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Status and Trends of Coral Reefs of the Pacific

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STATUS AND TRENDS OF CORAL REEFS OF THE PACIFIC EDITED BY CHARLOTTE MORITZ . JASON VII . WARREN LEE LONG JERKER TAMELANDER . AURÉLIE THOMASSIN . SERGE PLANES STATUS AND TRENDS OF CORAL REEFS OF THE PACIFIC EDITED BY CHARLOTTE MORITZ, JASON VII, WARREN LEE LONG JERKER TAMELANDER, AURÉLIE THOMASSIN AND SERGE PLANES AUTHORS Charlotte MORITZ, Jason VII, Paul ANDERSON, Flora ARTZNER, Hilary AYRTON, David BENAVENTE, Charles BIRKELAND, David BURDICK, Bruce CARLSON, Jessica DEBLIECK, Mary DONOVAN, Yoan EYNAUD, Douglas FENNER, Antoine GILBERT, Marine GOUEZO, Alison GREEN, Nicolas GUILLEMOT, Tom HEINTZ, Peter HOUK, Sandrine JOB, Johanna JOHNSON, Lyza JOHNSTON, Emma KABUA-TIBON, Kelly KOZAR, Lindsey KRAMER, Michel KULBICKI, Alice LAWRENCE, Warren LEE LONG, Sangeeta MANGUBHAI, Sheila MCKENNA, Randi ROTJAN, Stuart SANDIN, Jennifer SMITH, Maya SRINIVASAN, Mareike SUDEK, Helen SYKES, Jerker TAMELANDER, Aurélie THOMASSIN, Laurent WANTIEZ, Andy WRIGHT, Serge PLANES Charlotte MORITZ Jessica DEBLIECK CMOANA Consulting University of Guam, Marine Laboratory BP 1105, 98703 Punaauia, French Polynesia 303 University Drive EPHE, PSL Université Paris, UPVD, CNRS Mangilao, GU 96923 USR 3278 CRIOBE Email : [email protected] BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, PF Email: [email protected] Mary DONOVAN University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Jason VII 2538 McCarthy Mall EPHE, PSL Université Paris, UPVD, CNRS Edmondson Hall 216 USR 3278 CRIOBE Honolulu, HI 96822 Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Email : [email protected] BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, Polynésie française Yoan EYNAUD Email : [email protected] Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Scripps Institution of Oceanography Paul ANDERSON University of California San Diego SPREP, PROE 9500 Gilman Dr PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 Email : [email protected] Email: [email protected] Flora ARTZNER Douglas FENNER SPREP, PROE Contractor for NOAA NMFS Protected Species PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa PO Box 7390 Email : [email protected] Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 USA Email : [email protected] Hilary AYRTON Ministry of Marine ressources Antoine GILBERT Government of the Cook Islands Ginger Soproner Po Box 85, Avarua 1 Bis, rue Berthelot Rarotonga, Cook Islands BP 3583 Noumea Cedex Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] David BENAVENTE Marine GOUEZO Division of Coastal Resource Management Palau International Coral Reef Center PO BOX P.O. Box 10007, Saipan, MP 96950 7086, Koror Email : [email protected] PW 96940, Republic of Palau Email : [email protected] Charles BIRKELAND Department of Biology University of Hawaii at Alison GREEN Manoa The Nature Conservancy 2538 McCarthy Mall Asia Pacific Resource Centre Edmondson Hall 216 Level 1, 48 Montague Road, South Brisbane. Q. Honolulu, HI 96822 4101, Australia Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] David BURDICK Nicolas GUILLEMOT University of Guam, Marine Laboratory Developement et Expertise en Environnement 303 University Drive (Dexen) Mangilao, GU 96923 85 av. du Général De Gaulle, Imm. Carcopino Email : [email protected] 3000 BP 32401, 98 897 Nouméa - Nouvelle-Calédonie Bruce CARLSON Email : [email protected] Georgia Aquarium University of Hawaii Email : [email protected] Tom HEINTZ Sheila MCKENNA GINGER-SOPRONER Pacific Island Network Inventory and Monitoring 1bis Rue Berthelot, Program BP3583, 98846 NOUMEA Cedex National Park Service Email: [email protected] PO Box 52, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 Email : [email protected] Peter HOUK University of Guam, Marine Laboratory Randi ROTJAN Mangilao GU 96923 USA Boston University, Biology and Marine Program Email : [email protected] Boston, USA Email : [email protected] Sandrine JOB PALA DALIK : l'écho du récif – Association Stuart SANDIN Nouméa cedex 98897 Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Email : [email protected] Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego Johanna JOHNSON 9500 Gilman Dr C2O Pacific La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 PO Box 6153, Port Vila, Vanuatu Email: [email protected] Email : [email protected] Jennifer SMITH Lyza JOHNSTON Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Scripps Institution of Oceanography Quality University of California San Diego Division of Coastal Resources Management 9500 Gilman Dr La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 Middle Rd, Garapan, Saipan 96950 Email: [email protected] Email : [email protected] Maya SRINIVASAN Emma KABUA-TIBON Marine Biology and Aquaculture Marshall Islands Marine Ressources Authority College of Science and Engineering P.O. Box 860, Delap, Majuro MH 96960 James Cook University Email : [email protected] Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia Email : [email protected] Kelly KOZAR Pacific Island Network Inventory and Monitoring Mareike SUDEK Program National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa National Park Service Fagatele Bay Trail, Taputimu, Western District PO Box 52, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 Samoa américaines Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Lindsey KRAMER Helen SYKES Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Division of Marine Ecology Consulting (Fiji) Aquatic Resources, Kailua-Kona PO Box 2558, Govt Buildings Hawaiʻi Island Coordinator- Eyes of the Reef Suva, Fiji Islands Network Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Jerker TAMELANDER Michel KULBICKI United Nations Environment Programme UMR ENTROPIE Rajdamnern Nok, Bangkok 10200, Thailand IRD, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Email: [email protected] 52 avenue Paul Alduy 66860 PERPIGNAN Cedex 9 - France Aurélie THOMASSIN Email : [email protected] Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire Tour Sequoia, 92055 la Défense Cedex Alice LAWRENCE Email:aurelie.thomassin@developpement- American Samoa Coral Reef Advisory Group durable.gouv.fr DMWR, PO Box 3730, Pago Pago American Samoa 96799 Andy WRIGHT Email : [email protected] Koniambo Nickel SAS Route Territoriale 1,Site de Vavouto, 98833 Voh Warren LEE LONG BP 679 98860 Koné, Nouvelle-Calédonie SPREP, PROE Email: [email protected] PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa Email : [email protected] Serge PLANES EPHE, PSL Université Paris, UPVD, CNRS Sangeeta MANGUBHAI USR 3278 CRIOBE Wildlife Conservation Society Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL 11 Ma’afu Street, Suva, Fiji BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, Polynésie Email : [email protected] française Email : [email protected] Dedication This book is dedicated to the coral reef people who live by them, depend on them, use them, monitor them, study them, and protect them. We recognize the people of all islands from all nations in the wide Pacific Island region who strive to sustain healthy coral reefs for future generations. Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-professional services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Disclaimer The contents in this publication are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision or position on behalf of UN Environment, the French, the Sweden, or the US Government. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement on trademark or copyright laws. Front cover School of Manini (Acanthurus triostegus) feeding on a coral reef in Moorea, French Polynesia (©Lauric Thiault). Back cover Reefscape of Kimbe Bay, Papua-New Guinea (©Tane Sinclair Taylor). Photograph credits Charles Birkeland (page 59); Lauric Thiault (pages 26, 42 and 90); Gilles Siu (page 70). Citation Moritz C, Vii J, Lee Long W, Tamelander J, Thomassin A, Planes S (editors). (2018) Status and Trends of Coral Reefs of the Pacific. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network. Design and layout Cécile Berthe © Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network CONTENTS FOREWORD .........................................................................................................................................9 MESSAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 10 PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................... 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, CO-SPONSORS, AND SUPPORTERS OF GCRMN .............................................. 14 LIST OF ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................... 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 16 RÉSUMÉ ÉXÉCUTIF .............................................................................................................................31 PART I. OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR THE PACIFIC ISLAND REGION ................................................ 47 1. DATA, METHODOLOGY, AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 50 1.a.Scope of the data ......................................................................................................
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