DOCSLIB.ORG

Desalter Effluent Study an Effective and Economical Solution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Desalter Effluent Study an Effective and Economical Solution NEW LOGIC RESEARCH Case Using V✧SEP to Treat Desalter Effluent Study An effective and economical solution New Logic Research has developed an innovative and rugged Ultrafiltration Membrane System for the treatment of desalter effluent. In the past, desalter effluent has been something that a refinery has just put up with and tried to manage as best it can. Now by utilizing the proprietary VSEP Filtration System, desalter effluent can be treated and mitigated at the source. Crude Oil Basics Crude oils are complex mixtures containing many different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in appearance and composition from one oil field to another. Crude oils range in consistency from water to tar-like solids, and in color from clear to black. An “average” crude Desalting - The First Step in Crude oil contains about 84% carbon, 14% Oil Refining constantly varying conditions is a key hydrogen, 1%-3% sulfur, and less than ingredient to success of the entire 1% each of nitrogen, oxygen, metals, Desalting and dewatering of crude oil refinery operation. The main function and salts. Refinery crude base stocks upstream of the crude distillation unit of the Desalter is to remove salt and usually consist of mixtures of two or is a key process operation for the water form the crude oil. However, more different crude oils. removal of undesirable components many other contaminants such as clay, from crude oil before it reaches any of silt, rust, and other debris also need to Crude oils are also defined in terms of the major unit operations. The operation be removed. These can cause corrosion API (American Petroleum Institute) of a desalting system can be very and fouling of downstream equipment. gravity. A crude with a high API gravity challenging due to changing process Also, there are metals that can deactivate are usually rich in paraffins and tend to variables. At best, it is a process of catalysts used in the process of refining. yield greater proportions of gasoline and measuring trade-offs and compromises. light petroleum products. Crude oils that Desalter Theory contain appreciable quantities of A delicate balance must be maintained hydrogen sulfide or other reactive sulfur while controlling mixing intensity, wash The Desalter removes contaminants compounds are called “sour.” Those water quality, chemical demulsifier feed from crude oil by first emulsifying the with less sulfur are called “sweet.” and other parameters that can provide crude oil with chemicals and wash water optimal salt removal. On one hand the to promote thorough contact of the water All crude oils are assayed and valued quality of the crude overflow must be and oil. The salts containing some of the depending on their potential yield. within specific standards and on the metals that can poison catalysts are Crude Oil with low assay numbers is other hand the under-carry must not be dissolved in the water phase. After the referred to as “Opportunity Crude”. This so potent that it compromises the oil has been washed and mixed as an type of oil will be more difficult to system’s dehydration abilities or fouls emulsion of oil and water, demulsifying process due to higher levels of up downstream wastewater treatment. chemicals are then added and contaminants and water. This type of New legislative demands placed on electrostatic fields are used to break the crude will typically give desalter effluent water quality present the emulsion. Desalters are sized to allow equipment the most trouble and require operator with a difficult challenge. the water and oil to settle and separate the greatest skill of the operator. Optimizing the desalting process under according to Stoke’s Law. V✧SEP ... A New Standard in Rapid Separation Copyright 2003 all rights reserved NEW LOGIC RESEARCH Case Study In addition, solids present in the crude and fouling downstream in the heat Refinery Wastewater will accumulate in the bottom of the exchangers, furnaces, and distillation desalter vessel. The desalter must be units, if not removed. Electrical The desalter effluent is a major source periodically washed to remove the desalting is the application of high- of contaminated wastewater and a accumulated solids. voltage electrostatic charges to source of hydrocarbons as oil under concentrate suspended water globules in carry to the extent that emulsions are not A’“mud washing” system is installed in the bottom of the settling tank. completely broken. Oil under carry can the bottom of the vessel to periodically Surfactants are added only when the be the single largest source of oil losses remove the solids. Mud washing crude has a large amount of suspended to the wastewater treatment system. consists of recycling a portion of the solids. Reduction in the amount of Oil in the desalter effluent water to agitate the undercarry not only reduces sewer accumulated solids so that they are Other less-common processes involve loadings but also recovers valuable raw washed out into the effluent water. filtering heated crude using material that would otherwise be lost. These solids are then routed to the diatomaceous earth and chemical Rates vary with the water content of the wastewater system. treatment and settling. Ammonia is often crude oil and the degree of difficulty in used to reduce corrosion. Caustic or acid desalting the crude, but a representative Desalter effluent or undercarry is a may be added to adjust the pH of the rate would be around 2-2.5 gallons of combination or many things including water wash. wastewater per barrel of crude oil feed the mud wash done at periodic intervals, to the unit. Desalter water contains salt, produced water that came with the Wastewater and contaminants are sludge, rust, clay, and varying amounts crude, and the brine wash water discharged from the bottom of the of emulsified oil (oil under carry). resulting from the dilution and removal settling tank to the wastewater treatment Depending on the crude oil source, it of salts and other contaminants. facility. The desalted crude is may or may not contain significant continuously drawn from the top of the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Desalter Process settling tank and sent to the crude ammonia, and phenolic compounds. distillation tower. A properly performing Relatively high levels of suspended and To accomplish desalting, the crude is desalter can remove about 90% of the dissolved solids are usually observed. first preheated to 120º-150º with heat salt in raw crude. exchangers in order to reach the required Refinery Process Wastewater Description Waste Byproducts viscosity level normally in the range of Storage Tanks Crude Oil comes with a considerable amount of Sulfides, Salts, TDS, and Oil 5-15 centi-stoke. water. During storage of the crude, this water settles in the storage tanks and is periodically drained off. The temperature is limited by the vapor Desalting Unit The Desalting process produces salt water from the Chlorides, Carbonates, pressure of the crude-oil feedstock. washing of the crude oil. The undercarry from the Sulfides, and Oil desalter conatins the produced water that came About 2-6% wash water is metered in with the crude as well as wash water which is added ahead of the desalter as an extraction prior to dealting to dilute and remove contaminants agent in addition to emulsifying agents Distillation Oily sour water is drained from the "knock-down" Sulfur and Ammonia to help dissolve salts and sediments. sump vessels of the fractionators. Intense mixing of the crude, wash water, and chemicals then takes place over a LPG Caustic Washing In the liquid petroleum gas caustic wash unit, casutic High Sulfides caustic is added to convert Sulfur (H2S) to Sodium mixing valve. Di-Sulfide (NaS2) Once in the pressurized desalter vessel, Cooling Tower Blowdown Water used for cooling is recirculated in a closed loop. Corrosion Inhibitors, TDS Water drained as "blow-down to maintain acceptable the salts and sediment settle with wash temperature and dissolved solids levels. water and tend to form emulsions. The wash water is separated by electrostatic Miscellaneous Other wastewaters are produced from wash down of Propane, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, operations, boiler blowdown, MEK de-waxing, and TDS, Oil and others precipitation using high voltage and de- Propane De=asphalting emulsifiers and acid. The salts that are removed are mainly chlorides and carbonates. They can cause corrosion Sources of wastewater during the refinery process V✧SEP ... A New Standard in Rapid Separation Copyright 2003 all rights reserved NEW LOGIC RESEARCH Case Study Process Variables Affecting Desalter Performance use of membrane filtration results in materials and modules. Through the reduced capital, chemical, operating, innovations in membrane chemistry and Crude Oil Quality and energy-consumption costs. The design, membrane filtration Crude Oil Feed Rate potential for economic benefit to the technologies will establish a leadership role in the chemical processing market. Temperature, Viscosity, and Density user industry is revolutionary. Recent advancements including the Electrical Field Intensity Crude oil refiners facing global invention of Teflon, Kynar, and Wash Water Quality competition are looking for new inorganic membranes have made their Wash Water Feed Rate technologies for product manufacturing use practical even for the most Emulsifiers Rate that can improve operations aggressive chemical environment. Water Level Control performance, reduce operating costs, and stem pollution problems before they The VSEP Technology Emulsion Layer Thickness occur. Conventional separation Demulsifier Rate processes have been around for many Historically, membrane manufacturers Mud Washing Technique years and have been optimized to the have utilized tangential or crossflow Brine Recycling Process greatest extent possible. With new filtration to reduce solids loading of the regulations on emissions, demand for membrane. In this method, the feed high product quality, and burgeoning material is pumped at high velocity into VSEP Membrane Filtration - energy costs, traditional separation the system.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oil Refinery Sector
    Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre - ENVIS Centre CLEANER PRODUCTION OPPURTUNITIES IN OIL REFINERY SECTOR Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre - ENVIS Centre OIL REFINERY An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. Common process units found in a refinery: • Desalter unit washes out salt from the crude oil before it enters the atmospheric distillation unit. • Atmospheric distillation unit distills crude oil into fractions. • Vacuum distillation unit further distills residual bottoms after atmospheric distillation. • Naphtha hydrotreater unit uses hydrogen to desulfurize naphtha from atmospheric distillation. Must hydrotreat the naphtha before sending to a Catalytic Reformer unit. • Catalytic reformer unit is used to conver t the naphtha-boiling range molecules into higher octane reformate (reformer product). The reformate has higher content of aromatics and cyclic hydrocarbons). An important byproduct of a r eformer is hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction. The hydrogen is used either in the hydrotreater or the hydrocracker. • Distillate hydrotreater unit desulfurizes distillates (such as diesel) after atmospheric distillation. • Fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) unit upgrades heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products. • Hydrocracker unit uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products. • Visbreaking unit upgrades heavy residual oils by thermally cracking them into li ghter, more valuable reduced viscosity products. • Merox unit treats LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing mercaptans to organic disulfides.
    [Show full text]
  • Upgrading of Coker Distillate Under Variable Hydrotreating Operating Conditions
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Egyptian Journal of Petroleum (2011) 20, 25–31 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Egyptian Journal of Petroleum www.elsevier.com/locate/egyjp www.sciencedirect.com Upgrading of coker distillate under variable hydrotreating operating conditions H.A. Elsayed *, H.S. Ahmed, M.F. Monufy Refining Department, Egyptian Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Received 28 February 2010; accepted 2 January 2011 Available online 19 October 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract Studies on hydrotreating coker distillates, produced from a delayed coker unit were done Hydrotreating; using a commercially available CoMo/c-Al2O3 catalyst, on which 0.2 wt% P2O5 was added in order Hydrotreating catalyst; to improve its characteristics. The experimental studies were conducted in a fixed-bed continuous- Coker distillate; reactor (cata-test unit) at temperatures (300–400 °C) and total hydrogen pressure (40–65 bar). These Hydrodesulfurization conditions have affected the feedstock characteristics and great reduction of sulfur, aromatics and boiling ranges. Other improvements were obtained in diesel index (DI) due to hydrogenation reac- tion of aromatics and desulfurization of its sulfur contents. ª 2011 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. 1. Introduction in fuels and gas oil or diesel to <0.01 wt%. The removal of sulfur containing compounds, such as thiophenes, mercaptans, In recent years, sulfur reduction from light gas oil or diesel fuel dibenzothiophene and especially its alkyl substituted deriva- using catalytic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a routine opera- tives is necessary in order to minimize the polluting effects of tion in petroleum refining process due to environmental regu- containing gases such as SO2 that may be released into the lations and to improve the combustion qualities of automotive atmosphere during combustion [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Selected Petroleum Refining Residuals
    STUDY OF SELECTED PETROLEUM REFINING RESIDUALS INDUSTRY STUDY Part 1 August 1996 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Solid Waste Hazardous Waste Identification Division 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................... 1 1.2 OTHER EPA REGULATORY PROGRAMS IMPACTING THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY ............................. 2 1.3 INDUSTRY STUDY FINDINGS .................................. 3 2.0 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION ........................................... 8 2.1 PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY PROFILE ..................... 8 2.2 INDUSTRY STUDY ........................................... 10 2.2.1 Site Selection ......................................... 11 2.2.2 Engineering Site Visits .................................. 13 2.2.3 RCRA §3007 Questionnaire .............................. 13 2.2.4 Familiarization Sampling ................................ 14 2.2.5 Record Sampling ....................................... 15 2.2.6 Split Samples Analyzed by API ........................... 20 2.2.7 Synthesis ............................................. 20 3.0 PROCESS AND WASTE DESCRIPTIONS ............................... 21 3.1 REFINERY PROCESS OVERVIEW .............................. 21 3.2 CRUDE OIL DESALTING ...................................... 25 3.2.1 Process Description ..................................... 25 3.2.2 Desalting Sludge ....................................... 26 3.3 HYDROCRACKING
    [Show full text]
  • Residuum Processing
    CHAPTER SIX Residuum Processing DELAYED COKING Delayed coking is a thermal process in which the vacuum residue from crude distillation is heated in a furnace then confined in a reaction zone or coke drum under proper operating conditions of temperature and pressure until the unvaporized portion of the furnace effluent is converted to vapor and coke. Delayed coking is an endothermic reaction, with the furnace supplying the necessary heat for the coking reactions. The reactions in the delayed coking are complex. In the initial phase, the feed is partially vaporized and cracked as it passes through the furnace. In the next step, cracking of the vapor occurs as it passes through the drum. In the final step, succes- sive cracking and polymerization of the liquid confined in the drum takes place at high temperatures, until the liquid is converted into vapor and coke. The coke produced in the delayed coker is almost pure carbon contain- ing some of the impurities of the feed, such as sulfur and metals. THE DELAYED COKING PROCESS The reduced crude or vacuum resid enters the coke fractionator bottom surge zone (see Figure 6-1). The feed is mixed with recycle condensed in the bottom section of the fractionator and pumped by heater charge pump P-04 through coke heater H-Ol, where the charge is rapidly heated to the desired temperature for coke formation in the coke drums. Steam is injected in each heater coil to maintain the required minimum velocity and residence time and suppress the formation of coke in the heater coils. BLOWDOWN CONDENSER BLOWDOWN SETTLING DRUM V-05 E-02 TO FLARE BLOWDOWN DECOKING WATER BLOWDOWN WATER SLOP OIL STORAGETANK CIRCULATION PUMP PUMP T-01 P-08 OIL COOLER P-09 SLOP OIL E-01 COKER RAW WATER BLOWDOW^ DRUM V-04 COKER GAS FRACTIONATOR N.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Petroleum Refining
    ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES PETROLEUM REFINING November 17, 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR PETROLEUM REFINING INTRODUCTION 1. The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP).1 When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These industry sector EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the General EHS Guidelines document, which provides guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially applicable to all industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple industry sector guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of industry sector guidelines can be found at: www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines. 2. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them. 3. The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be tailored to the hazards and risks established for each project on the basis of the results of an environmental assessment in which site-specific variables— such as host country context, assimilative capacity of the environment, and other project factors—are taken into account. The applicability of specific technical recommendations should be based on the professional opinion of qualified and experienced persons. 4. When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulphur Recovery Process:[14] Major Cause of Air Pollution Because of S
    2/16/2015 NPTEL PHASE ­II :Petroleum Refinery Engineering Sulphur Recovery Process:­[1­4] Major cause of air pollution because of S compounds HDS to H2S can be converted to S. S recovery process from acid gas (H2S). Claus process :­ H2S oxidation process) Overall reaction H2S + 1/2 O2 ­> S + H2O In two step: H2S+3/2 O2­> SO2 + H2O 2H2S+SO2 3S+2H2O Clave reaction exothermic As 22% solution of KOH in water.For maximum sulphur recovery H2S/SO2 mole reaction. S recovery efficiency for 3 cascade reactor stage is 96­97% With rich acid o gas feed(~50%H2S) reaction became exothermic where T reactor ~ 1200 C(thermal process) Clause Process :­ Work well for gas strem containing greater than 20% H2S(by value) and less than 5% HCS .When reaction is. 1. Heat is recovered from the reaction gases in the waste heat boiler by generating high pressure steam. 2. Reaction gases leaving the waste heat boiler are then passed to a condenser where cooling to 150­190oC result in condensation to elemental S formula. 3. The gases containing unconverted H2S passed to a reactor containing bed of bauxite cat. 4. Finally waste gases are incinerated to oxidize the last traces of H2S and elemental S and then vented to atmosphere via stack. Total S recovery with the subsequent class stages ranges from 94 to 96 percent.Complete conversation of H2S to SO2 elemental sulphur is not possible due to thermodynamic chemical equilibrium of class reaction. Selective oxidation of H2S to sulphur can be thermodynamically complete by reaction: H2S +1/2 O2 S+H2O Series of proprietary catalyst for direct oxidation of H2S to elemental S are used (Hi activity process).
    [Show full text]
  • Course: Organic Chemical Technology
    COURSE: ORGANIC CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statement is not true in case of isomerisation of butane? (a) Increase in LHSV will tend to increase in isobutene yield (b) Increase in temperature will increase isobutane yield (c) Increase in temperature will decrease isobutane yield (d) Reducing hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio will be decreased 2. For highly paraffinc crude oil, the chracterisation factor will be in range of (a) 11.5-12.5 (b) 12.5-13.0 (c) 13.5-14.0 (d) 14.5 -15.0 3. During the desalting of crude oil which of the statement is not true? (a) Desalter pressure is maintained above vaporisatrion pressure of crude oil (b) Desalter pressure is maintained below vaporisatrion pressure of crude oil (c) Low voltage is preferable for better desalting (d) Lower temperature is preferable 4. Which of the Indian oil refinery is making Liner alkyl benzene? (a) IOC Panipat refinery (b) IOC Haldia refinery (c) IOC Vadodara refinery (d) IOC Mathura refinery 5. Which of the following statement is not true in case of catalytic reforming? (a) High temperature results in loss of reformate yield (b) Highly naphthenic stock require high space velocity (c) High paraffinic stock requires low space velocity (d) Presence of water decrease the hydrocracking activity 6. Which of the following process is not sorbent separation technology? (a) Penex (b) Parex (c) Molex (d) Olex 7. Which of the following statement is not true in case of catalytic reforming? (a) Dehydrogenation is highly endothermic (b) Dehydrogenation is exothermic (c) Dehydrocyclisation reaction is exothermic (d) Hydrodealkylation reactions are endothermic 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Coker Distillate(S)
    STUDY ON HYDROTREATING OF COKER DISTILLATE(S) Mohamed F. Menoufy', Galal M. Abdel- Aleim2,MohamedS. Ebrahim and Mohamed Abdel-Aaty 1. Petroleum Refining Division, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, NasrCity.Cairo, Egypt 2. Petrochemicals and Refining Engineering Dcpt, Faculty of Petroleum Engineering and Mining, Suez canal University, Suez-Egypt. 3. Suez Oil Processing Company 4. Chemist, Nasr Petroleum Company. ABSTRACT The primary method to remove sulfur , improve cetane index and reduce aromatic content of gas oil / diesel is hydroprocessing. Therefore, the significant advancements in hydrotreating of light coker gas oil (LCGO) derived from delayed coker unit at Suez Oil Processing Company have been performed in a cata-test fixed bed micro-reactor unit, using a commercial CoMo/AljOj Catalyst after sulfidation. The operating conditions were varied in order to study the impact of these processes conditions (temperature;275-400"C, hydrogen pressure;30-85 bar, and hourly space velocity; 0.5-1.5h"' ) on the yield , and quality of gas oil within hydrotreating regime, which is the important to aid the optimization of the process from the environmental regulations and national market demands point of view. The present investigation is conducted on the LCGO, which was selected as a hydrotreated feedstock due to its higher unsaturated hydrocarbon contents ( aromatics and olefins) and heteroatom (sulfur and nitrogen), in order to produce an upgraded gas oil acceptable as transportation fuel according to the TESCE, Vol. 30, No.2 <s^ >' December 2004 environmental and national regulations, and / or the world wide fuel charter December 2002. 1-INTRODUCTION In recent years, the development and use" of "environmentally friendly" fuels has had high priority throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Residue Upgrading Via Delayed Coking: a Review
    Petroleum Residue Upgrading Via Delayed Coking: A Review Ashish N. Sawarkar, Aniruddha B. Pandit, Shriniwas D. Samant and Jyeshtharaj B. Joshi* Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India World petroleum residue processing capacity has reached about 725 million metric tons per annum (MMTPA). The high demand for transportation fuels and the ever-rising heavy nature of crude oil have resulted in a renewed interest in the bottom-of-the-barrel processing using various conver- sion processes. Delayed coking, known for processing virtually any refi nery stream (which not only poses a serious threat to environment, but also involves a disposal cost) has garnered tremendous importance in the current refi ning scenario. Needle coke obtained from delayed coking process is a highly sought-after product, which is used in electric arc furnaces (in the form of graphite electrodes) in steel making applications. In the present communication, the published literature has been extensively analyzed and a state-of-the-art review has been written that includes: (1) importance and place of delayed coking as a residue upgrading process in the current refi ning scenario; (2) coking mechanism and kinetics; (3) design aspects; (4) feedstocks suitable for the production of needle coke; (5) characteristics of needle coke; (6) factors affecting needle coke quality and quantity; and (7) future market for needle coke. An attempt has been made to get the above-mentioned aspects together in a coherent theme so that the information is available at a glance and could be of signifi cant use for researchers and practising refi ners.
    [Show full text]
  • Refinery Scheme's Mass Targeting and Bottom
    REFINERY SCHEME’S MASS TARGETING AND BOTTOM SECTION SYNTHESIS FOR HEAVY OIL A Thesis by ABDULAZIZ ABDULKAREEM A ALNAJJAR Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Mahmoud M.El-Halwagi Committee Members, M. Sam Mannan Sergiy Butenko Head of Department, M. Nazmul Karim December 2015 Major Subject: Chemical Engineering Copyright 2015 Abdulaziz A. Alnajjar ABSTRACT This work evaluates the introduction of heavy oil in a refinery as a first step. The first step will yield an increase in the production of the bottom products (vacuum residue, gas oil and diesel). It will also reduce the production of the light products (gases, LPG and naphtha) from ADU/VDU for oil with API above 20. However, we showed that if the heavy oil is below 20 API, the vacuum residue will be the only increasing product. This also reflects on the unit capital cost. The power and steam required by the refinery should also increase as crude oil becomes heavier due to the high amount of steam used in the delayed coker unit. Nevertheless, the fuel for the fire heaters does not show the expected change as compared to the model. The report goes to a further step by replacing bottom product processes with gasification and syngas routes. This step results to reduce the total production of fuel. Therefore, the fuel gasification paths MTG, DME (direct and indirect), and FT are more valuable than other gasification paths. All fuel paths showed a similar amount of fuel production, yielding extra production around 100,000 lb/hr compared to the base case.
    [Show full text]
  • Fractionation of Petroleum
    Chapter 3 Fractionation of Petroleum 1 Topics • Introduction • Physical & Chemical Processes • Pretreatment – Dehydration & Desalting of Crudes • Distillation of petroleum – Atmospheric Distillation Unit(ADU) – Vacuum Distillation Unit(VDU) • Arrangements of Towers – Top tray reflux tower – Pump back reflux tower – Pump around reflux tower 2 Refining operations • Petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas: 1. Fractionation (distillation) – Separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boiling-point ranges called "fractions" or "cuts." 3 2.Conversion Processes • Change the size and/or structure of hydrocarbon molecules. These processes include: • Decomposition (dividing) by thermal and catalytic cracking. • Unification (combining) through alkylation and polymerization. • Alteration (rearranging) with isomerization and catalytic reforming. 4 3. Treatment Processes • To prepare hydrocarbon streams for additional processing and to prepare finished products. Treatment may include removal or separation of aromatics and naphthenes, impurities and undesirable contaminants. • Treatment may involve chemical or physical separation e.g. dissolving, absorption, or precipitation using a variety and combination of processes including desalting, drying, hydrodesulfurizing, solvent refining, sweetening, solvent extraction, and solvent dewaxing. 5 4. Formulating and Blending • This is the process of mixing and combining hydrocarbon fractions,
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Refining Water/Wastewater Management
    Petroleum refining Operations Best Practice water/wastewater Series use and management 2010 www.ipieca.org The global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues 5th Floor, 209–215 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NL, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)20 7633 2388 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7633 2389 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ipieca.org © IPIECA 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of IPIECA. This publication is printed on paper manufactured from fibre obtained from sustainably grown softwood forests and bleached without any damage to the environment. Petroleum refining water/wastewater use and management IPIECA Operations Best Practice Series This document was prepared by AECOM, Inc. on behalf of the IPIECA Refinery Water Management Task Force. The assistance of M. Venkatesh of ENSR–AECOM is gratefully acknowledged. Cover photographs reproduced courtesy of the following (clockwise from top left): ExxonMobil; Nexen; Photodisc Inc.; iStockphoto; Corbis; Shutterstock.com. IPIECA Contents Introduction 2 Effluent treatment 25 Process wastewater pretreatment 25 Refinery water overview 3 Desalter effluent treatment 25 Overall refinery water balance 3 Wastewater segregation 27 Sources of water 3 Primary treatment 28 Water leaving the refinery 4 First stage: separation Raw water treatment: 5 (oil/water separators, API separators)
    [Show full text]