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Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional De La Plata Facultad De Ciencias Naturales Y Museo Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de La Plata http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Caracterización de especies de la familia Pythiaceae asociadas al cultivo de soja en la provincia de Buenos Aires Grijalba, Pablo Enrique Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Dirección: Steciow, Mónica M. Co-dirección: Ridao, Azucena del Carmen Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo 2018 Acceso en: http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/id/20190220001623 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO TESIS PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS NATURALES CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA PYTHIACEAE ASOCIADAS AL CULTIVO DE SOJA EN LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES Presentada por: PABLO ENRIQUE GRIJALBA Directora 1: Dra. Mónica M. Steciow Directora 2: Dra. Azucena del C. Ridao La Plata, 2018 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi esposa Tucha e hijos (Fede, Santi y Pau) que me acompañan cada día. A la Dra. Mónica Steciow por dirigirme en este trabajo, por sus sugerencias y comentarios. A la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNYM) por brindarme la posibilidad de realizar este trabajo. A la Dra. Azucena del Carmen Ridao (Unidad Integrada Balcarce INTA/UNMdP) por dirigirme en este trabajo, por su apoyo, conocimientos y sugerencias. A la Dra. Gloria Abad, investigadora líder en Oomycetes en el “USDA- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory (MDL)”, por brindar todos sus conocimientos en forma desinteresada. A la Dra. Paloma Abad Campos de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia por aceptarme para una estancia en el tema: Oomycetes fitopatógenos. A la Dra. Carolina Martínez del Instituto de Biotecnología INTA Castelar, por brindarme el apoyo y conocimiento para efectuar técnicas moleculares. Al Lic. Eduardo Güillín por su colaboración en los análisis de genética poblacional y por compartir sus conocimientos en los trabajos efectuados. A la Dra. Silvina Steward, del INIA La Estanzuela Rep. Oriental del Uruguay, por la provisión de ADN y cultivares diferenciales de Ph. sojae. A la Dra. Hemilse Palmucci por compartir el descubrimiento y conocimiento de los Oomycetes Fitopatógenos. 2 INDICE GENERAL AGRADECIMIENTOS 2 INDICE GENERAL 3 INDICE DE TABLAS 7 INDICE DE FIGURAS 8 RESUMEN 12 ABSTRACT 15 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL 18 1. UBICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA DE LA FAMILIA PYTHIACEAE 20 2. CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE LOS GÉNEROS Pythium, Phytophthora Y 24 Phytopythium 3. CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CULTIVO DE SOJA EN LAS ZONAS EN ESTUDIO 28 4. ESTUDIOS EFECTUADOS EN ARGENTINA 30 5. HIPOTESIS 32 6. OBJETIVOS 32 6.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 32 6.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 32 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS (COMUNES) 33 1. MUESTREO DE CAMPOS 33 2. GRANOS DE SOJA POSCOSECHA (Semillas) 34 3. TÉCNICAS DE AISLAMIENTO DE LOS FITOPATÓGENOS Y MANTENIMIENTO DE LA 34 COLECCIÓN 3.1. Aislamiento 35 3.1.1. A partir de tejidos afectados 35 3.1.2. Aislamientos a partir de suelos 35 3.1.3. Aislamiento a partir de granos 35 3.2. Mantenimiento de la colección 36 4. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS AISLAMIENTOS 36 4.1. Identificación y caracterización morfológica de los aislamientos 36 4.2. Identificación y caracterización de los aislamientos por métodos moleculares 36 4.2.1. Extracción de ADN 37 4.2.2. Amplificación de rADN 37 4.2.3. Purificación y secuenciación de rADN 38 5. CONSTRUCCIÓN DE ÁRBOLES FILOGENÉTICOS 38 CAPITULO I. ESPECIES DE Pythium Y DE Phytopythium PATÓGENAS y 39 ASOCIADAS A RAÍCES DE SOJA INTRODUCCIÓN 40 3 1. AGENTES CAUSALES 41 2. EPIDEMIOLOGÍA, SINTOMATOLOGÍA Y DAÑO 42 3. MANEJO 44 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 46 1. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE LOS AISLAMIENTOS 46 2. PRUEBAS DE PATOGENICIDAD 47 2.1. Ensayo de patogenicidad in-vitro 47 2.2. Ensayo de patogenicidad in-vivo 47 2.3. Ensayo exploratorio de patogenicidad de Phytopythium 48 3. Respuesta de tres especies de Pythium frente a distintas temperaturas 48 3.1. Tasas diarias de crecimiento 48 4. Ensayos de Manejo con Pythium ultimum, P. irregulare y P. sylvaticum 49 4.1. Control químico, eficacia de diferentes formulados curasemillas 49 4.1.1. Sensibilidad in vitro 49 4.1.2. Eficacia en semillas 50 4.2 Relación entre el gen Rps 1k y la resistencia a Pythium ultimum y P. irregulare en 50 soja RESULTADOS 52 1. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS AISLAMIENTOS 52 1.1. Muestreo de campos, obtención e identificación de los aislamientos 52 1.2. Muestreo y obtención de aislamientos a partir de granos de soja e identificación. 53 1.3. Descripción de los aislamientos 54 1.3.1. Especies del género Pythium 54 1.3.1.1. Especies con esporangios lobulados o filamentosos 56 1.3.1.2. Especies con esporangios esféricos, subesféricos o elipsoidales 65 1.3.1.2.1. Oogonios lisos 65 1.3.1.2.2. Oogonios ornamentados 83 1.3.2. Especies del género Phytopythium 94 1.4. Árbol filogenético de las especies de Pythium y Phytopythium más una secuencia 112 de Phytophthora sojae 2. PRUEBAS DE PATOGENICIDAD 112 2.1. Ensayo de patogenicidad in-vitro 112 2.2. Ensayo de patogenicidad in-vivo 112 2.3. Ensayo de patogenicidad exploratorio con cepas de Phytopythium 114 3. RESPUESTAS DE TRES ESPECIES DE Pythium FRENTE A DISTINTAS 117 TEMPERATURAS 4 3.1. Tasas diarias de crecimiento. 118 4. ENSAYOS DE MANEJO CON Pythium ultimum, P. irregulare Y P. sylvaticum 120 4.1. Control químico, eficacia de diferentes formulados curasemillas 120 4.1.1. Sensibilidad in vitro 120 4.1.2. Eficacia de diferentes formulados curasemillas 120 4.1.2.1. Ensayo A) 120 4.1.2.2. Ensayo B) 121 4.2. Relación entre el gen Rps 1k y la resistencia a Pythium ultimum y P. irregulare en 121 soja DISCUSIÓN 123 CAPITULO II. Phytophthora sojae AGENTE CAUSAL DE LA PODREDUMBRE DE 130 RAÍZ Y LA BASE DEL TALLO DE LA SOJA INTRODUCCIÓN 131 1. AGENTE CAUSAL 133 1.1 Variabilidad de Phytophthora sojae 134 1.2. Síntomas de la enfermedad 137 2. CICLO DE LA ENFERMEDAD Y CONDICIONES PREDISPONENTES 138 3. MANEJO DE LA ENFERMEDAD 139 3.1. Resistencia raza específica 139 3.2. Resistencia parcial (RP) o no específica (tolerancia) 140 3.3. Otras medidas de manejo 140 3.3.1. Uso de fungicidas específicos 140 3.3.2. Rotación de cultivos 141 3.3.3. Buen drenaje 141 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 141 1. VIRULENCIA EN LA SUBREGIÓN PAMPEANA NORTE DURANTE EL INTERVALO 142 1998-2004 2. VIRULENCIA EN EL NBA Y SEBA DURANTE EL INTERVALO 2013-2016 143 2.1. Identificación de los aislamientos y almacenamiento 143 2.2. Evaluación de la virulencia de los aislamientos (Determinación de razas o 143 fórmulas de virulencia específica) 2.2.1. Corroboración del patrón de virulencia de la reacción de los genotipos 144 de soja diferenciales 2.3. Técnica de inoculación 144 3. RELACIÓN GENÉTICA ENTRE AISLAMIENTOS DE Ph. sojae PROVENIENTES DEL 145 NBA Y SEBA UTILIZANDO MARCADORES SSRS. 3.1. Curvas de acumulación de haplotipos 148 3.2. Caracterización por locus 149 5 3.3. Diversidad haplotípica 149 3.4. AMOVA 150 3.5. Análisis discriminante de componentes principales 150 3.6. Análisis de redes 151 RESULTADOS 153 1. VIRULENCIA EN LA SUBREGIÓN PAMPEANA NORTE DURANTE EL INTERVALO 153 1998-2004 2. VIRULENCIA EN EL NBA Y SEBA DURANTE EL INTERVALO 2013-2016 156 2.1. Identificación de los aislamientos y almacenamiento 156 2.2. Evaluación de la virulencia de los aislamientos (Determinación de razas o 156 fórmulas de virulencia específica) 2.2.1 Corroboración del patrón de virulencia de la reacción de los genotipos de 160 soja diferenciales 3. RELACIÓN GENÉTICA ENTRE AISLAMIENTOS DE Ph. sojae PROVENIENTES DEL 161 NBA Y SEBA UTILIZANDO MARCADORES SSRs. 3.1. Curva de acumulación de haplotipos 161 3.2. Caracterización por locus 162 3.3. Diversidad haplotípica 163 3.3.1. Análisis por regiones 164 3.4. AMOVA 164 3.5. Análisis discriminante de componentes principales (ADPC). 165 3.6. Análisis de redes 167 DISCUSIÓN 168 1. RELACIÓN GENÉTICA ENTRE AISLAMIENTOS DE Ph. sojae PROVENIENTES DEL 170 NBA Y SEBA UTILIZANDO MARCADORES SSRs CONCLUSIONES GENERALES 173 BIBLIOGRAFIA 175 ANEXO I. MEDIOS DE CULTIVO GENERALES Y SELECTIVOS 189 ANEXO II. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICOS 191 ANEXO III. TAMAÑO DE BANDAS OBTENIDOS CON LOS 8 MICROSATÉLITES 193 ESPECÍFICOS. ANEXO IV. ANÁLISIS DE SIGNIFICACIÓN DEL AMOVA. 202 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1: Porcentajes de especies de Pythiun aisladas y determinadas entre 53 2013 a 2015 de lotes del NBA y SEBA de la provincia de Buenos Aires. 6 Tabla 2: Porcentajes de especies de Pythiun aisladas y determinadas entre 53 2014 a 2016 de granos provenientes de lotes del NBA y SEBA. Tabla 3: Patogenicidad promedio para dos especies de Phytopythium 113 (método de la capa e inundación). Tabla 4: Patogenicidad in vitro e in vivo de las especies de Pythium y 115 Phytopythium aisladas entre 2013-2016 en las zonas norte y sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Tabla 5: Respuestas de diferentes especies de Pythium frente a distintas 119 temperaturas. Tabla 6: Porcentaje de emergencia promedio y porcentaje de control de 121 semillas de soja tratadas con fungicidas curasemillas y sembradas en suelo inoculado con Pythium spp. Tabla 7: Emergencia de plántulas a los 21 días desde la siembra de 122 genotipos de soja sin inóculo e inoculados con Pythium spp. Tabla 8: Listado de los aislamientos de Phytophthora sojae utilizados 146 para el chequeo de la relación genética utilizando marcadores SSRs. Se detalla origen y patotipo. Tabla 8: Secuencias de iniciadores (primers) y características para los locus 147 de microsatélites polimórficos desarrollados a partir de la secuencia de Ph. sojae. Nombre del locus, número de acceso GenBank, secuencia del iniciador, motivo repetido, rango de tamaño, número de alelos determinados mediante el genotipado del aislamiento P6497 de Ohio, EEUU (extraído de Steward et al., 2011).
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