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Langenhoven Detection 2017.Pdf DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF SOILBORNE PATHOGENS IN GRAPEVINE NURSERIES by SHAUN DENVER LANGENHOVEN Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of AgriSciences at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Dr L. Mostert Co-supervisor: Prof F. Halleen December 2017 The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis/dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved II Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za SUMMARY Black-foot disease (BFD) and crown and root rot (CRR) are important decline diseases of grapevines, worldwide. These diseases occur in both nurseries and vineyards. Black-foot disease is caused by species in the genera: Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Campylocarpon, Cylindrocladiella and Thelonectria, whereas CRR is caused by Phytophthora, Pythium and Phytopythium species. Plant stress, caused by improper planting holes, waterlogging, drought, nutrient deficiencies and high temperatures, is a major predisposing factor for BFD and CRR. The symptoms of these two diseases are similar and include necrotic root lesions, reduced root biomass, leaf chlorosis and ultimately, plant death. The first aim of this study was to conduct a survey of BFD and CRR pathogens in nursery grafted plants over a 3 year period (2013-2015) as well as from weeds and rotation crops in the alternate season (2014). Furthermore, pathogen detection using quantitative real- time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was conducted on soil samples which were collected in close proximity to the sampled grapevine plants, weeds and rotation crops. Soil was collected up to a depth of 30 cm and 60 cm. The decline pathogens that were quantified in the soil with qPCR were Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria genera, Phytophthora species and Pythium irregulare. The predominant BFD pathogens isolated from grapevines were Dactylonectria macrodidyma, Campylocarpon pseudofaciculare and Ca. fasciculare. The predominant CRR pathogens were Pythium irregulare followed by Phytopythium vexans. Furthermore, Dactylonectria macrodidyma, D. novozelandica, D. pauciseptata, Py. irregulare, Py. ultimum and Py. heterothallicum were isolated from Triticale roots. Dactylonectria was also isolated from the weed corn spurry, while Py. irregulare and Py. ultimum were isolated from numerous weeds and rotation crops. Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Phytophthora and Py. irregulare DNA was detected in all nurseries across all years at varying concentrations with Nursery E having the lowest concentrations. Ilyonectria and Dactylonectria mean soil DNA concentrations ranged from 0.04 pg.µL-1 to 37.14 pg.µL-1, while the Py. irregulare mean soil DNA concentrations ranged from 0.01 pg.µL-1 to 3.77 pg.µL-1. The Phytophthora mean soil DNA concentrations ranged from 0.01 pg.µL-1 to 33.48 pg.µL-1. This study successfully used existing SYBR green I qPCR assays to quantify BFD and CRR pathogens in grapevine nursery soil. During this study nursery soils were confirmed as a sources of infection for BFD and CRR pathogens, and that weeds may serve as alternative hosts to these pathogens. This is also the first report of D. alcacerensis and D. pauciseptata in South African nurseries. The second aim was to describe a putative new Phytopythium species which was isolated from nursery grapevine roots and to determine if it is a pathogenic species. Six isolates of an unknown Phytopythium species were isolated from the roots of an asymptomatic III Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za plant. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses, based on the ITS rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene regions, proved that it was indeed a novel species. Together with an undescribed Japanese isolate, the six South African isolates were named Phytopythium paucipapillatum and displayed occasionally papillate, direct sporangial germination as well as sporangia which proliferates internally. The sporangia were globose, subglobose, ovoid, obovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid or distorted. The oogonia were small, globose, with some oogonia also displaying short papillae protruding from the surface. This putative new species was also insensitive to the isoxazole fungicide, hymexazol. A pathogenicity trial, on the rootstock 110-Richter, revealed that Pp. paucipapillatum was not pathogenic towards grapevines. In accordance with other studies regarding Phytopythium species, Pp. paucipapillatum may be a soil inhabitant. IV Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING Swartvoet en kroon- en wortelvrot is ernstige siektes wat ‘n afname in wingerd wêreldwyd te weeg bring. Hierdie siektes kom in beide kwekerye en wingerde voor. Swartvoet word veroorsaak deur spesies in die Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Campylocarpon, Cylindrocladiella en Thelonectria genera, terwyl kroon- en wortelvrot veroorsaak word deur Phytophthora, Pythium en Phytopythium spesies. Verskeie faktore kan stres op ‘n wingerd plaas, soos swak voorbereide plantgate, waterdeurdrenkte gronde, droogte, ‘n tekort aan voedingstowwe asook hoë temperature, wat die wingerd meer vatbaar maak vir swartvoet en kroon- en wortelvrot. Die simptome van hierdie twee siektes is soortgelyk en sluit nekrotiese wortelletsels, verminderde wortelmassa en blaarchlorose in, wat gesamentlik na die uiteindelike dood van die wingerd lei. Die eerste doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n opname te doen van swartvoet en kroon- en wortelvrotpatogene in kwekery entplante oor 'n tydperk van 3 jaar (2013-2015), asook van onkruide en rotasiegewasse in die afwisselende seisoen (2014). Grondmonsters, wat in die nabyheid van wingerdplante, onkruide en rotasiegewasse geneem is tydens die steekproef, is ontleed met behulp van kwantitatiewe intyd polimerase kettingreaksies (kPKR) om die patogene wat daarin voorkom op te spoor. Die grondmonsters was tot op ‘n diepte van 30 cm en 60 cm geneem. Die siekteveroorsakende patogene wat gekwantifiseer is in die grond deur middel van hierdie tegniek sluit spesies in die Dactylonectria en Ilyonectria genera in, asook Phytophthora spesies en Pythium irregulare. Dactylonectria macrodidyma, Campylocarpon pseudofaciculare en Ca. fasciculare was die oorheerstende swartvoetpatogene wat vanuit wingerd geïsoleer was. Die mees algemene kroon- en wortelvrotpatogeen was Pythium irregulare, gevolg deur Phytopythium vexans. Dactylonectria macrodidyma, D. novozelandica, D. pauciseptata, Py. irregulare, Py. ultimum en Py. heterotallicum is vanuit Triticale wortels geïsoleer. Dactylonectria is ook vanuit die onkruid ‘corn spurry’ geïsoleer, terwyl Py. irregulare en Py. ultimum vanuit verskeie ander onkruide en rotasiegewasse geïsoleer is. Wisselende konsentrasies van DNS van Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Phytophthora en Py. irregulare was gevind in alle kwekerye oor alle jare, met Kwekery E wat die laagste konsentrasies gehad het. Die gemiddelde grond DNS konsentrasies van Ilyonectria en Dactylonectria het gewissel tussen 0.04 pg.μL-1 en 37.14 pg.μL-1, terwyl dit tussen 0.01 pg.μL-1 en 3.77 pg.μL-1 gewissel het vir Py. irregulare. Die gemiddelde grond DNS konsentrasies van Phytophthora was tussen 0.01 pg.μL-1 en 33.48 pg.μL-1. Hierdie studie kon reeds betsaande SYBR groen I kPKR-toetse met sukses gebruik om swartvoet en kroon- en wortelvrotpatogene in wingerdkwekerygronde te kwantifiseer. Dit het bevestig dat kwekerye as bron van infeksie vir hierdie patogene dien, V Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za terwyl dit ook daarop gedui het dat onkruide as alternatiewe gashere kan dien. Boonop is dit die eerste verslag van D. alcacerensis en D. pauciseptata in Suid-Afrikaanse kwekerye. Die tweede doel van hierdie studie was om 'n moontlike nuwe Phytopythium-spesie te beskryf wat vanuit wingerdwortels geïsoleer is, en om die patogenisiteit daarvan te bepaal. Ses isolate van 'n onbekende Phytopythium spesie is geïsoleer vanuit die wortels van ‘n plant wat geen simptome getoon het nie. ‘n Morfologiese studie tesame met filogenetiese ontledings, wat gebaseer was op die ITS-rDNS en COI geenareas, het bewys dat dit inderdaad 'n nuwe spesie was. Hierdie ses isolate, tesame met ‘n onbeskryfde isolaat van Japan, is Phytopythium paucipapillatum genoem. Dit het soms papillate en direkte ontkieming van die sporangia vertoon, asook sporangia wat intern vermeerder. Die sporangia was bolvormige, subglobose, ovoid, obovoid, limoniform tot ellipsoid of verwring. Die oögonia was klein en bolvormige, terwyl sommige oögonia ook kort papilla vertoon het wat by die oppervlak uitsteek. Hierdie nuwe spesie is weerstandbiedend teen hymexazool, ‘n isoxazool swamdoder. ‘n Patogenesiteitstoets wat op die 110-Richter onderstok uitgevoer is, het egter daarop gedui dat Pp. paucipapillatum nie patogenies is tot wingerd nie. Pp. paucipapillatum is dus moontlik net 'n grondbewoner, wat ooreenstem met resultate van
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytopythium: Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics
    Persoonia 34, 2015: 25–39 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685382 Phytopythium: molecular phylogeny and systematics A.W.A.M. de Cock1, A.M. Lodhi2, T.L. Rintoul 3, K. Bala 3, G.P. Robideau3, Z. Gloria Abad4, M.D. Coffey 5, S. Shahzad 6, C.A. Lévesque 3 Key words Abstract The genus Phytopythium (Peronosporales) has been described, but a complete circumscription has not yet been presented. In the present paper we provide molecular-based evidence that members of Pythium COI clade K as described by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) belong to Phytopythium. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian LSU phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU and SSU) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase Oomycetes subunit 1 (COI) as well as statistical analyses of pairwise distances strongly support the status of Phytopythium as Oomycota a separate phylogenetic entity. Phytopythium is morphologically intermediate between the genera Phytophthora Peronosporales and Pythium. It is unique in having papillate, internally proliferating sporangia and cylindrical or lobate antheridia. Phytopythium The formal transfer of clade K species to Phytopythium and a comparison with morphologically similar species of Pythiales the genera Pythium and Phytophthora is presented. A new species is described, Phytopythium mirpurense. SSU Article info Received: 28 January 2014; Accepted: 27 September 2014; Published: 30 October 2014. INTRODUCTION establish which species belong to clade K and to make new taxonomic combinations for these species. To achieve this The genus Pythium as defined by Pringsheim in 1858 was goal, phylogenies based on nuclear LSU rRNA (28S), SSU divided by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) into 11 clades based rRNA (18S) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase1 (COI) on molecular systematic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Pythium Ultimum Species Complex
    Resolving thePythium ultimum species complex by Quinn Eggertson A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2012 Quinn Eggertson Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93569-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93569-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio Plant Disease Index
    Special Circular 128 December 1989 Ohio Plant Disease Index The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio This page intentionally blank. Special Circular 128 December 1989 Ohio Plant Disease Index C. Wayne Ellett Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio T · H · E OHIO ISJATE ! UNIVERSITY OARilL Kirklyn M. Kerr Director The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio All publications of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center are available to all potential dientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, sex, age, handicap, or Vietnam-era veteran status. 12-89-750 This page intentionally blank. Foreword The Ohio Plant Disease Index is the first step in develop­ Prof. Ellett has had considerable experience in the ing an authoritative and comprehensive compilation of plant diagnosis of Ohio plant diseases, and his scholarly approach diseases known to occur in the state of Ohia Prof. C. Wayne in preparing the index received the acclaim and support .of Ellett had worked diligently on the preparation of the first the plant pathology faculty at The Ohio State University. edition of the Ohio Plant Disease Index since his retirement This first edition stands as a remarkable ad substantial con­ as Professor Emeritus in 1981. The magnitude of the task tribution by Prof. Ellett. The index will serve us well as the is illustrated by the cataloguing of more than 3,600 entries complete reference for Ohio for many years to come. of recorded diseases on approximately 1,230 host or plant species in 124 families.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Phytopythium</I>: Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics
    Persoonia 34, 2015: 25–39 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685382 Phytopythium: molecular phylogeny and systematics A.W.A.M. de Cock1, A.M. Lodhi2, T.L. Rintoul 3, K. Bala 3, G.P. Robideau3, Z. Gloria Abad4, M.D. Coffey 5, S. Shahzad 6, C.A. Lévesque 3 Key words Abstract The genus Phytopythium (Peronosporales) has been described, but a complete circumscription has not yet been presented. In the present paper we provide molecular-based evidence that members of Pythium COI clade K as described by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) belong to Phytopythium. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian LSU phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU and SSU) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase Oomycetes subunit 1 (COI) as well as statistical analyses of pairwise distances strongly support the status of Phytopythium as Oomycota a separate phylogenetic entity. Phytopythium is morphologically intermediate between the genera Phytophthora Peronosporales and Pythium. It is unique in having papillate, internally proliferating sporangia and cylindrical or lobate antheridia. Phytopythium The formal transfer of clade K species to Phytopythium and a comparison with morphologically similar species of Pythiales the genera Pythium and Phytophthora is presented. A new species is described, Phytopythium mirpurense. SSU Article info Received: 28 January 2014; Accepted: 27 September 2014; Published: 30 October 2014. INTRODUCTION establish which species belong to clade K and to make new taxonomic combinations for these species. To achieve this The genus Pythium as defined by Pringsheim in 1858 was goal, phylogenies based on nuclear LSU rRNA (28S), SSU divided by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) into 11 clades based rRNA (18S) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase1 (COI) on molecular systematic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Professional Plant Protection
    Volumen 5 nº 9, Diciembre de 2020 Volume 5 nº 9, December 2020 Año internacional de la Sanidad Vegetal International Year of Plant Health Professional Plant Protection Revista Internacional de Protección Vegetal Profesional International Journal of Professional Plant Protection Consultorías Noroeste S.C. Professional Plant Protection Fundada en 2015 por Consultorías Noroeste S.C. Founded in 2015 by Consultorías Noroeste S.C. Director – Director Dr. J.L. Andrés Ares, Consultorías Noroeste S.C., Rúa da Seca 36 – 4º D – Pontevedra – España Equipo Editorial – Editorial Board Dr. J.L. Andrés Ares Editor científico y técnico – Scientific and technical publisher Pontevedra – España Antonio Rivera Martínez Editor científico y técnico – Scientific and technical publisher O Ferrol – España Manuel Marín Rodríguez Ilustrador – Illustrations Pontevedra – España José Luis Andrés García Maquetación, Ilustrador y Editor Gráfico – Ilustrations and Graphic Publisher Pontevedra – España Oficina editorial Journal Editorial Office Oficina Editorial de Professional Plant Protection: Consultorías Noroeste S.C. –Rúa da Seca 36– 4º D. 36002–Pontevedra (España) Oficina Editorial de Professional Plant Protection: Consultorías Noroeste S.C. –Rúa da Seca 36– 4º D. 36002–Pontevedra (España) Ninguna parte de la presente publicación, a excepción de los resúmenes, podrá ser reproducida sin el permiso de Consultorías Noroeste S.C. No part of this publication, with the exception of abstracts, may be reproduced without the prior permission of Consultorías Noroeste S.C. © 2020. Consultorías Noroeste S.C. Edita: Consultorías Noroeste S.C. – Editor: Consultorías Noroeste S.C. Depósito Legal: Po 74 2016 Spanish Legal Deposit: Po 74 2016 ISSN–2445– 1703 Maquetado: José Luis Andrés García para Consultorías Noroeste S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    INNOVATIVE TOOLS FOR STUDYING PLANT-RELATED OOMYCETE POPULATIONS OF POTENTIAL AND CURRENT THREAT IN AGRICULTURE IN ECUADOR By MARIA FERNANDA RATTI TORRES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Maria Fernanda Ratti Torres To my Obi-Wan Roberto, Yoda one for me. You have been nothing but supportive during these years, you make me proud of being your wife, but above all, you make me immensely happy. This is for you and for a marriage that has been put to rest for so long and it is ready to resume. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my parents for all their effort and the patience, they are my pillar without whom I could not have pursued my Ph.D. studies. Also to my siblings Andrea and Pablo, my brother in law Carlos and my nephews, not only for their support, but for joking around all the time and cheering me up during this journey. Erica M. Goss deserves a special section only for her, but the formatting will not allow it. I cannot imagine having spent these years under anybody else’s guidance. She always challenged me to be better, to be calmed during stressful situations and to trust in myself. Her advices will be forever in my mind. Doing this research would have been impossible without helping hands around the world: Thanks to Esther Lilia P. for all her support, to Juan C., Carlos A., Jerry L.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Genomic Data to Understand Anthropogenic Influences on Oomycete and Phytophthora Communities, and the Evolution of an Alie
    USING GENOMIC DATA TO UNDERSTAND ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON OOMYCETE AND PHYTOPHTHORA COMMUNITIES, AND THE EVOLUTION OF AN ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SUDDEN OAK DEATH, PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM. by ANGELA DALE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Forestry) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2018 © Angela Dale, 2018 Abstract Emerging Phytophthora pathogens, often introduced, represent a threat to natural ecosystems. Phytophthora species are known for rapid adaptation and hybridization, which may be facilitated by anthropogenic activities. Little is known about natural Phytophthora and oomycete populations, or mechanisms behind rapid adaptation. We surveyed oomycete and Phytophthora communities from southwest B.C. under varying anthropogenic influences (urban, interface, natural) to determine effects on diversity, introductions and migration. We used DNA meta- barcoding to address these questions on oomycetes. We then focused on Phytophthora, adding baiting and culturing methods, and further sub-dividing urban sites into agricultural or residential. Finally, we studied an alien invasive species, Phytophthora ramorum responsible for sudden oak death, and how it overcame the invasion paradox, limited to asexual reproduction and presumed reduced adaptability. Anthropogenic activities increase oomycete and Phytophthora diversity. Putative introduced species and hybrids were more frequent in urban sites. Migration is suggested by shared species between urban and interface sites, and two known invasive species found in natural and interface sites. Different anthropogenic activities influence different communities. Abundance increased for some species in either residential or agricultural sites. Two hybrids appear to be spreading in different agricultural sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytophthora Cinnamomi Root Rot* of Grapevines in South Africa
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI ROOT ROT* OF GRAPEVINES IN SOUTH AFRICA Pierre Guillaume Marais Dissertation presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture at the University of Stellenbosch Promoter: Prof. M.J. Hattingh July 1983 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za CONTENTS 1 General introduction 1 Fungi asssociated with root rot in vineyards 3 Fungi associated with decline and death of grapevines in nurseries 15 Spread of Phytophthora cinnamomi in a naturally infested vineyard soil 30 5 Susceptibility of Vitis cultivars to Phytophthora cinnamomi 39 6 Survival and growth of grapevine rootstocks in a vineyard infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi 52 7 Exudates from roots of grapevine rootstocks tolerant and susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi 63 8 Susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi of_two grapevine rootstock clones after thermotherapy 73 9 Penetration of 99 Richter grapevine roots by Phytophthora cinnamomi 77 10 Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi from grapevine by hot water treatment 91 11 Reduction of Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot of grapevines by chemical treatment 102 12 General summary 114 13 Acknowledgements 117 14 Appendix 118 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za 1 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Root rot of grapevines (Vitis spp.) has become increasingly important in South Africa in recent years. In 1972 the high mortality of vines grafted onto rootstock 99 Richter (V. berlandieri P. x V. rupestris S.) was attri- buted to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Van der Merwe, Joubert & Matthee, 1972). There have been descriptions of root rot of grapevine caused by P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Presence of Phytophthora Infestans in the Rhizosphere of a Wild Solanum Species May Contribute to Off-Season Survival and Pathogenicity T ⁎ Ramesh R
    Applied Soil Ecology 148 (2020) 103475 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Soil Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apsoil The presence of Phytophthora infestans in the rhizosphere of a wild Solanum species may contribute to off-season survival and pathogenicity T ⁎ Ramesh R. Vetukuria,1, , Laura Masinib,1,2, Rebecca McDougalc, Preeti Pandac, Levine de Zingerb,3, Maja Brus-Szkalejb, Åsa Lankinenb,4, Laura J. Grenville-Briggsb,4 a Dept. of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden b Dept. of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden c Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, New Zealand ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We evaluated oomycete presence and abundance in the rhizosphere of wild perennial Solanum species to in- Soil microbiome vestigate the presence of plant pathogenic or mycoparasitic species. Furthermore, we investigated whether these Pythiales plant species could function as hosts, or associated plants, for off-season survival of economically important Late blight pathogens. We collected soil samples in Sweden from Solanum dulcamara and as a control from Vitis vinifera over Biodiversity all four seasons of a year, and in New Zealand from Solanum nigrum and Solanum laciniatum in the summer. Solanum dulcamara Species identification, confirmed by ITS and Cox2 sequencing, and root infection assays on the crop plant Phylogeny Overwintering Solanum tuberosum and on S. dulcamara, suggested the presence of mainly Pythiales species. In Sweden, we also found evidence for the presence of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight, in the rhizo- sphere of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytopythium: Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics
    Persoonia 34, 2015: 25–39 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685382 Phytopythium: molecular phylogeny and systematics A.W.A.M. de Cock1, A.M. Lodhi2, T.L. Rintoul 3, K. Bala 3, G.P. Robideau3, Z. Gloria Abad4, M.D. Coffey 5, S. Shahzad 6, C.A. Lévesque 3 Key words Abstract The genus Phytopythium (Peronosporales) has been described, but a complete circumscription has not yet been presented. In the present paper we provide molecular-based evidence that members of Pythium COI clade K as described by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) belong to Phytopythium. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian LSU phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU and SSU) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase Oomycetes subunit 1 (COI) as well as statistical analyses of pairwise distances strongly support the status of Phytopythium as Oomycota a separate phylogenetic entity. Phytopythium is morphologically intermediate between the genera Phytophthora Peronosporales and Pythium. It is unique in having papillate, internally proliferating sporangia and cylindrical or lobate antheridia. Phytopythium The formal transfer of clade K species to Phytopythium and a comparison with morphologically similar species of Pythiales the genera Pythium and Phytophthora is presented. A new species is described, Phytopythium mirpurense. SSU Article info Received: 28 January 2014; Accepted: 27 September 2014; Published: 30 October 2014. INTRODUCTION establish which species belong to clade K and to make new taxonomic combinations for these species. To achieve this The genus Pythium as defined by Pringsheim in 1858 was goal, phylogenies based on nuclear LSU rRNA (28S), SSU divided by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) into 11 clades based rRNA (18S) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase1 (COI) on molecular systematic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND STANDARD 155.02.06 Importation
    BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND STANDARD 155.02.06 Importation of Nursery Stock Issued as an import health standard pursuant to section 22 of the Biosecurity Act 1993 Biosecurity New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry PO Box 2526 Wellington New Zealand CONTENTS Endorsement Review Amendment Record 1. Introduction 1.1 Official Contact Point 1.2 Scope 1.3 References 1.4 Definitions and Abbreviations 1.5 General 1.6 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 2. Import Specification and Entry Conditions 2.1 Import Specification 2.2 Entry Conditions 2.2.1 Basic Conditions 2.2.1.1 Types of Nursery Stock that may be Imported 2.2.1.2 Import Permit 2.2.1.3 Labelling 2.2.1.4 Cleanliness 2.2.1.5 Phytosanitary Certificate 2.2.1.6 Pesticide treatments for whole plants and cuttings 2.2.1.7 Pesticide treatments for dormant bulbs 2.2.1.8 Measures for Helicobasidium mompa 2.2.1.9 Measures for Phymatotrichopsis omnivora 2.2.1.10 Post-Entry Quarantine (PEQ) 2.2.2 Entry Conditions for Tissue Culture 2.2.2.1 Labelling 2.2.2.2 Cleanliness 2.2.2.3 Phytosanitary Certificate 2.2.2.4 Inspection on Arrival 2.2.3 Importation of Pollen 2.2.4 Importation of New Organisms 2.3 Compliance Procedures 2.3.1 Validation of Overseas Measures 2.3.2 Treatment and Testing of the Consignment 2.4 New Zealand Nursery Stock Returning from Overseas 3. Schedule of Special Entry Conditions 3.1 Special Entry Conditions 3.2 Accreditation of Offshore Plant Quarantine Facilities 3.3 Amendments to the Plants Biosecurity Index Biosecurity New Zealand Standard 155.02.06: Importation of Nursery Stock.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional De La Plata Facultad De Ciencias Naturales Y Museo
    Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de La Plata http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Caracterización de especies de la familia Pythiaceae asociadas al cultivo de soja en la provincia de Buenos Aires Grijalba, Pablo Enrique Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Dirección: Steciow, Mónica M. Co-dirección: Ridao, Azucena del Carmen Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo 2018 Acceso en: http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/id/20190220001623 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO TESIS PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS NATURALES CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA PYTHIACEAE ASOCIADAS AL CULTIVO DE SOJA EN LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES Presentada por: PABLO ENRIQUE GRIJALBA Directora 1: Dra. Mónica M. Steciow Directora 2: Dra. Azucena del C. Ridao La Plata, 2018 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi esposa Tucha e hijos (Fede, Santi y Pau) que me acompañan cada día. A la Dra. Mónica Steciow por dirigirme en este trabajo, por sus sugerencias y comentarios. A la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNYM) por brindarme la posibilidad de realizar este trabajo. A la Dra. Azucena del Carmen Ridao (Unidad Integrada Balcarce INTA/UNMdP) por dirigirme en este trabajo, por su apoyo, conocimientos y sugerencias. A la Dra. Gloria Abad, investigadora líder en Oomycetes en el “USDA- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory (MDL)”, por brindar todos sus conocimientos en forma desinteresada. A la Dra. Paloma Abad Campos de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia por aceptarme para una estancia en el tema: Oomycetes fitopatógenos.
    [Show full text]