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Natural History Guide to American Samoa
NATURAL HISTORY GUIDE TO AMERICAN SAMOA rd 3 Edition NATURAL HISTORY GUIDE This Guide may be available at: www.nps.gov/npsa Support was provided by: National Park of American Samoa Department of Marine & Wildlife Resources American Samoa Community College Sport Fish & Wildlife Restoration Acts American Samoa Department of Commerce Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii American Samoa Coral Reef Advisory Group National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Natural History is the study of all living things and their environment. Cover: Ofu Island (with Olosega in foreground). NATURAL HISTORY GUIDE NATURAL HISTORY GUIDE TO AMERICAN SAMOA 3rd Edition P. Craig Editor 2009 National Park of American Samoa Department Marine and Wildlife Resources Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 Box 3730, Pago Pago, American Samoa American Samoa Community College Community and Natural Resources Division Box 5319, Pago Pago, American Samoa NATURAL HISTORY GUIDE Preface & Acknowledgments This booklet is the collected writings of 30 authors whose first-hand knowledge of American Samoan resources is a distinguishing feature of the articles. Their contributions are greatly appreciated. Tavita Togia deserves special recognition as contributing photographer. He generously provided over 50 exceptional photos. Dick Watling granted permission to reproduce the excellent illustrations from his books “Birds of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa” and “Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia” (Pacificbirds.com). NOAA websites were a source of remarkable imagery. Other individuals, organizations, and publishers kindly allowed their illustrations to be reprinted in this volume; their credits are listed in Appendix 3. Matt Le'i (Program Director, OCIA, DOE), Joshua Seamon (DMWR), Taito Faleselau Tuilagi (NPS), Larry Basch (NPS), Tavita Togia (NPS), Rise Hart (RCUH) and many others provided assistance or suggestions throughout the text. -
A Study of Tropical Cyclone Track Sinuosity in the Southwest Pacific
CLIMATIC VARIABILITY: A STUDY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK SINUOSITY IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC by Arti Pratap Chand A supervised research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (M.Sc.) in Environmental Sciences Copyright © 2012 by Arti Pratap Chand School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment Faculty of Science and Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific October, 2012 DECLARATION Statement by Author I, Arti Pratap Chand, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012… Arti Pratap Chand Student ID No.: S99007704 Statement by Supervisors The research in this thesis was performed under our supervision and to our knowledge is the sole work of Ms Arti Pratap Chand Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012….. Principal Supervisor: Dr M G M Khan Designation: Associate Professor in Statistics, University of the South Pacific Signature…… ……….Date……18th October 2012…… Co - supervisor: Dr James P. Terry Designation: Associate Professor in Geography, National University of Singapore Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012…… Co - supervisor: Dr Gennady Gienko Designation: Associate Professor in Geomatics, University of Alaska Anchorage DEDICATION To all tropical cyclone victims. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am heartily thankful to my co – supervisor, Dr Gennady Gienko, whose trust, encouragement and initial discussions lead me to this topic. I would like to gratefully acknowledge my Principal Supervisor, Dr MGM Khan and my co – supervisor Dr James Terry for their advice, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabling me to develop an understanding of the subject and statistical techniques. -
Response of Southwest Pacific Storminess to Changing Climate
Response of Southwest Pacific storminess to changing climate January 14, 2019 Nilima Aditya Natoo Universität Bremen This page has been intentionally left blank Page 2 of 243 Response of Southwest Pacific storminess to changing climate Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the doctoral degree in natural sciences Dr. rer. nat. im Fachbereich 5 (Geowissenschaften) der Universität Bremen in the Faculty of Geosciences of the University of Bremen vorgelegt von by Nilima Aditya Natoo 14th January 2019 Tag des kolloquiums Date of colloquium 5th July 2019 Gutachter Reviewers Prof. Dr. Michael Schulz (University of Bremen, Germany) Prof. Dr. Christian Winter (University of Kiel, Germany) Supervisors Dr. André Paul (University of Bremen, Germany) Dr. Mark Hadfield (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand) Prüfungsausschusses Defence Examining Committee Prof. Michael Schulz, Prof. Dr. Christian Winter, Prof. Dr. Katrin Huhn-Frehers, Prof. Dr. Dierk Hebbeln, Prof. Dr. Heiko Pälike, Dr. Ute Merkel, Dr. Heather Johnstone, Ms. Charlotte Decker, Ms. Sophie Möllenbeck Page 3 of 243 This page has been intentionally left blank Page 4 of 243 Versicherung an Eides Statt / Affirmation in lieu of an oath gem. § 5 Abs. 5 der Promotionsordnung vom 18.06.2018 / according to § 5 (5) of the Doctoral Degree Rules and Regulations of 18 June, 2018 Ich / I, Nilima Aditya Natoo, Bremen, 2458809 (Vorname / First Name, Name / Name, Anschrift / Address, ggf. Matr.-Nr. / student ID no., if applicable) versichere an Eides Statt durch meine Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe angefertigt und alle Stellen, die ich wörtlich dem Sinne nach aus Veröffentlichungen entnommen habe, als solche kenntlich gemacht habe, mich auch keiner anderen als der angegebenen Literatur oder sonstiger Hilfsmittel bedient habe und die zu Prüfungszwecken beigelegte elektronische Version (PDF) der Dissertation mit der abgegebenen gedruckten Version identisch ist. -
Volume 1: Research Report
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON DEVELOPMENT IN THE PACIFIC Volume 1: Research Report May 2005 This research was commissioned and funded by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). It was managed by USP Solutions and jointly conducted by the University of the South Pacific (USP) and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). Authors: Emily McKenzie, Resource Economist, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission Dr. Biman Prasad, Associate Professor & Head of Economics Department, University of the South Pacific – Team leader Atu Kaloumaira, Disaster Risk Management Advisor, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission Cover Photo: Damage to a bridge in Port Vila, Vanuatu, after the earthquake in 2002 (source – South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission). Another USP Solution Research Report: Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Development in the Pacific CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF APPENDICES 4 LIST OF TOOLS 4 ACRONYMS 5 GLOSSARY 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 OUTLINE 11 INTRODUCTION 12 FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT 13 1. Guidelines for Estimating the Economic Impact of Natural Disasters 13 1.1. Current Practice 13 1.2. Outline of Guidelines 14 2. A Toolkit for Assessing the Costs and Benefits of DRM Measures 14 2.1. Current Practice 14 2.2. Outline of Toolkit 14 ANALYSIS 15 3. Fiji Islands 15 3.1. The Fiji Economy 15 3.2. Literature Review – Economic Impact of Cyclone Ami and Related Flooding 15 3.3. Impact on Agriculture Sector 17 3.3.1. Agriculture Sector Without Cyclone Ami and Related Flooding 17 3.3.2. Impact of Cyclone Ami and Related Flooding on Agriculture Sector 18 3.4. -
American Samoa Timeline
New/Revised LASs drafted for Fisheries Management, Land Based Sources of Pollution, Climate Change AS celebrates World Population Day, as the global population hits 7 billion people. 2011 The half-day event targeted local community members to increase awareness on population pressure issues in American Samoa, with hundreds in attendance. DoC and CRAG hosted the Climate Change Summit: 2011 Developed recommendations to guide American Samoa Recent Timeline of Coral Reef Management in American Samoa resilience Erosion and sediment control (ESC) contractor training 2011 Run by the AS-EPA and ASCMP PLA Community Resilience Workshop for Amouli village Disclaimer 2011 PLA Community Watershed Workshop for Faga'alu village The purpose of this timeline is to present a simplifying visualization of the events that may have inuenced the development of capacity to manage coral reefs in American Samoa over time. developed by 2011 meeting 2011 By its nature, it is incomplete. For example, the start date is somewhat arbitrary and therefore does not include events relating to coral reef management that have occured prior. The commission is designed to address territorial population pressure issues, and is composed of Education, Youth and Gender Issues, Reproductive Health, Immigration, Environment, and Integrated Planning sub Furthermore, it is intended as a living document that we hope will continue to evolve and improve as past events are added, existing events are reinterpreted and future events included. committees. Territorial Climate Change Adaptation -
Status and Trends of Coral Reefs of the Pacific (PDF)
STATUS AND TRENDS OF CORAL REEFS OF THE PACIFIC EDITED BY CHARLOTTE MORITZ . JASON VII . WARREN LEE LONG JERKER TAMELANDER . AURÉLIE THOMASSIN . SERGE PLANES STATUS AND TRENDS OF CORAL REEFS OF THE PACIFIC EDITED BY CHARLOTTE MORITZ, JASON VII, WARREN LEE LONG JERKER TAMELANDER, AURÉLIE THOMASSIN AND SERGE PLANES AUTHORS Charlotte MORITZ, Jason VII, Paul ANDERSON, Flora ARTZNER, Hilary AYRTON, David BENAVENTE, Charles BIRKELAND, Bruce CARLSON, Jessica DEBLIECK, Mary DONOVAN, Yoan EYNAUD, Douglas FENNER, Antoine GILBERT, Marine GOUEZO, Alison GREEN, Nicolas GUILLEMOT, Tom HEINTZ, Peter HOUK, Sandrine JOB, Johanna JOHNSON, Lyza JOHNSTON, Emma KABUA- TIBON, Kelly KOZAR, Lindsey KRAMER, Michel KULBICKI, Alice LAWRENCE, Warren LEE LONG, Sangeeta MANGUBHAI, Sheila MCKENNA, Randi ROTJAN, Stuart SANDIN, Jennifer SMITH, Maya SRINIVASAN, Mareike SUDEK, Helen SYKES, Jerker TAMELANDER, Aurélie THOMASSIN, Laurent WANTIEZ, Andy WRIGHT, Serge PLANES Charlotte MORITZ Mary DONOVAN CMOANA Consulting University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa BP 1105, 98703 Punaauia, French Polynesia 2538 McCarthy Mall EPHE, PSL Université Paris, UPVD, CNRS Edmondson Hall 216 USR 3278 CRIOBE Honolulu, HI 96822 BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, PF Email : [email protected] Email: [email protected] Yoan EYNAUD Jason VII Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation EPHE, PSL Université Paris, UPVD, CNRS Scripps Institution of Oceanography USR 3278 CRIOBE University of California San Diego Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL 9500 Gilman Dr BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, Polynésie -
Disaster Response and Adaptation to Climate Change in Fiji and Tonga: Remote Island Perspectives
Disaster response and adaptation to climate change in Fiji and Tonga: remote island perspectives By Ingrid Christina Johnston Bachelor of Arts (Psychology, Sociology), Australian National University Masters of Criminology, University of Sydney Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2015 School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania ii “Only after they disappear will the islands become the absolute truth of the urgency of climate change, and thus act as a prompt towards saving the rest of the planet”(Farbotko, 2010, p47-48). “What kind of society creates the conditions that result in one population with the means to escape suffering and another population without the means to escape suffering?” (Nickel and Eikenberry, 2007, p.538). iii Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University of any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. ________________________ ____________________ Ingrid Johnston Date Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. ________________________ ____________________ Ingrid Johnston Date Statement of Ethical Conduct The research associated with this thesis abides by the international and Australian codes on human and animal experimentation, the guidelines by the Australian Government’s Office of the Gene Technology Regulator and the rulings of the Safety, Ethics and Institutional Biosafety Committees of the University. -
Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South Pacific and SouthEast Indian Ocean
W O R L D M E T E O R O L O G I C A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N T E C H N I C A L D O C U M E N T WMO/TDNo. 292 TROPICAL CYCLONE PROGRAMME Report No. TCP24 TROPICAL CYCLONE OPERATIONAL PLAN FOR THE SOUTH PACIFIC AND SOUTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN 2006 Edition SECRETARIAT OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GENEVA SWITZERLAND © World Meteorological Organization 2006 N O T E The designations employed and the presentation of material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 2 2006 Edition CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 1.1 Objective I1 1.2 Status of the document I1 1.3 Scope I1 1.4 Structure of the document I2 1.4.1 Text I2 1.4.2 Attachments I2 1.5 Arrangements for updating I2 1.6 Operational terminology used in the South Pacific I2 1.6.1 Equivalent terms I2 1.6.1.1 Weather disturbance classification I2 1.6.1.2 Cyclone related terms I2 1.6.1.3 Warning system related terms I3 1.6.1.4 Warnings related terms I4 1.6.2 Meanings of terms used for regional exchange I4 1.7 Units and indicators used for regional exchange I7 1.7.1 Marine I7 1.7.2 Nonmarine I7 1.8 Identification of tropical cyclones I7 CHAPTER 2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERS 2.1 Area of responsibility II1 2.1.1 Forecasts and warnings for the general population II1 2.1.1.1 Special Advisories for National -
Status and Trends of Coral Reefs of the Pacific
STATUS AND TRENDS OF CORAL REEFS OF THE PACIFIC EDITED BY CHARLOTTE MORITZ . JASON VII . WARREN LEE LONG JERKER TAMELANDER . AURÉLIE THOMASSIN . SERGE PLANES STATUS AND TRENDS OF CORAL REEFS OF THE PACIFIC EDITED BY CHARLOTTE MORITZ, JASON VII, WARREN LEE LONG JERKER TAMELANDER, AURÉLIE THOMASSIN AND SERGE PLANES AUTHORS Charlotte MORITZ, Jason VII, Paul ANDERSON, Flora ARTZNER, Hilary AYRTON, David BENAVENTE, Charles BIRKELAND, David BURDICK, Bruce CARLSON, Jessica DEBLIECK, Mary DONOVAN, Yoan EYNAUD, Douglas FENNER, Antoine GILBERT, Marine GOUEZO, Alison GREEN, Nicolas GUILLEMOT, Tom HEINTZ, Peter HOUK, Sandrine JOB, Johanna JOHNSON, Lyza JOHNSTON, Emma KABUA-TIBON, Kelly KOZAR, Lindsey KRAMER, Michel KULBICKI, Alice LAWRENCE, Warren LEE LONG, Sangeeta MANGUBHAI, Sheila MCKENNA, Randi ROTJAN, Stuart SANDIN, Jennifer SMITH, Maya SRINIVASAN, Mareike SUDEK, Helen SYKES, Jerker TAMELANDER, Aurélie THOMASSIN, Laurent WANTIEZ, Andy WRIGHT, Serge PLANES Charlotte MORITZ Jessica DEBLIECK CMOANA Consulting University of Guam, Marine Laboratory BP 1105, 98703 Punaauia, French Polynesia 303 University Drive EPHE, PSL Université Paris, UPVD, CNRS Mangilao, GU 96923 USR 3278 CRIOBE Email : [email protected] BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, PF Email: [email protected] Mary DONOVAN University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Jason VII 2538 McCarthy Mall EPHE, PSL Université Paris, UPVD, CNRS Edmondson Hall 216 USR 3278 CRIOBE Honolulu, HI 96822 Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Email : [email protected] BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, Polynésie française -
Culturally Appropriate Health Care in Kwaio, Solomon Islands: an Action Research Approach
Culturally Appropriate Health Care in Kwaio, Solomon Islands: An Action Research Approach David MacLaren B.App.Sci., M.P.H. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Public Health Health Group Griffith University December 2006 Abstract The Kwaio people of central Malaita, Solomon Islands who retain the culture and religion of their ancestors, face a stark choice when seeking treatment at Atoifi Adventist Hospital—relinquish fundamental precepts of Kwaio culture and religion by entering the hospital, or remain true to Kwaio beliefs and stay away. Many choose the latter. The result is considerable untreated acute and chronic illness and preventable death. For people who have converted to Christianity Atoifi Adventist Hospital poses fewer cultural barriers and is one of the most respected and best equipped hospitals in Solomon Islands. However, for those who have chosen not to become Christian, the ongoing exclusion they face has resulted in antagonism and mistrust between their community and Atoifi. This thesis describes and analyses the colonial-Christian discourse in which the hospital was established and action taken to achieve a long held desire of many Kwaio people—a facility at Atoifi where health services are attainable without the rejection and desecration of Kwaio culture and religion. Using a Participatory Action Research methodology that challenges the dominant colonial-Christian paradigm, this study seeks to understand the nature of Participatory Action Research through its pursuit of culturally appropriate health services at Atoifi. This thesis outlines how the research process brought together a disparate collection of groups and individuals to analyse the oppressive situation at Atoifi and propose action to establish a culturally appropriate health facility there. -
CHAPTER IV Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Assessment
CHAPTER IV Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Assessment 68 Territory of American Samoa Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Assessing risks is the second step in the four-step mitigation plan process. The risk assessment step has four parts: identify hazards, profile hazard events, inventory assets and estimate losses (Figure 1). Conducting a risk assessment is a way of asking and answering “what if…” questions. For instance, what if the Territory receives several days of heavy rain? The risk assessment answers questions regarding history, probability and impact. These answers are then used in the third step of mitigation planning, developing a mitigation plan. They provide essential data to determine mitigation strategies and to define specific prioritized mitigation projects. The development of a comprehensive natural hazard risk and vulnerability assessment is necessary to gain an understanding of the risks of natural disasters to the people of American Samoa. The Project Team, in collaboration with American Samoa Government (ASG) representatives, examined the vulnerability of current and future populations and structures (including critical facilities and infrastructure) to various natural hazards. The risk assessment provides a compilation of information and available data sets to American Samoa government officials for comprehensive planning purposes to save lives and reduce property losses in future disasters. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Identify Profile Inventory Estimate Hazards Hazards Assets Losses Figure 1 Risk Assessment Process The risk assessment is formatted to meet the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s state-level hazard mitigation planning regulations as found in C.F.R. 44 201. FEMA requires American Samoa to profile each possible natural hazard event, to assess vulnerability and estimate potential losses by jurisdiction. -
16. Geologic Setting and Ecological Functioning of Coral Reefs in American Samoa
Birkeland, C., P. Craig, D. Fenner, L. Smith, W. Kiene, B. Riegl. 2007. Geologic setting and ecological functioning of coral reefs in American Samoa. Chap. 20. In: Riegl B., R. Dodge, (Eds). Coral reefs of the USA. Springer Publishers. 16. Geologic setting and ecological functioning of coral reefs in American Samoa Charles Birkeland Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, USGS, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA (808) 956-8678, fax (808) 956-4238, [email protected] Peter Craig National Park of American Samoa, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 USA 011 (684) 633- 7082, 011 (684) 633-7082, fax 011 (684) 633-7085, [email protected] Douglas Fenner Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Government of American Samoa, PO Box 3730, Pago Pago, AS 96799 USA 011 (684) 633 4456, fax 011 (684) (684) 633-5944 [email protected] Lance Smith Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA (808) 221-8276, fax (808) 956-4238, [email protected] William E. Kiene Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, PO Box 4318, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 USA 011 (684) 633-7354, fax 011 (684) 633-7355,[email protected] Bernhard Riegl National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, 8000 N. Ocean Drive, Dania, FL 33004 USA (954) 262 3671, fax 954-262 3648, [email protected] 16.1 Introduction American Samoa has been a territory of the United States since the signing of the 17 April 1900 Deed of Cession. Although debated among historians, many believe that the Samoan Islands were originally inhabited as early as 1000 BC.