IJSAP Volume 03, Number 02

WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository

1982

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•i EDITORIAL OFFICERS JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTIONS Editors-in-Chief The International journal for the Study of Animal Andrew N. Rowan, Associate Director, !SAP Problems is published quarterly. Printed in the Contents 1982 David B. Wilkins, Deputy Chief Veterinary 3 [2] U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Washington, Officer, RSPCA D.C., and additional mailing offices. Articles pub Editor lished in the journal do not necessarily reflect the LETTERS 82 Dana H. Murphy views of either the sponsors or the publisher. Ar ticles appearing in this journal are indexed in Envi I Production Manager ronmental Periodicals Bibliography and Current Christine Zimmermann Contents. EDITORIALS 87 \ Associate Editors (U.S.) $45; $25; $17.50 Michael W. Fox, Director (Foreign) $55/£25; $30/£15; $22.50/£9 Institute for the Study of Animal Problems (Institution, Individual and Student, respectively) Roger Ewbank, Director NEWS AND ANALYSIS 90-105 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Make check payable in U.S. funds on U.S. bank to: "Surplus Population" and the Hunter • Animal Rights and Poultry: A Stefan Ormrod, Chief Wildlife Officer HSUS for ISAP. Send to: journal Order Dept., Insti Framework for Discussion 90 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty tute for the Study of Animal Problems, 2100 L St., to Animals N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. The French Stand Firm on Right to Hunt • Good Marks for Karl Frucht, Regional Director Calves 91 (USPS 558-290) (ISSN 0195-7554) World Society for the Protection of Animals ©1982 Institute for the Study of Animal Problems. Captive Bolt Shooting • jewish Ritual Slaughter May Ignore Animals' All rights reserved. Welfare • Tissue Culture Course Funded • Follow-up: Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Racehorses 92 Sheep Become Latest Victims of Intensive Farming Conditions • Wild and Exotic Pets: Better Off in the Wild 93 The Draize Campaign- A Summary 94 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Friendliness and Pigs • New Electric Stunning Methods 97 C. Balls, Predator Research Institute, F.M. Loew, Johns Hopkins University, USA Coyote Control Action Attempted by Interior & EPA 99 Zimbabwe j .j .C. Mallinson, jersey Wildlife Preservation A Look at the LD50, 55 Years Later • Placenta a Practical Medium j.M. Cass, Veterans Administration, USA Trust, UK S. Clark, University of Glasgow, UK R.R. Marshak, University of Pennsylvania, for Microsurgical Training 104 j.C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society, USA And a Quarter for the Dryer 105 India E.C. Melby, Cornell University, USA C.L. de Cuenca, University of Madrid, Spain T.S. Meth, Theodore Sager Meth P.A., USA I. Ekesbo, Swedish Agricultural University, R. Mugford, Consultant in Animal Sweden Behavior, UK FOCUS 106-116 S.K. Eltringham, Cambridge University, UK N. Myers, Consultant in Environment and L.C. Faulkner, Oklahoma State University, USA Development, Kenya M.F.W. Festing, Medical Research Council H. Obara, Kagawa Nutrition College, japan COMMENTS 117-130 Laboratory Animals Centre, UK F.W. Oehme, Kansas State University, USA Genetic Adaptation in Relation to Animal Welfare A.F. Fraser, Memorial University of j. Remfry, Universities Federation for Animal 117 Newfoundland, Canada Welfare, UK R.G. Beilharz T.H. Friend, Texas A & M University, USA B. Rollin, Colorado State University, USA Updating the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876: Can the Center W.B. Gross, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and H.C. Rowsell, Canadian Council on Animal Hold?-). Hampson 125 State University, USA Care, Canada R.j. Hens, Societe Veterinaire pour Ia H.H. Sambraus, University of Munich, FRG Protection Animate, Belgium C.W. Schwabe, University of California R.j. Hopkins, Royal Society for the Prevention Davis, USA ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES 131-157 of Cruelty to Animals, UK P. Singer, Monash University, Australia Unnecessary Suffering: Definition and Evidence- F. Hurnik and j. Hoyt, The Humane Society of the United G.M. Teutsch, Teachers' College of Karlsruhe, H. Lehman 131 States, USA FRG P. Leyhausen, Max Planck Institute for D. Wood-Gush, Edinburgh School of Striving for Common Ground: Humane and Scientific Considerations Behavioral Physiology, FRG Agriculture, UK in Contemporary Wildlife Management- S.R. Kellert 137 Bureaucracy and Wildlife: A Historical Overview- E.E. Langenau 140

International Journal for LEGISLATION AND REGULATION 158 the Study of Animal Problems is published by CURRENT EVENTS 160 The Humane Society of the United States The Royal Society for the Prevention john A. Hoyt, President of Cruelty to Animals BOOK NEWS 167 EDITORIAL OFFICERS JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTIONS Editors-in-Chief The International journal for the Study of Animal Andrew N. Rowan, Associate Director, !SAP Problems is published quarterly. Printed in the Contents 1982 David B. Wilkins, Deputy Chief Veterinary 3 [2] U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Washington, Officer, RSPCA D.C., and additional mailing offices. Articles pub Editor lished in the journal do not necessarily reflect the LETTERS 82 Dana H. Murphy views of either the sponsors or the publisher. Ar ticles appearing in this journal are indexed in Envi I Production Manager ronmental Periodicals Bibliography and Current Christine Zimmermann Contents. EDITORIALS 87 \ Associate Editors (U.S.) $45; $25; $17.50 Michael W. Fox, Director (Foreign) $55/£25; $30/£15; $22.50/£9 Institute for the Study of Animal Problems (Institution, Individual and Student, respectively) Roger Ewbank, Director NEWS AND ANALYSIS 90-105 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Make check payable in U.S. funds on U.S. bank to: "Surplus Population" and the Hunter • Animal Rights and Poultry: A Stefan Ormrod, Chief Wildlife Officer HSUS for ISAP. Send to: journal Order Dept., Insti Framework for Discussion 90 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty tute for the Study of Animal Problems, 2100 L St., to Animals N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. The French Stand Firm on Right to Hunt • Good Marks for Karl Frucht, Regional Director Calves 91 (USPS 558-290) (ISSN 0195-7554) World Society for the Protection of Animals ©1982 Institute for the Study of Animal Problems. Captive Bolt Shooting • jewish Ritual Slaughter May Ignore Animals' All rights reserved. Welfare • Tissue Culture Course Funded • Follow-up: Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Racehorses 92 Sheep Become Latest Victims of Intensive Farming Conditions • Wild and Exotic Pets: Better Off in the Wild 93 The Draize Campaign- A Summary 94 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Friendliness and Pigs • New Electric Stunning Methods 97 C. Balls, Predator Research Institute, F.M. Loew, Johns Hopkins University, USA Coyote Control Action Attempted by Interior & EPA 99 Zimbabwe j .j .C. Mallinson, jersey Wildlife Preservation A Look at the LD50, 55 Years Later • Placenta a Practical Medium j.M. Cass, Veterans Administration, USA Trust, UK S. Clark, University of Glasgow, UK R.R. Marshak, University of Pennsylvania, for Microsurgical Training 104 j.C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society, USA And a Quarter for the Dryer 105 India E.C. Melby, Cornell University, USA C.L. de Cuenca, University of Madrid, Spain T.S. Meth, Theodore Sager Meth P.A., USA I. Ekesbo, Swedish Agricultural University, R. Mugford, Consultant in Animal Sweden Behavior, UK FOCUS 106-116 S.K. Eltringham, Cambridge University, UK N. Myers, Consultant in Environment and L.C. Faulkner, Oklahoma State University, USA Development, Kenya M.F.W. Festing, Medical Research Council H. Obara, Kagawa Nutrition College, japan COMMENTS 117-130 Laboratory Animals Centre, UK F.W. Oehme, Kansas State University, USA Genetic Adaptation in Relation to Animal Welfare A.F. Fraser, Memorial University of j. Remfry, Universities Federation for Animal 117 Newfoundland, Canada Welfare, UK R.G. Beilharz T.H. Friend, Texas A & M University, USA B. Rollin, Colorado State University, USA Updating the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876: Can the Center W.B. Gross, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and H.C. Rowsell, Canadian Council on Animal Hold?-). Hampson 125 State University, USA Care, Canada R.j. Hens, Societe Veterinaire pour Ia H.H. Sambraus, University of Munich, FRG Protection Animate, Belgium C.W. Schwabe, University of California R.j. Hopkins, Royal Society for the Prevention Davis, USA ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES 131-157 of Cruelty to Animals, UK P. Singer, Monash University, Australia Unnecessary Suffering: Definition and Evidence- F. Hurnik and j. Hoyt, The Humane Society of the United G.M. Teutsch, Teachers' College of Karlsruhe, H. Lehman 131 States, USA FRG P. Leyhausen, Max Planck Institute for D. Wood-Gush, Edinburgh School of Striving for Common Ground: Humane and Scientific Considerations Behavioral Physiology, FRG Agriculture, UK in Contemporary Wildlife Management- S.R. Kellert 137 Bureaucracy and Wildlife: A Historical Overview- E.E. Langenau 140

International Journal for LEGISLATION AND REGULATION 158 the Study of Animal Problems is published by CURRENT EVENTS 160 The Humane Society of the United States The Royal Society for the Prevention john A. Hoyt, President of Cruelty to Animals BOOK NEWS 167 HSUS Counters His statement that it is unrealistic and counterproductive to promote animal lib Concerning the LC I letter on the In Letters eration raises a question about whether stitute's reaction to the HSUS veal cam Ludwig realizes that the animal rights/ paign, I wish to clarify one point. animal liberation movement seeks mere Producers Respond to determine which portions might be ap The letter suggests that HSUS was not ly to free animals, since they are consid HSUS Veal Campaign plicable under U.S. conditions. aware of the announced intention of Pro ered sentient beings, from being cruelly If the care of farm animals is really the An advertising campaign of The Hu vimi, Inc., to undertake a study of the and greedily exploited for pleasure and/ major interest of HSUS, rather than con mane Society of the United States against Quantock group-pen production system or financial gain, rather than cruelly ex tributions, vegetarianism, or simply des veal consumption is a slap in the face of for milk-fed veal. This is not the case. terminate them as pests whenever their troying the veal industry, the organiza the livestock industry, which has at We were informed of Provimi's impor interests conflict with human interests. tion will call off this campaign until the tempted to explore concerns of animal tant role in facilitating evaluation of the Ludwig correctly states that in this man results of that research are in. welfarists about confinement produc group-pen system under U.S. conditions. made world, animals are in need of our tion of I ivestock and respond to them. Animal welfarists must also keep in That this company has begun such testing protection (versus "subjugation," which mind the differences in size of the Brit is a welcome sign, and one we acknowl is a debatable concept), and that their This campaign, if successful, would jeop ish and U.S. veal industries. Only 50 pro edge in our campaign materials. protection requires a great deal of effort ardize the livelihood and investment of and expense. But so does our protection ducers of veal were involved in changing Yet, this activity bespeaks the interests some 1,200 U.S. family veal producers. of the rights of the human members of the British system, compared with more of only a fraction of the industry. And "the protected" and "the combatted" Producers and others in the livestock in than 1,000 in this country. even while this effort proceeds, a million dustry, and particularly the veal in minority groups. We spend vast sums on While livestock producers feel many of more animals will be processed under dustry, have been listening to the animal protecting the rights of criminals (at the the practices being objected to actually the current system. Eventual adoption of welfarists in an attempt to understand expense, too often, of the rights of their contribute to improved conditions for group-pens- or any other alternative their concerns. The veal industry has re victims, actual and potential). Surely we livestock, and deny they are treating is, at this point, speculative. sponded, with a study of the system the are equally responsible for the protec their animals cruelly, they have been animal welfarists have proposed as an Furthermore, we find this industry's con tion of the rights of the innocent and willing to listen and to fund research to alternative to the traditional calf-raising tinuing efforts to foster public demand voiceless animals that we are breeding obtain scientific measures of these is system. That study is just now getting for pale or "white" veal inexcusable, or displacing or exploiting. sues. Until the research results are in underway. For HSUS to embark on what particularly as industry leaders have ac and studies such as the trial of 'the Brit Ludwig errs, I think, in considering the amounts to encouragement of a boycott knowledged that the color of veal has ish veal system have been completed, matter of benefits that may accrue to of veal, completely ignoring attempts by no effect on taste. To subject calves to livestock producers feel it is totally un custodians. These seem to me irrelevant the livestock industry to respond, and the current regimen partly to perpetuate fair for animal welfarists to attempt to to the moral issue. The best criterion for without waiting for the results of that what is in essence a marketing device sug influence consumers with emotional cam distinguishing right from wrong is, I be study, makes one wonder about the real gests an insensitivity to animals and dis paigns not supported by scientific evi lieve, the entirely objective one given by goals of the organization. regard for the sensibilities of consumers. dence. The 1,200 farm families who raise Tom Regan: Does the destructive act pre Is HSUS really interested in the welfare veal calves deserve better than this The public needs to be made aware of vent a greater evil? If not, it is morally in of farm animals? Or is this attack merely cruel attack on their livelihood. how its food animals are being produced, defensible. Even this principle puts a tre a thinly disguised membership drive by and the veal industry needs to know the mendous burden on the protectors of When LCI asked animal welfarists to the Society? Some I ivestock producers extent to which the public values hu the rights of minorities, human and non specify their concerns at a recent meet feel it is part of a campaign to discour maneness in animal production. These human. There must be no question of in ing, the welfarists admitted that some of age the eating of meat, with a final goal are the goals of our campaign. troducing the idea of accrued benefits their charges regarding veal (related to of imposing vegetarianism on the pub to the custodians to complicate and conditions of darkness and anemia) in lic. This advertising campaign certainly confuse the real issue. the past have been false. john A. Hoyt supports that conclusion. President Livestock Conservation Institute is a live Charlotte Parks :'··.,-rf· the results .. of the test of the British The Humane Society of the U.S. stock industry trade association dedi Beech Ridge Road , .• in the 1 c~ttmt~Lng sy,~.t~rT1 .e·n~o~;;_e?. cated to reducing livestock losses from York, ME .. JiSUS acr-eetmpaig(!_Indic;ate.' that that disease and improper handling of livestock. Reply to Edw~rd Ludwig i 'JI,.stem is better and prac- ~~- ~-coi:l·o·m.i'dally~., .. I / 1cal, veal producers have:indicated that I have found the ideas expressed in In Defense of Pound Dogs in ~ they will adopt it. However; the British Neal Black Edward Ludwig's letter, "Animals as a Teaching and Research develop.~r_of that syste~~ has told U.S. President Minority," and on animal rights and lib producers· ii:~ca;9·i;r9t-b.ejrans~~rred intact Livestock Conservation Institute eration (lnt f Stud Anim Prob 2(6):28Q-281, The use of dogs from civic pounds in this .couritfy, must be studied to to .. b~[itJ• ' J South St. Paul, MN 55075 1981 ), very provocative. medical research and teaching is the 82 - .. ---...I /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 83 HSUS Counters His statement that it is unrealistic and counterproductive to promote animal lib Concerning the LC I letter on the In Letters eration raises a question about whether stitute's reaction to the HSUS veal cam Ludwig realizes that the animal rights/ paign, I wish to clarify one point. animal liberation movement seeks mere Producers Respond to determine which portions might be ap The letter suggests that HSUS was not ly to free animals, since they are consid HSUS Veal Campaign plicable under U.S. conditions. aware of the announced intention of Pro ered sentient beings, from being cruelly If the care of farm animals is really the An advertising campaign of The Hu vimi, Inc., to undertake a study of the and greedily exploited for pleasure and/ major interest of HSUS, rather than con mane Society of the United States against Quantock group-pen production system or financial gain, rather than cruelly ex tributions, vegetarianism, or simply des veal consumption is a slap in the face of for milk-fed veal. This is not the case. terminate them as pests whenever their troying the veal industry, the organiza the livestock industry, which has at We were informed of Provimi's impor interests conflict with human interests. tion will call off this campaign until the tempted to explore concerns of animal tant role in facilitating evaluation of the Ludwig correctly states that in this man results of that research are in. welfarists about confinement produc group-pen system under U.S. conditions. made world, animals are in need of our tion of I ivestock and respond to them. Animal welfarists must also keep in That this company has begun such testing protection (versus "subjugation," which mind the differences in size of the Brit is a welcome sign, and one we acknowl is a debatable concept), and that their This campaign, if successful, would jeop ish and U.S. veal industries. Only 50 pro edge in our campaign materials. protection requires a great deal of effort ardize the livelihood and investment of and expense. But so does our protection ducers of veal were involved in changing Yet, this activity bespeaks the interests some 1,200 U.S. family veal producers. of the rights of the human members of the British system, compared with more of only a fraction of the industry. And "the protected" and "the combatted" Producers and others in the livestock in than 1,000 in this country. even while this effort proceeds, a million dustry, and particularly the veal in minority groups. We spend vast sums on While livestock producers feel many of more animals will be processed under dustry, have been listening to the animal protecting the rights of criminals (at the the practices being objected to actually the current system. Eventual adoption of welfarists in an attempt to understand expense, too often, of the rights of their contribute to improved conditions for group-pens- or any other alternative their concerns. The veal industry has re victims, actual and potential). Surely we livestock, and deny they are treating is, at this point, speculative. sponded, with a study of the system the are equally responsible for the protec their animals cruelly, they have been animal welfarists have proposed as an Furthermore, we find this industry's con tion of the rights of the innocent and willing to listen and to fund research to alternative to the traditional calf-raising tinuing efforts to foster public demand voiceless animals that we are breeding obtain scientific measures of these is system. That study is just now getting for pale or "white" veal inexcusable, or displacing or exploiting. sues. Until the research results are in underway. For HSUS to embark on what particularly as industry leaders have ac and studies such as the trial of 'the Brit Ludwig errs, I think, in considering the amounts to encouragement of a boycott knowledged that the color of veal has ish veal system have been completed, matter of benefits that may accrue to of veal, completely ignoring attempts by no effect on taste. To subject calves to livestock producers feel it is totally un custodians. These seem to me irrelevant the livestock industry to respond, and the current regimen partly to perpetuate fair for animal welfarists to attempt to to the moral issue. The best criterion for without waiting for the results of that what is in essence a marketing device sug influence consumers with emotional cam distinguishing right from wrong is, I be study, makes one wonder about the real gests an insensitivity to animals and dis paigns not supported by scientific evi lieve, the entirely objective one given by goals of the organization. regard for the sensibilities of consumers. dence. The 1,200 farm families who raise Tom Regan: Does the destructive act pre Is HSUS really interested in the welfare veal calves deserve better than this The public needs to be made aware of vent a greater evil? If not, it is morally in of farm animals? Or is this attack merely cruel attack on their livelihood. how its food animals are being produced, defensible. Even this principle puts a tre a thinly disguised membership drive by and the veal industry needs to know the mendous burden on the protectors of When LCI asked animal welfarists to the Society? Some I ivestock producers extent to which the public values hu the rights of minorities, human and non specify their concerns at a recent meet feel it is part of a campaign to discour maneness in animal production. These human. There must be no question of in ing, the welfarists admitted that some of age the eating of meat, with a final goal are the goals of our campaign. troducing the idea of accrued benefits their charges regarding veal (related to of imposing vegetarianism on the pub to the custodians to complicate and conditions of darkness and anemia) in lic. This advertising campaign certainly confuse the real issue. the past have been false. john A. Hoyt supports that conclusion. President Livestock Conservation Institute is a live Charlotte Parks :'··.,-rf· the results .. of the test of the British The Humane Society of the U.S. stock industry trade association dedi Beech Ridge Road , .• in the 1 c~ttmt~Lng sy,~.t~rT1 .e·n~o~;;_e?. cated to reducing livestock losses from York, ME .. JiSUS acr-eetmpaig(!_Indic;ate.' that that disease and improper handling of livestock. Reply to Edw~rd Ludwig i 'JI,.stem is better and prac- ~~- ~-coi:l·o·m.i'dally~., .. I / 1cal, veal producers have:indicated that I have found the ideas expressed in In Defense of Pound Dogs in ~ they will adopt it. However; the British Neal Black Edward Ludwig's letter, "Animals as a Teaching and Research develop.~r_of that syste~~ has told U.S. President Minority," and on animal rights and lib producers· ii:~ca;9·i;r9t-b.ejrans~~rred intact Livestock Conservation Institute eration (lnt f Stud Anim Prob 2(6):28Q-281, The use of dogs from civic pounds in this .couritfy, must be studied to to .. b~[itJ• ' J South St. Paul, MN 55075 1981 ), very provocative. medical research and teaching is the 82 - .. ---...I /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 83 I' ~ I

subject of some concern in animal wel To correct what I consider to be some I stitutional policy, animal care practice would like you to pass on my congratu fare circles today. This matter was the misleading statements, I think certain and scientific procedure. Much of this lations to whoever wrote it. They have subject of a four-page comment in a re additional factors in the procurement should be done under qualified profes very succinctly captured the main points cent issue of your lnt J Stud Anim Prob (2 and use of dogs in the medical sciences sional supervision. Records must be in the report. (5):241-244, 1981 ). The title of that item must be borne in mind. Dogs transferred maintained on every animal for periodic I would, however, point out that readers was provocatively given as "Sewer from the pound, after the lapse of time inspection by authorized enquirers. may experience certain bureaucratic de Science and Pound Seizure" by author prescribed for owners to retrieve them, Whenever possible, the use of these ani lays if they attempt to secure copies of Kenneth P. Stoller. I notice that one of represent the excess population of ur mals should be limited to acute studies. the full report from the source the arti your Editors-in-Chief, Andrew Rowan, is ban dogs which cause a civic problem It is an associated obligation, which cle cites. It would be better if people reported in Federation Proceedings (40 today (Appl Anim Ethol 3:101-104, 1977). should be borne by the community, to wrote to the Canadian Wildlife Service, (13), November 1981) to have submitted Every dog has his day, it is said: sad to have an alternative home-finding system Place Vincent Massey, 351 St. Joseph a report to Senate hearings on this and say, the unclaimed impounded dog has for lost and discarded pet dogs in the Blvd., Hull, Quebec, K1A OH3, Canada related matters. To both of these items, I had its day. These animals have been catchment area of the pound. Usually for more information about the full re feel some counter comments are needed. culled from ·the pet population. That this can only be done through the activi port, because there is some question they can be used, before their end, to ty of a local humane society. Such so about whether the Report will be given It seems to be overlooked by too many obtain and convey new and continuing cieties require significant civic funding, out to anyone who asks for it. that the use of dogs in science relates in medical knowledge would appear to be without a concomitant loss of their au large measure to the instruction of medi an elementary form of conservation. cal and veterinary students. The dog has The purpose-bred production of dogs tonomy. Neal R. }otham long been the standard model in basic destines animals for the sole use and I recognize that those who have criticized Executive Director disciplines within medical teaching. By end as materials of science. To be sure, a the use of pound dogs have some of the The Canadian Federation of the use of dogs, the medical student is given animal may have been saved from facts right; I believe that their cases do Humane Societies exposed to the composite realities of neglect, abuse and discard. This animal not lack fact so much as they lack bal Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ance. A clear view through this forest of physiology and surgery. Following such has not, however, experienced the bond exposure, students seem to have fuller with mankind in a truly domestic situa various circumstances and sentiments is AFMA Objects to Statement on conceptual capacities for holistic medi tion, which must be assumed to be the not easy. One feels suspicious, there Veal Study cal situations in patients. This is how it essential role of most dogs. Their pro fore, of any facile appraisal and peremp is, though room for change is always duction involves expensive facilities, tory judgment on any of the arbitrary The International journal for the Study there. trained staff, and all the elaborate refine uses of animals. of Animal Problems (3(1)) arrived this ment of chronic animal maintenance. morning. The section entitled "News and Many of the dogs used in medical teach Transfer of unclaimed impounded dogs Unlike the pound dog, the purpose-bred Analysis" contains an article on research ing are obtained from pounds. This does to legitimate centers of learning is only animal involves a considerable invest ing veal calf raising methods (p. 14). not mean that "sewer" teaching results. another mode of animal usage and ex ment in funds and personnel. The pur Furthermore, dogs used in medical re ploitation that is unavoidable if the cir I take exception to the statement, "How pose-bred dog population also involves search obtained from pounds can be cumstances of how we actually live are ever, the latest word is that Provimi, hav a through-put of individuals that is not very satisfactory subjects- for scientific to be looked at squarely. The world is ing gained a respectable yield of favor reversible if the demands for numbers study. The connotations involved in the found by most of us to be a hard place able PR about the endeavor, has decided are reduced. Therefore, dog breeding in terms used by Stoller are not only pro from time to time. Animals sharing in to dispense with the actual performance research kennels is not the route to con vocative but misleading. For example, our existence share in this reality. One of the study." As you must be aware, servation and economy. the term "seizure" relates to what hap very harsh reality is the annual destruc through communications received into pens when the dog is taken from the The use of impounded dogs undoubted tion of 15 million stray and discarded dogs . your office in December 1981, Provim i is street. It does not properly describe the ly involves institutional obligations, and in North America. Constant recognition very much involved in the trials. That legal negotiation that takes place when perhaps it is more to the point to have of this blunt fact is required by all those the mistake was printed is entirely con an impounded dog is transferred to an these considerations emphasized at this involved in animal advocacy. ceivable and forgivable (although, time institution of research and learning for time. Institutions receiving such animals A.F. Fraser wise, an erratum notice could surely use prior to the destruction that has al must quarantine them and condition them Memorial University of Newfoundland have been inserted). What is not as easy ready been its sentence. This use re over a given period of time. During this St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada to accept is the phrase, "latest word." lieves the user of the ethical burden of time, the institutions must be entirely This connotation of hearsay or rumor is being the cause of the animals' demise. willing to return the displaced animal to not something that should appear in a Furthermore, if some of these animals its original owner, should this prove Better Source for Canadian Report news article. If the rumor indeed existed are given quarantine and conditioning by possible. The animal should not, how I have just read the synopsis of the it should have been checked out and, if the institution selecting them and using ever, be handed over to any other party. Canadian Federal Provincial Committee no satisfactory answer found, placed in them, they can make perfectly satisfac Humane practice must be afforded to for Humane Trapping Report in the lnt 1 the editorial or comment section, along tory subjects for research and instruction. these animals at all levels, including in- Stud Anim Prob (2(6):288-289, 1981) and with the opinion expressed that Provimi

84 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 85 I' ~ I

84 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 85 I

was seeking nothing more than "a res other received the formula used in Quan pectable yield of favorable PR." This ir tock's system. The only change made in responsible and mischievous reporting the British system was the addition of a does not help the journal in its quest for heater in the barn, since the temperatures Editorials credibility within the scientific and pub in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, with wind chill lic communities. factors considered, sometimes reach -80 o F. Results of the trial will not be made Howard M. Frederick public until the calves have been slaugh Is There Really a Market for Milk-Fed Veal? Director, State Feed Control tered, and the quality of the carcasses American Feed Manufacturers carefully assessed- Ed. Association Dana H. Murphy Arlington, VA 22209 In a two-part "Focus" article in this pale meat simply isn't healthy-"in this issue, we relate, first, the origins and country, there has been no tradition and The Journal apologizes for the misun subsequent growth of the milk-fed veal no demand for anemic flesh. The British derstanding noted in Dr. Frederick's letter. industry in Europe and the U.S. and, sec housewife is very content with healthy However, our deadline for printing the ond, some recent research findings on pink meat." Therefore, the boycott of first quarterly issue caught us between several current and potential production confinement-raised veal that has been in two critically important letters from Vo systems for raising veal, in light of both force in England for about 20 years, and lac, Ltd. The first letter (November 21, economic and humane considerations. At the increasing awareness within the 1981) seemed to imply that Quantock the moment, it seems as if the group-pen British government that specific regula had decided to begin U.S. trials of the system, clearly a far more humane meth tions against confinement-raised veal group-pen system on its own. A later let od than the confinement crate, has won are necessary, have occurred within a ter written on December 21 acknowledged the day in the U.K. and may well·become particular kind of market, in which the the ambiguity and set the record straight. a major production system in the U.S. small amount of veal that is consumed Unfortunately it arrived in our offices But one critical question remains: How goes largely to the restaurant trade. after the Journal had gone to print. We many people really want milk-fed veal? Provimi of Holland established their had recognized the ambiguity in the In his modern classic on the econo first U.S. beachhead in New jersey in the November letter and made repeated at mics of consumption, The Affluent Soci early 1960's and began to sell the milk-re tempts to contact Provimi, at both ety, john Kenneth Galbraith argues that, placer/confinement system to U.S. farm Wisconsin and New jersey offices, for an contrary to the supposition of traditional ers. But, by 1978, when management took unequivocal response on whether or not capitalism that the market functions so stock of just how low the U.S. demand Provimi would combine its resources as to meet already established consumer for white veal was, they were forced to with Quantock in the forthcoming group demands, today's corporations must first counter with an aggressive marketing pen trials. Regrettably, no one at either create the demand for new products, campaign, including advertising, cooking Provimi office would discuss the matter through advertising and other promotion classes, distribution of booklets of with us. al efforts. In the case of white, or milk recipes, and financing of a cookbook by fed veal, the traditional capitalistic view Craig Claibourne. The emphasis was not However, since that time we have learned of things seems to hold true on the Con so much on creating a mass market, as more details about the study being con tinent, where 6 to 8 million calves are on establishing white veal as a prestige ducted by Quantock and Provimi, as the raised each year to supply a population item, in the same general category as im new corporate entity, Quantock U.S.A. for whom this type of veal is a staple of ported champagne and truffles. The ef Both firms are represented in management: the daily diet. But in the U.K. and U.S., fort has had some success. Since 1965, jack Van Der Ploeg, Vice President of the populace has had to be carefully sales of white veal appear to have shown Provimi is serving as President, while "educated" about the virtues of pale veal. slow but steady growth in the U.S. Yet, it Philip Paxman, President of Quantock, is In the U.K., Philip Paxman, head of is hard to believe that the average Amer Vice President of the combined venture. Volac, Ltd., which was responsible for ican really cares what color his veal is. In Quantock has sent over stockmen experi the switch to the group-pen system, com spite of the intensive efforts to convince enced in running a group-pen operation, mented on the market conditions relative consumers that the "whiteness" of veal and Provimi is providing the barns and to pale veal. He noted two important is indicative of its superiority, several other facilities. The initial trial began in factors: (1) humane considerations-" I tests of blindfolded volunteers have mid-December in Wisconsin. Forty Hol believe that belief in cruelty to veal is yielded only ambiguous results: most peo stein bulls were divided into two groups; one of the few cherished institutions ple simply cannot distinguish white veal one group was fed the standard formula that has not been eroded with time," from other types by taste alone. Thus, manufactured by Provimi, whereas the and (2) a sense among consumers that the milk-fed veal producers have created 86 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 87 I

D.H.Murphy Editorial MW.Fox Editorial

an artificial market, based mainly on ~an needs. But to exploit animals in or perceptions, to simply give lip-service to in schools and colleges. Such simplistic snob appeal. der to produce a product for which very humane principles but then quickly put opposition, much of which is a product It may be possible to advance argu few people have expressed even the weak them aside whenever animal exploita of the angst generated by life in such ments for the exploitation of animals in est of desires seems unambiguously wrong. tion and suffering are deemed essential complex and stressful times, may well the name of long-established, basic hu- or unavoidable for the "greater good of do us a service in the end, by accelerat humanity" (which usually means the ing the ethical and spiritual transforma vested interests of a few). tion of society, through exposure of these Animal Rights and "Religious Politics" Fundamentalists now opposing the human-centered, self-serving values teaching of evolution in classrooms may which are responsible for so much un Dr. M.W. Fox soon oppose the teaching of animal be necessary animal exploitation, suffering, havior, ecology, conservation, humane and environmental destruction- to the Animal rights philosophy and the The political and economic implications education and animal rights philosophy public eye. animal welfare movement have recently of this blatant misrepresentation of been vehemently attacked by religious Judea-Christian teachings are obvious. fundamentalist organizations and also Furthermore, this attitude absolves us of How to Compose by non-religious organizations with funda any guilt due to a sense of responsibility, mentalist beliefs, such as the American giving us free license to exploit animals a Laboratory Animal Use Report for the USDA Farm Bureau. (and nature) without any twinge of con Fundamentalists have mounted a science, thereby furnishing a pseudo J.M. Cass campaign against the teaching of evolu religious respectability to all forms of tionary theory in schools, contending animal exploitation. It provides a self An annual report on laboratory ani is being studied or tested and a short de that their creationist view is more in line serving, hubristic basis for placing eco mal use must be submitted by all research scription, expressed in terms understand with what they believe to be the correct nomic values ahead of ethical values facilities to the U.S. Department of Agri able by an educated layman, of the pre interpretation of the scriptures. The poli and concerns, in order to further self culture, Animal Care Staff, as part of the cise circumstances of the uneased distress. tical motives behind this quasi-religious interest and to justify the status quo of legal requirements of the Federal Labo 2. An affirmation that the study has movement become clearer when their unconditional (and de-regulated) exploita ratory Animal Welfare Act (P.L. 89-544) been reviewed and approved by an ap attacks on the environmental/conserva tion of animals and environment alike. and its subsequent amendments. This propriately constituted body of peers, tion and humane movements are scruti Such hubris conveniently ignores report (USDA:VC Form 18-23, Annual who have determined that the study is nized. The claim that God has given man many biblical injunctions that man act Report of Research Facility) must in both scientifically valid and worthwhile dominion over the rest of creation, with compassionately toward all creatures clude an explanation of the scientific and that the unrelieved pain is a neces the implied belief that "dominion" and to serve as a steward of the earth's bases for conducting any research and/ sary aspect of the experiment, because means the freedom to dominate and ex resources. Ecclesiastes (3:19), for exam or tests that involve uneased distress its relief would critically interfere with ploit rather than merely function as a ple, states that "man hath no preemi (the "Pain-No Drugs" situation) in ani or invalidate the results of the study. steward, is an obvious political ploy to nence above a beast: for all is vanity" [to mal subjects. 3. An affirmation that, throughout undermine the tenets of sound conserva contend otherwise]. What particular elements would the experimental procedures, the utmost tion and environmental protection. While fundamentalists admit that it demonstrate that an investigator was care and consideration are being taken Likewise, it is claimed that man is is wrong to treat animals inhumanely, truly concerned about the use and wel to provide for the welfare and well-being superior to all creatures and is a special their reasons for this conclusion are fare of his or her animal subjects in of the animal subjects. form of creation, created in the "image human-centered rather than animal-cen studies that are necessary but whose de 4. An affirmation that the painful of God," and who, unlike animals, also tered. This represents a judgment that is sign precludes relief of pain? And, how circumstances, although unrelieved dur has a sou I. Thus, they argue, it is here not based upon a recognition that ani can an investigator communicate his ing the experimental procedure, are dis tical to consider giving animals rights mals can suffer and have intrinsic worth, justification of such studies in a written continued immediately after the essen and to give them standing and recogni and that they have needs and rights that statement, such that others will appreci tial objectives of the study or test have tion as objects of moral concern. Even we should respect and uphold, but rath ate his or her concern for the well-being been attained. the distinction between equal rights and er upon the simplistic belief that inhu of the animals? I believe that such a 5. A statement that valid alterna equal and fair consideration is over mane treatment is morally wrong. Such statement, signed by the responsible in tive model systems and/or techniques looked because they claim man is super moralizing and human-centered ethics vestigator, should include the following: are always considered, in an attempt to ior and can, therefore, in all good con make it very convenient, then, in the diminish or eliminate the uneased pain science, exploit animals as he chooses. absence of animal-centered values and 1. A brief descriptive title of what in the study or test.

88 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 89 r

D.H.Murphy Editorial MW.Fox Editorial

88 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 89 ::' I

to subject birds experimentally to stress that over-hunting is threatening many ful situations such as deprivation, frus species with extinction. But the basic News & Anal~sis tration, or fright, observe their behavior, principle of the right to hunt is still being and compare it to that which occurs un staunchly defended. As Communist leader der commercial conditions. To date this George Marchais remarked: "The right method has been the most successful in to hunt is a conquest of the French Rev

11 olution. It must be defended." Surplus Population" and the Hunter in the current mentality toward hunting helping to assess the welfare of poultry. will require a concerted educational ef (Abstracted from I.J.H. Duncan, Poult Sci When an anti-hunter confronts a fort on the part of those who oppose 60:489-499, 1981.) hunter with questions about how he (or hunting. This effort must be directed to Good Marks for Calves she) is able to kill innocent animals, the ward untangling the moral and ecologi hunter wifl often counter by affirming The French Stand Firm on cal consequences of hunting and under In Britain, calves that are too weak that the deer he kills are simply surplus Right to Hunt standing the slippery basis of the pseu or sickly to be of interest to those who population that would otherwise face a doscience that rationalizes it. In recent issues, the journal has re rear calves or the more reputable deal cruel death from winter starvation. The ported research which identifies how ers end up being passed from one mar debate usually ends at this point, since Animal Rights and Poultry: historical and local cultural factors can ket to another, until they are finally sold the two protagonists are speaking about A Framework for Discussion become dominant influences in a partic for raising or slaughter. Often, they die two different issues. The anti-hunter is ular country's attitudes toward wildlife, during transit. And these are the weakest talking in terms of moral issues, while An excellent paper on animal rights in spite of a common western cultural animals, least able to withstand the re the hunter believes he is talking science. and its implications has recently been heritage. A prime example is that of Italy, peated stress of loading and unloading A recent report argues that the term "sur published by a poultry scientist. The where hunting is becoming increasingly involved in the constant movement from plus population" is a misnomer, and is author discusses the topic in relation to popular, in part because of national val one sale lot to another. The calves are based on a lack of understanding about man's evolutionary history as a predator ues related to machismo and social con legally permitted to be as young as 7 the dynamics of ecosystems and the na and exploiter of other species. It is sug formity (tnt J Stud Anim Prob 2(3):114, days old; often, they are even younger, tural factors that control animal popula gested that, providing man attempts to 1981). Now it seems that similar kinds of since there is no reliable way of telling tions. D.S. Favre and G. Olsen contend eliminate suffering from the animals cultural values, based on a sense of how old a calf actually is. A further com that the current situation is as follows. with which he is dealing, there is no rea pride about hard-won rights for the low plication is that disease spreads quickly (The full report is available from Society son why he should not exploit them. How er classes, are at work to support the sur among these weakened animals, especi for Animal Rights, Clarks Summit, PA.) ever, decisions on the degree to which, vival of the fox hunt in France. ally antibiotic-resistant salmonellosis. At Wildlife populations can be increased and the manner in which, we exploit ani By contrast, in Britain the days of a symposium on the topic, John Bell dramatically by many kinds of factors, mals are ethical decisions that should be the fox hunt seem to be numbered. Ris commented that "a visitor from another such as availability of food and the made by society in general, but only ing costs, the increasing success of anti planet might deduce that the salmonel length of a species' yearly gestation per when it has a knowledge of the facts. blood sport groups, and a change in pub lae had devised this system in order to iod. In the end, though, it is the carrying Some definitions of animal welfare lic opinion are commonly cited as rea ensure their own survival and prosperity" capacity of a given area that sets the ac are given, and the need for objectivity in sons for the decline. For example, a poll (quoted in Vet Rec 109:523, 1981). tual limit to animal numbers, despite debates on welfare is emphasized. Al indicated that 66 percent of the pub I ic Along with many other groups, the short-term increases and decreases in though it may be possible in the future opposed the idea of fox hunting by British Veterinary Association is pressing numbers that result from other causes. to gain some insight into the subjective members of the royal family. for regulation of this kind of transit: a Hunting, however, represents an an feelings of domestic fowl, including But in France, fox hunting is con Movement of Calves Order, which would omaly, since it is one of the few factors whether or not they are suffering men sidered one of the basic rights that was make it an offense for a calf of less than that can destroy the natural balance and tally, at the present time the scientist is wrested from the aristocracy at the seige 2 months to be brought to sale at more bring entire populations to extinction. restricted to producing factual evidence of the Bastille in 1789. Any attack on fox than one market within a period of 4 Hunting also represents an intrusion into on their health, production, physiology, hunting is therefore viewed by the Left weeks. the natural balance whose long-term ef biochemistry, and behavior. and Communists as an assault on the low The difficulty comes in figuring out fects on, for example, the gene pool of Three methods for assessing the er classes. There are 1,700,000 licensed how to ensure that an individual calf has the species and the populations of other welfare of poultry using behavior are hunters in France, as compared with not been recently presented for sale. To species who share the habitat have not described and discussed. One method is 300,000 in Britain. solve this problem, the BY A has suggested yet been studied scientifically. to look for unusual or inappropriate be Recent times have seen some de that each calf be marked when it first At present, many State government havioral changes and show independent cline in the numbers of French hunters, comes to market. Current BVA thinking agencies are committed to a program ly that they are indicative of reduced largely stemming from the same pres holds that the best place for such a mark whose chief goal is maximizing deer popu welfare. A second method is to allow the sures noted in England, such as rising might be on the calf's thorax, where the lations. These efforts are self-funded bird to choose its own environment and costs and effective anti-hunting cam hair could be clipped or dyed. Then, and therefore independent of regulatio~ assume that it will choose in the best in paigns by ecologists. Ecologists assert when a marked calf appeared at a sale, from other State agencies. So any change terests of its welfare. A third method is /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 91 90 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 staff could check the owner's records, to animals by a single slash, with a 40-cm However, more recent work by J .R. this intensive method of husbandry is ensure that it had not been at market with blade, to the carotid artery leaves verte Pascoe eta/. U Am Vet Res 42:703, 1981), the virtual absence of blowfly strike. In in the last 28 days. bral arteries intact, resulting in an ac who examined horses within 2 hours after the absence of the blowfly problem, the tive, although reduced, blood supply to racing with a flexible fiberoptic endo need for the painful mulesing operation the brain. The animals therefore suffer scope, found dramatically higher per is obviated (see lnt j Anim Prob 1(4):224- Captive Bolt Shooting reflex convulsions about 5 to 10 seconds centages of true "bleeders." Of the 235 226, 1980 for a complete discussion of after the ritual cutting, although it is thoroughbreds examined, 103 (43.8 per the complexities of this problem). Captive bolt stunning performed hard to discern whether any pain is per cent) showed varying degrees of hemor frontally, occipitally, and on the nape of ceived by the animals. Nevertheless, the rhage in the tracheal lumen, although the neck was studied in 30 veal calves. BVA feels that a minimally stressful only 2 horses (0.8 percent) had subse Wild and Exotic Pets: The state of consciousness was estimated slaughter procedure should entail some quent blood flow from the nostrils. Better Off in the Wild by results on electroencephalograms re concern about handling of the animals Statistical analysis of the data, how corded via surgically pre-implanted elec before killing and pre-stunning, proced ever, did support previous findings that As more and more people are at trodes placed frontally, on the right side ures that are not a part of traditional the frequency of hemorrhage tends to tempting to keep wild and exotic ani of the head. Frontal stunning on the left shechita. (Editorial, Vet Rec, September increase with the age of the horse. This mals as pets, bites and other injuries side of the head, as well as occipital stun 26, 1981 ). trend is considered to reflect the long from these animals are becoming in ning, almost certainly ensured immedi term effect of chronic pulmonary lesions: creasingly common. In particular, the ate unconsciousness, because delta and an inability to repair damaged areas of number of reported rabies cases is on theta waves (tending to an iso-electric Tissue Culture Course Funded tissue in the face of continued stress of the rise, with pet skunks and raccoons line) appeared on the EEG directly after training and racing. Also, treatment of the most common sources of infection. stunning. Additionally, the corneal reflex For a number of years in the 1970's, bleeding with Lasix still appears to be of About 3,000 cases of confirmed rabies in was absent. However, occipital placing Dr. Sergey Federoff at the University of little value: 30 of 56 Lasix-treated horses skunks were reported in 1979, compared did not result in macroscopical damage Saskatchewan ran a tissue culture course had evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. with 3,600 in 1980. Furthermore, recent to the cortex, as did frontal stunning. for anyone interested in learning the tech research has shown that the rabies virus Shooting with a captive bolt in the nape niques for working with cells in culture. can be transmitted vertically in skunks Sheep Become Latest Victims of of the neck caused unconsciousness aft However, he was forced to stop offering and bats (i.e., to offspring), even when Intensive Farming Conditions er a mean of 21 seconds. Until then, the the course due to lack of funds. Various the animals have been raised on ranches calves were fully conscious, according animal welfare groups lobbied on his be for many generations. Also, since there A proposed solution to some of the to the EEG, and also showed a positive half with the Canadian government and, is no licensed rabies vaccine for use in problems of sheep-raising has recently corneal reflex. It is therefore suggested as a result, he will now receive $10,000 wild or exotic animals, and the precise been introduced in Australia: sheep are that for the sake of animal welfare, cap per annum for the course via the Canadi incubation period required for the clini being kept, for the duration of their tive bolt shooting at the nape of the an Council on Animal Care. In addition, cal signs of rabies to appear is unknown, lives, in large, windowless sheds. The neck should be abandoned. (Abstracted Dr. Gilles Julien, Executive Director of nondomestic animal bites to humans sheds are on average 60 by 300 feet; they from E. Lambooy and W. Spanjarrd, Vet the ~Jatural Sciences and Engineering usually mean that the animal involved are ventilated by louvres and a roof Rec 109:359-361, 1981.) Research Council (NSERC) of Canada has must be destroyed. opening along the edge. Each pen in the stated that grant selection committees In addition to rabies, wild animals shed measures roughly 12 by 15 feet, have been explicitly encouraged by NSERC have been implicated in other kinds of and usually contains about 20 sheep. to promote alternative methods to ani severe attacks. Typical cases include: Jewish Ritual Slaughter May Ignore This translates to one sheep for every 9 mal research when conducting site visits. Animals' Welfare square feet. To keep the sheep's fleece • In Michigan, a 4-month-old girl clean, floors are constructed of wooden· was severly mauled by a pet raccoon; The question of ritual slaughter has Follow-up: Pulmonary Hemorrhage slats, so that urine and feces can fall the child died on the next day. aroused much debate over the past in Racehorses through. Feed, in the form of soybean, • In Texas, a 5-year-old boy sur months. A recent meeting of the Veteri grain, and vitamin pellets, is limited to vived a pet raccoon attack which occur nary Public Health Association (U.K.) In the last issue of the journal (3(1 ): 600 grams a day; feeding is kept to 3 red while he slept. The animal tore off discussed Jewish ritual slaughter (shechi 17, 1981 ), it was mentioned that R.W. days a week. The sheep would normally the end of his nose, tore his lips, and ta) and why it is practiced. The authors Cook, Professor of Equine Medicine and eat twice this amount, and more often, scratched him. report some of the points made at that Surgery at the University of Illinois, has but it has been found that no extra wool • In Colorado, a 5-week-old girl meeting and review arguments that have estimated that only 0.8 to 2.5 percent of yield would accrue from the increase in was attacked by a ferret; nearly half of been advanced in support of shechita, all racehorses actually experience hem feed allotment. each ear was chewed off, and there were and also explain the British Veterinary orrhage (epitaxis) after a race, although Other practices include the taking multiple puncture wounds on her face. Association view on this method of approximately 25 to 80 percent of all of skin samples (about 5 mm in diameter) • In California, a 27-year-old man slaughter. In the opinion of the BVA, horses are given the drug Lasix, a pur without the use of anesthetic. The only was bitten and killed by a pet Indian shechita, which involves killing the ported cure for bleeding, before a race. apparent advantage to the sheep from cobra snake, part of a collection of 89

92 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 93 staff could check the owner's records, to animals by a single slash, with a 40-cm However, more recent work by J .R. this intensive method of husbandry is ensure that it had not been at market with blade, to the carotid artery leaves verte Pascoe eta/. U Am Vet Res 42:703, 1981), the virtual absence of blowfly strike. In in the last 28 days. bral arteries intact, resulting in an ac who examined horses within 2 hours after the absence of the blowfly problem, the tive, although reduced, blood supply to racing with a flexible fiberoptic endo need for the painful mulesing operation the brain. The animals therefore suffer scope, found dramatically higher per is obviated (see lnt j Anim Prob 1(4):224- Captive Bolt Shooting reflex convulsions about 5 to 10 seconds centages of true "bleeders." Of the 235 226, 1980 for a complete discussion of after the ritual cutting, although it is thoroughbreds examined, 103 (43.8 per the complexities of this problem). Captive bolt stunning performed hard to discern whether any pain is per cent) showed varying degrees of hemor frontally, occipitally, and on the nape of ceived by the animals. Nevertheless, the rhage in the tracheal lumen, although the neck was studied in 30 veal calves. BVA feels that a minimally stressful only 2 horses (0.8 percent) had subse Wild and Exotic Pets: The state of consciousness was estimated slaughter procedure should entail some quent blood flow from the nostrils. Better Off in the Wild by results on electroencephalograms re concern about handling of the animals Statistical analysis of the data, how corded via surgically pre-implanted elec before killing and pre-stunning, proced ever, did support previous findings that As more and more people are at trodes placed frontally, on the right side ures that are not a part of traditional the frequency of hemorrhage tends to tempting to keep wild and exotic ani of the head. Frontal stunning on the left shechita. (Editorial, Vet Rec, September increase with the age of the horse. This mals as pets, bites and other injuries side of the head, as well as occipital stun 26, 1981 ). trend is considered to reflect the long from these animals are becoming in ning, almost certainly ensured immedi term effect of chronic pulmonary lesions: creasingly common. In particular, the ate unconsciousness, because delta and an inability to repair damaged areas of number of reported rabies cases is on theta waves (tending to an iso-electric Tissue Culture Course Funded tissue in the face of continued stress of the rise, with pet skunks and raccoons line) appeared on the EEG directly after training and racing. Also, treatment of the most common sources of infection. stunning. Additionally, the corneal reflex For a number of years in the 1970's, bleeding with Lasix still appears to be of About 3,000 cases of confirmed rabies in was absent. However, occipital placing Dr. Sergey Federoff at the University of little value: 30 of 56 Lasix-treated horses skunks were reported in 1979, compared did not result in macroscopical damage Saskatchewan ran a tissue culture course had evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. with 3,600 in 1980. Furthermore, recent to the cortex, as did frontal stunning. for anyone interested in learning the tech research has shown that the rabies virus Shooting with a captive bolt in the nape niques for working with cells in culture. can be transmitted vertically in skunks Sheep Become Latest Victims of of the neck caused unconsciousness aft However, he was forced to stop offering and bats (i.e., to offspring), even when Intensive Farming Conditions er a mean of 21 seconds. Until then, the the course due to lack of funds. Various the animals have been raised on ranches calves were fully conscious, according animal welfare groups lobbied on his be for many generations. Also, since there A proposed solution to some of the to the EEG, and also showed a positive half with the Canadian government and, is no licensed rabies vaccine for use in problems of sheep-raising has recently corneal reflex. It is therefore suggested as a result, he will now receive $10,000 wild or exotic animals, and the precise been introduced in Australia: sheep are that for the sake of animal welfare, cap per annum for the course via the Canadi incubation period required for the clini being kept, for the duration of their tive bolt shooting at the nape of the an Council on Animal Care. In addition, cal signs of rabies to appear is unknown, lives, in large, windowless sheds. The neck should be abandoned. (Abstracted Dr. Gilles Julien, Executive Director of nondomestic animal bites to humans sheds are on average 60 by 300 feet; they from E. Lambooy and W. Spanjarrd, Vet the ~Jatural Sciences and Engineering usually mean that the animal involved are ventilated by louvres and a roof Rec 109:359-361, 1981.) Research Council (NSERC) of Canada has must be destroyed. opening along the edge. Each pen in the stated that grant selection committees In addition to rabies, wild animals shed measures roughly 12 by 15 feet, have been explicitly encouraged by NSERC have been implicated in other kinds of and usually contains about 20 sheep. to promote alternative methods to ani severe attacks. Typical cases include: Jewish Ritual Slaughter May Ignore This translates to one sheep for every 9 mal research when conducting site visits. Animals' Welfare square feet. To keep the sheep's fleece • In Michigan, a 4-month-old girl clean, floors are constructed of wooden· was severly mauled by a pet raccoon; The question of ritual slaughter has Follow-up: Pulmonary Hemorrhage slats, so that urine and feces can fall the child died on the next day. aroused much debate over the past in Racehorses through. Feed, in the form of soybean, • In Texas, a 5-year-old boy sur months. A recent meeting of the Veteri grain, and vitamin pellets, is limited to vived a pet raccoon attack which occur nary Public Health Association (U.K.) In the last issue of the journal (3(1 ): 600 grams a day; feeding is kept to 3 red while he slept. The animal tore off discussed Jewish ritual slaughter (shechi 17, 1981 ), it was mentioned that R.W. days a week. The sheep would normally the end of his nose, tore his lips, and ta) and why it is practiced. The authors Cook, Professor of Equine Medicine and eat twice this amount, and more often, scratched him. report some of the points made at that Surgery at the University of Illinois, has but it has been found that no extra wool • In Colorado, a 5-week-old girl meeting and review arguments that have estimated that only 0.8 to 2.5 percent of yield would accrue from the increase in was attacked by a ferret; nearly half of been advanced in support of shechita, all racehorses actually experience hem feed allotment. each ear was chewed off, and there were and also explain the British Veterinary orrhage (epitaxis) after a race, although Other practices include the taking multiple puncture wounds on her face. Association view on this method of approximately 25 to 80 percent of all of skin samples (about 5 mm in diameter) • In California, a 27-year-old man slaughter. In the opinion of the BVA, horses are given the drug Lasix, a pur without the use of anesthetic. The only was bitten and killed by a pet Indian shechita, which involves killing the ported cure for bleeding, before a race. apparent advantage to the sheep from cobra snake, part of a collection of 89

92 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 93 mental Protection Agency (EPA), the tial. Anthony Johnson of Unilever (U.K.) from S.L. Diesch, Cal Vet 35(12):13-17, snakes and other reptiles. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and was one of the main innovative forces: 1981.) Among other considerations, the the Interagency Research Liaison Croup; he presented promising data on the use behavior of wild animals is often a prob (c) their representatives in Congress; and of in vitro eye preparations as irritant lem. Wild animals respond in ways that (d) the media. The Millenium Guild in New screens, on the use of smaller volumes The Draize Campaign- A Summary are unpredictable to owners who are not York City chose Revlon as its sole target of the test sample, and on the use of prepared, through adequate education, and took out a fu 11-page advertisement local anesthetics. In 1979, Henry Spira, an English to handle them properly; only rarely ("How many rabbits does Revlon blind teacher in New York and an animal acti does a wild animal become a fully do for beauty's sake?") in the New York vist, started to lay the groundwork for a mesticated pet. Such an animal will re Times on April 15. tain its natural reactions and therefore campaign against the Draize Eye Irritan The advertisement itself became perceive many kinds of movements as cy test on rabbits. (See Cosmetics Tech news and focused the campaign spotlight 3(7):32-37, 1981 for background attacks or aggressive threats. nology on Revlon in particular. It also galvanized Proper nutrition of these kinds of on the test). Spira spoke to representa other companies into action: the CTFA animals presents another problem, since tives from animal welfare groups and were soon organizing a closed workshop most prepared diets, intended for com cosmetic companies. At the end of 1979, to discuss the prospects of developing mon domesticated animals, are simply he put together a coalition of over 400 an alternative to the Draize. However, not adequate. Reptiles and amphibians humane societies to campaign for the the joint initiatives did not help Revlon. in particular have highly specialized abo I ition of the test with a specific focus Donald Davis, editor of Drug and Cos dietary requirements, which are not on the cosmetic industry. metic Industry, noted in the June (1980) often easily available. The first step in the campaign con issue of the magazine that the attack on Perhaps the best solution to the prob sisted of an approach to a major cosmetic Revlon "probably has engendered more lem of wild and exotic animals kept as company (Revlon) to ask for their assis sympathy in the industry over the com pets is a total ban. Organizations such as tance. They requested a formal proposal pany's 'plight' than any other single hap the Center for Disease Control and the and the coalition accordingly drafted pening since the founding of the com American Veterinary Medical Associa one requesting the following action: pany ... but ... there has been a distinct Following up on Revlon's grant of tion strongly recommend that those lack of 'volunteers' among industry lead 1. Revlon should approach the Cos $750,000 to support research into the States that have not already prohibited ers to help take the heat off Revlon." metic, Toiletry and Fragrance Associa Draize test alternatives, the CTFA an the keeping of these animals immediate At the end of the year, Revlon grew tion (CTFA) with a proposal that the CTFA nounced the formation of an Ad Hoc ly enact legislation to do so. The AVMA tired of being the target and announced coordinate a collaborative effort by indus Fund for Alternatives to Animal Testing, also recommends that the U.S. Public that it was making a 3-year grant of try to seek an alternative to the Draize; with a goal set at 1 million dollars. Avon Health Service, USDA, and Department $750,000 to Rockefeller University tore and immediately pledged $750,000, followed of Interior cooperate to draft laws that search possible alternatives. Revlon also 2. Revlon should commit $170,000 by Estee Lauder with $350,000. Other would halt the interstate shipment of invited other cosmetic companies to (0.01 percent of their gross income) to companies, including Bristol-Myers, wild animals for pets. join it in supporting such research. Now the project. Chanel, Mary Kay and Max Factor, have But, given the determination of that the dust has more or less settled, also contributed to the fund. The CTFA some people to own and display exotic Revlon responded on February 13, one can point to the following results of has now awarded 1 million dollars to animals, any attempt at a total ban will 1980 and stated that the proposal had the campaign. These indicate that earlier Johns Hopkins University to establish a probably end in failure. An alternative been turned over to the relevant CTFA protestations that "all that can be done Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. solution is a State permit system, pat committee and that "neither Revlon, nor to ameliorate the test and seek alterna The Center will be directed by Dr. Alan terned on that already in place for fal any other single company, can give any tives is being done" were very mislead Goldberg, a toxicologist and cell biolog con owners, under which those who assurances as to what action, if any, this ing. Many constructive actions were pos ist in The Johns Hopkins School of Hy want to keep falcons must meet certain committee, or any other committee of sible. giene and Public Health. The Center will federally established requirements that the CTFA, may take on this matter, ex Industry Actions focus on basic research with the aim of include a written exam on basic biology, cept to say that it will receive considera The first major result of the coali identifying test methods that will dimin care, handling, and laws pertinent to tion." Needless to say, this response did tion's campaign was the organization by ish and replace the use of animals. Some raptors; building of proper facilities for not find much favor, and the next phase the CTFA of a workshop on the Draize of the research will be based at Johns the bird; and banding and registration of the coalition's campaign got under way. test. This was an important event be Hopkins, but it has also been proposed with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This phase consisted of an exhorta cause it stimulated a reassessment of at that promising projects at other institu For raptors, at least, this program tion to all groups to mobilize their forces titudes (at least two participants com seems to work. Because of the stringen to write and protest to (a) the major cos tions be funded. A symposium on the mented that they had begun to reappraise cy of these requirements, few cases of metic companies; (b) the relevant U.S. reg topic of alternatives in ophthalmic and their approach) and because it identified injuries to humans from domesticated ulatory bodies- (The Consumer Product dermal testing is set for the middle of raptors have been reported. (Abstracted Safety Commission (CPSC), the Environ- research avenues that could have poten- May. /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 94 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 95 mental Protection Agency (EPA), the tial. Anthony Johnson of Unilever (U.K.) from S.L. Diesch, Cal Vet 35(12):13-17, snakes and other reptiles. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and was one of the main innovative forces: 1981.) Among other considerations, the the Interagency Research Liaison Croup; he presented promising data on the use behavior of wild animals is often a prob (c) their representatives in Congress; and of in vitro eye preparations as irritant lem. Wild animals respond in ways that (d) the media. The Millenium Guild in New screens, on the use of smaller volumes The Draize Campaign- A Summary are unpredictable to owners who are not York City chose Revlon as its sole target of the test sample, and on the use of prepared, through adequate education, and took out a fu 11-page advertisement local anesthetics. In 1979, Henry Spira, an English to handle them properly; only rarely ("How many rabbits does Revlon blind teacher in New York and an animal acti does a wild animal become a fully do for beauty's sake?") in the New York vist, started to lay the groundwork for a mesticated pet. Such an animal will re Times on April 15. tain its natural reactions and therefore campaign against the Draize Eye Irritan The advertisement itself became perceive many kinds of movements as cy test on rabbits. (See Cosmetics Tech news and focused the campaign spotlight 3(7):32-37, 1981 for background attacks or aggressive threats. nology on Revlon in particular. It also galvanized Proper nutrition of these kinds of on the test). Spira spoke to representa other companies into action: the CTFA animals presents another problem, since tives from animal welfare groups and were soon organizing a closed workshop most prepared diets, intended for com cosmetic companies. At the end of 1979, to discuss the prospects of developing mon domesticated animals, are simply he put together a coalition of over 400 an alternative to the Draize. However, not adequate. Reptiles and amphibians humane societies to campaign for the the joint initiatives did not help Revlon. in particular have highly specialized abo I ition of the test with a specific focus Donald Davis, editor of Drug and Cos dietary requirements, which are not on the cosmetic industry. metic Industry, noted in the June (1980) often easily available. The first step in the campaign con issue of the magazine that the attack on Perhaps the best solution to the prob sisted of an approach to a major cosmetic Revlon "probably has engendered more lem of wild and exotic animals kept as company (Revlon) to ask for their assis sympathy in the industry over the com pets is a total ban. Organizations such as tance. They requested a formal proposal pany's 'plight' than any other single hap the Center for Disease Control and the and the coalition accordingly drafted pening since the founding of the com American Veterinary Medical Associa one requesting the following action: pany ... but ... there has been a distinct Following up on Revlon's grant of tion strongly recommend that those lack of 'volunteers' among industry lead 1. Revlon should approach the Cos $750,000 to support research into the States that have not already prohibited ers to help take the heat off Revlon." metic, Toiletry and Fragrance Associa Draize test alternatives, the CTFA an the keeping of these animals immediate At the end of the year, Revlon grew tion (CTFA) with a proposal that the CTFA nounced the formation of an Ad Hoc ly enact legislation to do so. The AVMA tired of being the target and announced coordinate a collaborative effort by indus Fund for Alternatives to Animal Testing, also recommends that the U.S. Public that it was making a 3-year grant of try to seek an alternative to the Draize; with a goal set at 1 million dollars. Avon Health Service, USDA, and Department $750,000 to Rockefeller University tore and immediately pledged $750,000, followed of Interior cooperate to draft laws that search possible alternatives. Revlon also 2. Revlon should commit $170,000 by Estee Lauder with $350,000. Other would halt the interstate shipment of invited other cosmetic companies to (0.01 percent of their gross income) to companies, including Bristol-Myers, wild animals for pets. join it in supporting such research. Now the project. Chanel, Mary Kay and Max Factor, have But, given the determination of that the dust has more or less settled, also contributed to the fund. The CTFA some people to own and display exotic Revlon responded on February 13, one can point to the following results of has now awarded 1 million dollars to animals, any attempt at a total ban will 1980 and stated that the proposal had the campaign. These indicate that earlier Johns Hopkins University to establish a probably end in failure. An alternative been turned over to the relevant CTFA protestations that "all that can be done Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. solution is a State permit system, pat committee and that "neither Revlon, nor to ameliorate the test and seek alterna The Center will be directed by Dr. Alan terned on that already in place for fal any other single company, can give any tives is being done" were very mislead Goldberg, a toxicologist and cell biolog con owners, under which those who assurances as to what action, if any, this ing. Many constructive actions were pos ist in The Johns Hopkins School of Hy want to keep falcons must meet certain committee, or any other committee of sible. giene and Public Health. The Center will federally established requirements that the CTFA, may take on this matter, ex Industry Actions focus on basic research with the aim of include a written exam on basic biology, cept to say that it will receive considera The first major result of the coali identifying test methods that will dimin care, handling, and laws pertinent to tion." Needless to say, this response did tion's campaign was the organization by ish and replace the use of animals. Some raptors; building of proper facilities for not find much favor, and the next phase the CTFA of a workshop on the Draize of the research will be based at Johns the bird; and banding and registration of the coalition's campaign got under way. test. This was an important event be Hopkins, but it has also been proposed with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This phase consisted of an exhorta cause it stimulated a reassessment of at that promising projects at other institu For raptors, at least, this program tion to all groups to mobilize their forces titudes (at least two participants com seems to work. Because of the stringen to write and protest to (a) the major cos tions be funded. A symposium on the mented that they had begun to reappraise cy of these requirements, few cases of metic companies; (b) the relevant U.S. reg topic of alternatives in ophthalmic and their approach) and because it identified injuries to humans from domesticated ulatory bodies- (The Consumer Product dermal testing is set for the middle of raptors have been reported. (Abstracted Safety Commission (CPSC), the Environ- research avenues that could have poten- May. /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 94 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 95 Federal Agencies tants and should not be tested in the 1zmg the cultures thoroughly, will in Stockmen who spend little time with The CPSC. which was the only agen eye. Furthermore, substances shown to vestigate a series of end points with the animals, so that they are not well cy with a formal regulatory requirement be severe irritants in dermal toxicity tests known irritants. The end points include socialized to people, will have sows that for irritancy testing, led the way on the may be assumed to be eye irritants and dye exclusion and vital dye assays, 51 Cr are easily disturbed and even fearful of Draize test when it announced a mora need not be tested in the eye." release, morphometric analysis, lympho human proximity which, as these research torium on all in-house Draize testing on 2. The guide recommends that only cyte activation, and cytosol ic enzyme ers have shown. adversely affects pro May 8,1980, pending the results of an in 3 rabbits (instead of 6 or 9) be used initi release. ductivity (16.5 I ive piglets per sow per vestigation into the use of local anesthe ally and that only if the results are equi The third project was also funded year, versus 21 on farms where there was tics. The study took a lot longer than the vocal should more animals be used. by the humane movement, in this case a good sow-farmer relationship). 3 months scheduled for it, but eventually 3. The guide notes that anesthetics by a consortium of groups led by the In a second study with two groups the CPSC research identified a satisfac should not be used in most instances. American Fund for Alternatives to Ani of pigs, stockmen either deliberately so tory local anesthetic. They found that a "However, if the test substance is likely mal Research. They gave $176,000 to cialized growing pigs by stroking and talk double dose of tetracaine abolished the to cause extreme pain, local anesthetics Professor Joseph Leighton (Medical Col ing to them or repulsed them and handled pain response but did not significantly may be used prior to installation of the lege of Pennsylvania) for a 3-year study them roughly. "Good" and "bad" treat affect irritancy scores (The Rose Sheet 2 test substance for humane reasons." of the potential of the chick chorioallan ments were given for 2 minutes three (17), April 27, 1981 ). In addition, the CPSC toic membrance (CAM) for assessing in Research Initiatives times per week from 11 to 22 weeks of has modified its requirements for Draize flammatory response. The CAM is well age. The "loved" pigs grew 5 percent fast As a direct result of the Draize cam testing. For example, if a product con supplied with blood vessels, and it has er than the "unloved" ones. (Abstracted paign a number of research proposals tains a known irritant or has been found been known since 1911 that irritating from Livestock Prod Sci 8:67-74.) and ideas have been put forward, and to be an irritant in the skin test, CPSC materials placed on the CAM will evoke some data have been made available will ask the manufacturer to label it as a distinct inflammatory response. On that might otherwise have never been an irritant. Only if the manufacturer re the other hand, there are no pain-detect published. For example, the research ex New Electric Stunning Methods fuses will CPSC resort to an actual test. ing nerve fibers in the CAM, according perience of the Unilever laboratories in According to Richard Gross, CPSC Exec to Professor Leighton. the U.K. was communicated at the CTFA Since I wrote my review article on utive Director, the agency would proba workshop. Also, Johnson and Johnson's General Outlook stunning 2 years ago, many important bly reduce its annual quota of Draize experience with the use of serotonin The success of the Draize test cam new research studies on stunning have testing by about 90 percent. release as an index of response to an ir paign has definitely had an effect on at been published. In order to ensure that The EPA joined the CPSC in establish ritant was announced at the recent NIH titudes toward animal testing. There is market pigs do not regain sensibility dur ing an in-house moratorium on October symposium on trends in bioassay meth more willingness on the part of officials ing bleedout, they must be bled within 30 1, 1980. In addition, the Office of Pesti odology (McCormick, 1981 ). in regulatory agencies to listen to argu seconds after electric stunning (Hoen cides and Toxic Substances proposed to ments based on humane issues and more The first funded project specifically derken, 1978). Blackmore (1981) found "establish the search for alternative test scientists are addressing the issue. For identified as a search for a Draize alter that approximately 25 seconds is required methods to the Draize as a priority for example, Professor Frederick Sperling native was the Revlon grant of $750,000 for a pig to lose sensibility during bleed the coming year." (Howard University) has stated that he to Dr. Dennis Stark of Rockefeller Uni ing. Therefore, he recommends a stunning The FDA did not initiate anything holds "no brief for this [Draize] test, versity. However, it has taken some time to-bleeding interval of 15 seconds, to en on the Draize test until mid-1981. They which is not a good one scientifically .... for the research to get underway. Ac sure that even poorly stunned pigs will then announced that they still consider It is deplorable that better testing for cording to J:Jr. Stark, his group will be not regain sensibility. After electric stun ed the Draize test to be the best avail primary skin and eye irritation has not looking at the release of chemotactic ning, the period of insensibility, as meas able technique for assessing irritancy, been developed in the approximately 40 factors in vitro in response to an irritant, in ured by brain waves (electroencephalo but that they are "committing funds to years of its use" (Bioscience 31:480-481, an effort to identify specific factors that gram), has an average duration of 60 sec allow one of our senior scientists to 1981). could be used as reliable indicators of ir onds and a minimum duration of 32 sec study a new in vitro technique" (Con ritant potential. onds (Hoenderken, 1978). Thirty seconds gressional Record, E 2953, June 15, 1981 ). The second project to be initiated would be the absolute maximum allow Perhaps the most significant initia was supported by a grant of $100,000 able interval, and new facilities should tive was that taken by the Interagency from the New England Antivivisection be designed for an interval of 15 seconds Research Liaison Group, which has been Society. The project leader, Dr. William Friendliness and Pigs or less. responsible for standardizing test pro Douglas of Tufts Medical School, is at Shortening the interval between elec tocols among five different Federal agen tempting to establish an assay system Hemsworth eta/. (1980) have shown trical stunning and bleeding is economi cies. Their new guidelines for the Draize consisting of human corneal cell cul that the reproductive performance of cally advantageous to the slaughter plant. test now include the following elements: tures. He plans to use primary cultures sows is enhanced when the animals are A stunning-to-bleeding interval of 30 sec 1. The guide states that "for hu generated from surplus eye bank materi treated with "tender loving care," as re onds or less will help reduce pale, soft, mane reasons, substances known to be al (of which there is, apparently, a con flected by their lack of fear toward exudative (PSE) meat and blood splash corrosive may be assumed to be eye irri- siderable quantity) and, after character- strangers (observers). ing in the meat (Grandin, 1980a, 1980b,

96 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 97 Federal Agencies tants and should not be tested in the 1zmg the cultures thoroughly, will in Stockmen who spend little time with The CPSC. which was the only agen eye. Furthermore, substances shown to vestigate a series of end points with the animals, so that they are not well cy with a formal regulatory requirement be severe irritants in dermal toxicity tests known irritants. The end points include socialized to people, will have sows that for irritancy testing, led the way on the may be assumed to be eye irritants and dye exclusion and vital dye assays, 51 Cr are easily disturbed and even fearful of Draize test when it announced a mora need not be tested in the eye." release, morphometric analysis, lympho human proximity which, as these research torium on all in-house Draize testing on 2. The guide recommends that only cyte activation, and cytosol ic enzyme ers have shown. adversely affects pro May 8,1980, pending the results of an in 3 rabbits (instead of 6 or 9) be used initi release. ductivity (16.5 I ive piglets per sow per vestigation into the use of local anesthe ally and that only if the results are equi The third project was also funded year, versus 21 on farms where there was tics. The study took a lot longer than the vocal should more animals be used. by the humane movement, in this case a good sow-farmer relationship). 3 months scheduled for it, but eventually 3. The guide notes that anesthetics by a consortium of groups led by the In a second study with two groups the CPSC research identified a satisfac should not be used in most instances. American Fund for Alternatives to Ani of pigs, stockmen either deliberately so tory local anesthetic. They found that a "However, if the test substance is likely mal Research. They gave $176,000 to cialized growing pigs by stroking and talk double dose of tetracaine abolished the to cause extreme pain, local anesthetics Professor Joseph Leighton (Medical Col ing to them or repulsed them and handled pain response but did not significantly may be used prior to installation of the lege of Pennsylvania) for a 3-year study them roughly. "Good" and "bad" treat affect irritancy scores (The Rose Sheet 2 test substance for humane reasons." of the potential of the chick chorioallan ments were given for 2 minutes three (17), April 27, 1981 ). In addition, the CPSC toic membrance (CAM) for assessing in Research Initiatives times per week from 11 to 22 weeks of has modified its requirements for Draize flammatory response. The CAM is well age. The "loved" pigs grew 5 percent fast As a direct result of the Draize cam testing. For example, if a product con supplied with blood vessels, and it has er than the "unloved" ones. (Abstracted paign a number of research proposals tains a known irritant or has been found been known since 1911 that irritating from Livestock Prod Sci 8:67-74.) and ideas have been put forward, and to be an irritant in the skin test, CPSC materials placed on the CAM will evoke some data have been made available will ask the manufacturer to label it as a distinct inflammatory response. On that might otherwise have never been an irritant. Only if the manufacturer re the other hand, there are no pain-detect published. For example, the research ex New Electric Stunning Methods fuses will CPSC resort to an actual test. ing nerve fibers in the CAM, according perience of the Unilever laboratories in According to Richard Gross, CPSC Exec to Professor Leighton. the U.K. was communicated at the CTFA Since I wrote my review article on utive Director, the agency would proba workshop. Also, Johnson and Johnson's General Outlook stunning 2 years ago, many important bly reduce its annual quota of Draize experience with the use of serotonin The success of the Draize test cam new research studies on stunning have testing by about 90 percent. release as an index of response to an ir paign has definitely had an effect on at been published. In order to ensure that The EPA joined the CPSC in establish ritant was announced at the recent NIH titudes toward animal testing. There is market pigs do not regain sensibility dur ing an in-house moratorium on October symposium on trends in bioassay meth more willingness on the part of officials ing bleedout, they must be bled within 30 1, 1980. In addition, the Office of Pesti odology (McCormick, 1981 ). in regulatory agencies to listen to argu seconds after electric stunning (Hoen cides and Toxic Substances proposed to ments based on humane issues and more The first funded project specifically derken, 1978). Blackmore (1981) found "establish the search for alternative test scientists are addressing the issue. For identified as a search for a Draize alter that approximately 25 seconds is required methods to the Draize as a priority for example, Professor Frederick Sperling native was the Revlon grant of $750,000 for a pig to lose sensibility during bleed the coming year." (Howard University) has stated that he to Dr. Dennis Stark of Rockefeller Uni ing. Therefore, he recommends a stunning The FDA did not initiate anything holds "no brief for this [Draize] test, versity. However, it has taken some time to-bleeding interval of 15 seconds, to en on the Draize test until mid-1981. They which is not a good one scientifically .... for the research to get underway. Ac sure that even poorly stunned pigs will then announced that they still consider It is deplorable that better testing for cording to J:Jr. Stark, his group will be not regain sensibility. After electric stun ed the Draize test to be the best avail primary skin and eye irritation has not looking at the release of chemotactic ning, the period of insensibility, as meas able technique for assessing irritancy, been developed in the approximately 40 factors in vitro in response to an irritant, in ured by brain waves (electroencephalo but that they are "committing funds to years of its use" (Bioscience 31:480-481, an effort to identify specific factors that gram), has an average duration of 60 sec allow one of our senior scientists to 1981). could be used as reliable indicators of ir onds and a minimum duration of 32 sec study a new in vitro technique" (Con ritant potential. onds (Hoenderken, 1978). Thirty seconds gressional Record, E 2953, June 15, 1981 ). The second project to be initiated would be the absolute maximum allow Perhaps the most significant initia was supported by a grant of $100,000 able interval, and new facilities should tive was that taken by the Interagency from the New England Antivivisection be designed for an interval of 15 seconds Research Liaison Group, which has been Society. The project leader, Dr. William Friendliness and Pigs or less. responsible for standardizing test pro Douglas of Tufts Medical School, is at Shortening the interval between elec tocols among five different Federal agen tempting to establish an assay system Hemsworth eta/. (1980) have shown trical stunning and bleeding is economi cies. Their new guidelines for the Draize consisting of human corneal cell cul that the reproductive performance of cally advantageous to the slaughter plant. test now include the following elements: tures. He plans to use primary cultures sows is enhanced when the animals are A stunning-to-bleeding interval of 30 sec 1. The guide states that "for hu generated from surplus eye bank materi treated with "tender loving care," as re onds or less will help reduce pale, soft, mane reasons, substances known to be al (of which there is, apparently, a con flected by their lack of fear toward exudative (PSE) meat and blood splash corrosive may be assumed to be eye irri- siderable quantity) and, after character- strangers (observers). ing in the meat (Grandin, 1980a, 1980b,

96 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 97 1980c). In most large slaughter plants, heart is that the animal does not kick the 4-8, 1978. subject to EPA control; what's been lost bleeding begins within 30 seconds after shackler and sticker, and blood splash in Kirton, A.F., L.F. Frazerhurst, E.G. Woods is the back-up regulatory mechanism electrical stunning, but there are still the meat is reduced (Kirton eta/., 1981). and B. B. Chrystal! (1981) Effect of that has been provided by the 1972 Ex some plants with intervals of 60 seconds Research by Blackmore (1981 b) in electrical stunning method and car ecutive Order. or more. Reducing the stunning-to-bleed dicates that young calves sometimes re diac arrest on bleeding efficiency, interval will help improve meat quality, main sensible for more than 60 seconds residual blood and blood splash in especially in items such as canned hams. after their throats are cut for bleeding. lambs, Meat Sci 5:347-353. Problems with animals regaining sen For electrical stunning to be humane for Lambooy, E. (1981) Electrical stunning and sibility during bleeding can be nearly calves, stopping the heart is essential. In meat quality of veal calves. In 27th eliminated by using an electric stunner my opinion, the only humane methods for European Meeting of Meat Research that stops the heart. Meat inspection stunning calves are use of a captive bolt Workers, Vienna, Austria, August 24- regulations in the United States and or an electric stunner that stops the heart. 28, 1981. some other countries should be changed Temple Grandin Warris, P.O. and S.B. Wotton (1981) Effect to permit the use of stunners that cause Animal Science Department of cardiac arrest on exsanguination cardiac arrest. This type of stunner is University of Illinois in pigs, Res Vet Sci 31 :82-86. usually applied to the head and the fore Urbana, Illinois 61801 legs or to the head and the back (Gilbert, 1980; Grandin, 1981); the current must References The Rationale Behind the 1972 pass through the brain. Coyote Control Action Attempted by Decision Cardiac arrest does not adverserly Blackmore, O.K. and J .C. Newhook (1981 a) Interior and EPA Compound 1080 was banned in 1972 affect bleedout or meat quality. In pigs, Insensibility during slaughter: pigs in by the EPA Administrator because of a "Cardiac arrest did not affect the weight comparison to other domestic stock, Three States- Wyoming, South Da formidable body of evidence about the of the blood lost, the rate at which it was N Z Vet 1, in press. kota, and Montana- in addition to the complex array of toxic effects that the lost, or the amount apparently retained Blackmore, O.K. and G.Y. Peterson (1981 b) U.S. Department of the Interior have agent could create throughout an envi in the carcass" (Warris and Wotton, 1981 ). Stunning and slaughter of sheep recently submitted applications to the ronment. The accumulated data had dem In sheep bled while prone, bleedout was and calves in New Zealand, Vet 1 Environmental Protection Agency to re onstrated that 1080 was highly toxic to slower and less blood was collected dur 29:99-102. sume use of the poison Compound 1080 all species, including humans: at least 13 ing the first 2 minutes; however, there Chrystal!, B.B., C.E. Devine, and K.G. (sodium monofluoroacetate), previously were no significant differences in the pH Newton (1981) Residual blood in banned in 1972, to kill canid predators, people (and possibly as many as 18) died value of the meat, tenderness, hemoglo lamb muscles, Meat Sci 5:339-345. principally coyotes. The Interior Depart from 1080 poisoning. Many nontarget bin concentration, myoglobin concen Grandin, T. (1980a) Proper handling and ment is also recommending that the prac animals were killed, including endangered tration, or growth rates of spoilage bac stunning of pigs can improve meat tice of denning be reintroduced. "Den species I ike the California condor. teria from sheep stunned with a conven quality, Meat Processing lnt, Spring ning" involves the killing of entire litters In summary, the EPA statement tional electric stunner as compared with 1980, pp. 12-14 and 21-25. of coyote cubs in their dens. This pro asserted that there were "no reliable sheep that had been stunned with a stun Grandin, T. (1980b) The effect of stress cedure was stopped in 1979, under the data on the amount of predator control ner that stopped the heart (Kirton eta/., on livestock and meat quality prior order of Interior Secretary Cecil Andrus. achieved by use of these poisons," and 1981; Chrystal! et a/., 1981 ). Observed to and during slaughter, lnt 1 Stud The currently available alternatives rec that there were effective alternatives to differences in bleedout between the two Anim Prob 1:313-337. ognized by Interior are trapping, aerial the use of 1080 and other predacides. groups could probably have been mini Grandin, T. (1980c) Mechanical, electrical and ground shooting, snaring, use of A 1979 statement by Interior Secre mized if the sheep had been bled while and anesthetic stunning methods for dogs, and the M-44, a spring-loaded de tary Andrus reaffirmed these conclu hanging. Lambooy (1981) also reports that livestock, lnt 1 Stud Anim Prob 4: vice that propels sodium cyanide into a sions and set objectives for the depart cardiac arrest in electrically stunned 242-263. coyote's mouth. Interior would also like ment's Animal Damage Control Program calves did not affect the hematin value Grandin, T. (1981) Slaughter research in EPA to relax 10 of the 26 existing restric that included a long-term phase-out of in the meat as compared with controls New Zealand, Meat lnd, September tions on the use of the M-44. These lethal control measures, a corresponding with beating hearts. 1981, pp. 102-103. changes are requested on behalf of pri switch to nonlethal, noncapture methods In Holland most of the pigs are Gilbert, K.Y. (1980) Developments in stun vately held lands. of control, and an emphasis on "prevent stunned with electric stunners that ning and slaugher. In 21st Meat In Meanwhile, in a january 29, 1982 ing predator damage rather than control cause cardiac arrest. The same method dustry Research Conference, Meat press release, the Fish and Wildlife Ser ling predators." is also used on sheep in New Zealand. I Industry Research I nstitue of New vice announced the cancellation of a EPA's Role in the Reintroduction of have observed electric stunning in both Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand. 1972 Executive Order that restricted the 1080 Holland and New Zealand, and I was im Hoenderken, R. (1978) Electrical stunning use of chemical toxicants on Federal However, the Interior Department pressed with the humaneness and effici in pigs for slaughter. In 24th Europe lands and in Federal programs to control now believes that these alternative ency of their methods. Another advan an Meeting of Meat Research Work livestock losses. Use of poisons like methods are simply not sufficiently tage of an electric stunner that stops the ers, Kulmbach, Germany, September 1080, on these lands, however, is still powerful tools to counter predation

98 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 99 1980c). In most large slaughter plants, heart is that the animal does not kick the 4-8, 1978. subject to EPA control; what's been lost bleeding begins within 30 seconds after shackler and sticker, and blood splash in Kirton, A.F., L.F. Frazerhurst, E.G. Woods is the back-up regulatory mechanism electrical stunning, but there are still the meat is reduced (Kirton eta/., 1981). and B. B. Chrystal! (1981) Effect of that has been provided by the 1972 Ex some plants with intervals of 60 seconds Research by Blackmore (1981 b) in electrical stunning method and car ecutive Order. or more. Reducing the stunning-to-bleed dicates that young calves sometimes re diac arrest on bleeding efficiency, interval will help improve meat quality, main sensible for more than 60 seconds residual blood and blood splash in especially in items such as canned hams. after their throats are cut for bleeding. lambs, Meat Sci 5:347-353. Problems with animals regaining sen For electrical stunning to be humane for Lambooy, E. (1981) Electrical stunning and sibility during bleeding can be nearly calves, stopping the heart is essential. In meat quality of veal calves. In 27th eliminated by using an electric stunner my opinion, the only humane methods for European Meeting of Meat Research that stops the heart. Meat inspection stunning calves are use of a captive bolt Workers, Vienna, Austria, August 24- regulations in the United States and or an electric stunner that stops the heart. 28, 1981. some other countries should be changed Temple Grandin Warris, P.O. and S.B. Wotton (1981) Effect to permit the use of stunners that cause Animal Science Department of cardiac arrest on exsanguination cardiac arrest. This type of stunner is University of Illinois in pigs, Res Vet Sci 31 :82-86. usually applied to the head and the fore Urbana, Illinois 61801 legs or to the head and the back (Gilbert, 1980; Grandin, 1981); the current must References The Rationale Behind the 1972 pass through the brain. Coyote Control Action Attempted by Decision Cardiac arrest does not adverserly Blackmore, O.K. and J .C. Newhook (1981 a) Interior and EPA Compound 1080 was banned in 1972 affect bleedout or meat quality. In pigs, Insensibility during slaughter: pigs in by the EPA Administrator because of a "Cardiac arrest did not affect the weight comparison to other domestic stock, Three States- Wyoming, South Da formidable body of evidence about the of the blood lost, the rate at which it was N Z Vet 1, in press. kota, and Montana- in addition to the complex array of toxic effects that the lost, or the amount apparently retained Blackmore, O.K. and G.Y. Peterson (1981 b) U.S. Department of the Interior have agent could create throughout an envi in the carcass" (Warris and Wotton, 1981 ). Stunning and slaughter of sheep recently submitted applications to the ronment. The accumulated data had dem In sheep bled while prone, bleedout was and calves in New Zealand, Vet 1 Environmental Protection Agency to re onstrated that 1080 was highly toxic to slower and less blood was collected dur 29:99-102. sume use of the poison Compound 1080 all species, including humans: at least 13 ing the first 2 minutes; however, there Chrystal!, B.B., C.E. Devine, and K.G. (sodium monofluoroacetate), previously were no significant differences in the pH Newton (1981) Residual blood in banned in 1972, to kill canid predators, people (and possibly as many as 18) died value of the meat, tenderness, hemoglo lamb muscles, Meat Sci 5:339-345. principally coyotes. The Interior Depart from 1080 poisoning. Many nontarget bin concentration, myoglobin concen Grandin, T. (1980a) Proper handling and ment is also recommending that the prac animals were killed, including endangered tration, or growth rates of spoilage bac stunning of pigs can improve meat tice of denning be reintroduced. "Den species I ike the California condor. teria from sheep stunned with a conven quality, Meat Processing lnt, Spring ning" involves the killing of entire litters In summary, the EPA statement tional electric stunner as compared with 1980, pp. 12-14 and 21-25. of coyote cubs in their dens. This pro asserted that there were "no reliable sheep that had been stunned with a stun Grandin, T. (1980b) The effect of stress cedure was stopped in 1979, under the data on the amount of predator control ner that stopped the heart (Kirton eta/., on livestock and meat quality prior order of Interior Secretary Cecil Andrus. achieved by use of these poisons," and 1981; Chrystal! et a/., 1981 ). Observed to and during slaughter, lnt 1 Stud The currently available alternatives rec that there were effective alternatives to differences in bleedout between the two Anim Prob 1:313-337. ognized by Interior are trapping, aerial the use of 1080 and other predacides. groups could probably have been mini Grandin, T. (1980c) Mechanical, electrical and ground shooting, snaring, use of A 1979 statement by Interior Secre mized if the sheep had been bled while and anesthetic stunning methods for dogs, and the M-44, a spring-loaded de tary Andrus reaffirmed these conclu hanging. Lambooy (1981) also reports that livestock, lnt 1 Stud Anim Prob 4: vice that propels sodium cyanide into a sions and set objectives for the depart cardiac arrest in electrically stunned 242-263. coyote's mouth. Interior would also like ment's Animal Damage Control Program calves did not affect the hematin value Grandin, T. (1981) Slaughter research in EPA to relax 10 of the 26 existing restric that included a long-term phase-out of in the meat as compared with controls New Zealand, Meat lnd, September tions on the use of the M-44. These lethal control measures, a corresponding with beating hearts. 1981, pp. 102-103. changes are requested on behalf of pri switch to nonlethal, noncapture methods In Holland most of the pigs are Gilbert, K.Y. (1980) Developments in stun vately held lands. of control, and an emphasis on "prevent stunned with electric stunners that ning and slaugher. In 21st Meat In Meanwhile, in a january 29, 1982 ing predator damage rather than control cause cardiac arrest. The same method dustry Research Conference, Meat press release, the Fish and Wildlife Ser ling predators." is also used on sheep in New Zealand. I Industry Research I nstitue of New vice announced the cancellation of a EPA's Role in the Reintroduction of have observed electric stunning in both Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand. 1972 Executive Order that restricted the 1080 Holland and New Zealand, and I was im Hoenderken, R. (1978) Electrical stunning use of chemical toxicants on Federal However, the Interior Department pressed with the humaneness and effici in pigs for slaughter. In 24th Europe lands and in Federal programs to control now believes that these alternative ency of their methods. Another advan an Meeting of Meat Research Work livestock losses. Use of poisons like methods are simply not sufficiently tage of an electric stunner that stops the ers, Kulmbach, Germany, September 1080, on these lands, however, is still powerful tools to counter predation

98 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 99 "'i '

losses and that use of 1080 and denning made of fat or meat containing suffici Joseph Cowan, Assistant Chancellor of statement by Secretary Andrus. The must be resumed. ent 1080 to kill a coyote, are placed the University of California, San Francis coalition now believes that "any major While the Interior Department can around a "draw station" such as a dead co, speaks of Kun's consternation on find significant departure from these deci resume denning without further clear sheep or calf or at sites frequented by ing that the EPA had distorted, and in sions must now either be shown to be ance, reintroduction of 1080 requires an the target species. some cases contradicted, his actual data. consistent with the existing record or adjudicatory hearing before an EPA Ad In 1977, EPA began issuing experi For example, on the issue of the break plainly supported by a new record com ministrative Law Judge because EPA is mental use permits to the Department down of 1080, Kun had actually stated piled with similar attention to the Na specifically responsible for ascertaining of the Interior to allow use of the 1080 that "the trace amount of fluorocitrate tional Environmental Policy Act" and that all types of pesticides marketed in collar in limited field testing; these per formed from 1080 is biochemically un other appropriate legislation such as the the United States do not cause unrea mits have been renewed every year. EPA stable. "The letter asserts that "There is Endangered Species Act (1973), the Wil sonable adverse effects to humans or bases its reissuance of these permits on a vast amount of difference between a derness Act (1976), and the Administra the environment. (Chemicals intended a report by Terrill (cited in the EPA re research finding of 'nontoxicity,' as tive Procedures Act (1976) (letter to Secre for control of predators are considered port, Notice of Hearings on Application claimed by your [Press] Release, and one tary Watt, November 19, 1981 ). pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, to Use Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Com of 'instability." In contradistinction to the findings Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.) pound 1080) to Control Predators, 1981) The Mechanics of the Formal of Kun cited above, the coalition points At the initiative of the EPA, there on trends in predation losses: Losses of Hearing Procedure to several well-established facts about fore, the Agency held informal prelimi lambs were 35 percent higher for the As announced in the December 7, the primary pharmacology of 1080 and nary hearings in Denver and Washington years 1972-1978 as compared with 1958- 1981 Federal Register, all parties interested its subsequent distribution in the envi in July 1981. On the basis of the findings 1972. Cattle losses (from all sources) in in the use of 1080 were given until Janu ronment, as set forth in a 1972 EPA deci from those hearings, EPA decided to creased during 1972-1980 by 11.2 percent ary 26, 1982 to file a Statement of Posi sion paper on the banning of 1080. convene formal hearings in early 1982. over losses for 1950-1972. Ranchers also tion on all the issues involved and to Chemically, sodium monofluoroacetate In a press release issued on December 1, claimed that alternative methods such also file a preliminary list of witnesses can be described as a white powder that 1981, Administrator Gorsuch asserted that as aerial gunning of predators are both with a "brief narrative summary of their is soluble in water and also highly sta "substantial new information" had been costly and ineffective. While conserva expected testimony." Actual testimony ble. It is therefore very persistent in gleaned at the Denver-Washington meet tionists strongly disagree with these before the Administrative Law Judge ground water, once it has been introduc ings and noted two particular points numbers and claims, EPA has nonethe began in March and is expected to last ed into an ecosystem. Further, 1080 is (quoted in full): less decided to proceed. about 60 days. At the conclusion of the readily taken up by the root and leaf Finally, EPA has made use of new 1. The finding in the 1972 cancella hearing, the judge will make a recom systems of plants. The possible effects research by Kun (Notice of Hearings on tion that 1080 posed significant hazard mendation to Administrator Gorsuch on of this on grazing animals, both domes Application to Use Sodium Monofluoro to humans may have been in error. Com whether to resume use of 1080. The tic and wild, are still unknown. acetate (Compound 1080) to Control Pred pound 1080 has been widely used in the judge's recommendation is not, however, Monofluoroacetate is highly toxic for ators, 1981) which the Agency has util United States since 1972 to control rod binding on the Administrator. all species: a dose as low as 0.5 to 2 ized to formulate a completely new pat mg/kg of body weight acts rapidly on the ents without any reported human fatality. Animal Welfare Croups Against 1080 tern for the cellular metabolism of 1080 central nervous system and heart, caus 2. Further, pharmacological research A coalition of animal rights advo than has been previously assumed. It is ing arrhythmias and convulsions. Since suggests 1080 may metabolize rapidly to cate groups that includes The Humane claimed that 1080 itself is nonpoisonous: these effects come on too quickly to per a less harmful substance, casting doubt Society of the U.S. (HSUS), Defenders of it must first be converted to fluoroci mit any effective treatment, antidotes are on the conclusion in the 1972 order that Wildlife, the National Audubon Society, trate by cell enzyme systems to exert its relatively valueless. Death, however, the chemical is a primary and secondary and the Sierra Club, among others, is be effect. It is also asserted that there is lit may not arrive until many hours after poisoning hazard to nontarget species. ing represented at the hearing by a tle risk of secondary poisoning from the the initial poisoning. However, as noted Washington-based law firm. These groups She also stated that spokesmen at carcass of a 1080-killed animal, because by Natasha Atkins (wildlife biologist, believe that the logic behind the deci the July hearings had stressed the differ a scavenger that consumes fluorocitrate then working for The HSUS), in her state sion to hold a formal hearing procedure ences between the old pre-1972 delivery from a primary victim would detoxify ment before the informal EPA hearings is invalid since the vast compendium of mechanism for 1080-the large-bait sta the fluorocitrate residues before they in July 1981: tion (usually a poisoned carcass of a had a chance to exert any toxic effect. evidence that led to the 1972 and 1979 sheep or lamb)- and two more recently Any secondary poisoning effect, there decisions on 1080 and denning is still un The lethal dose for a canid is between developed mechanisms, the toxic collar fore, must come from unmetabolized shakably sound, that none of the new 1-2 mg, while it would take 100-200 and the single lethal dose (SLD) bait. The fluoroacetate remaining in the primary data obtained since then has changed the mg to kill a human. Because canids 1080 collar is a rubber and plastic appar victim. But it is also claimed that in essential facts about the broad-spec are so susceptible to 1080 poisoning, atus that is strapped onto the neck of a gested 1080 breaks down rapidly (in 5-10 trum toxicity of 1080 to the environ foxes, wolves, and domestic dogs sheep or goat. It contains two 1080-filled hours) into nontoxic metabolites under ment. They point to the thousands of are potential victims. Some of these, compartments, which break and release any circumstances. pages of testimony compiled by the Fish notably the San Joachim Kit Fox, the the poison when a predator attempts to However, in a recent letter to Ad and Wildlife Service in public hearings Northern Kit Fox, and some sub-spe bite the throat of its prey. The SLD baits, ministrator Gorsuch (February 8, 1982), held in 1978 and 1979, prior to the 1979 cies of the Gray Wolf are endanger-

100 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 101 "'i '

100 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 101 killed off, new, transient animals will on public lands, only 8 percent have ed species. The endangered black ing six golden eagles) and 40 percent of move in to occupy newly vacant territo constructed lambing sheds to shelter footed ferret and protected hawks the dead mammals contained tracer. Ran ry. During the period required for the newborn animals. Fewer still use and eagles could be easily attracted dall has also observed that canines can new residents to establish patterns of guard dogs ... to the bait. These latter species are travel long distances after ingesting 1080. hierarchy and social bonds, some ani not as sensitive as canids, but it In the process, they often regurgitate Ranchers also seem unwilling to make mals are driven away from the usual would take only marginally larger bait material as they travel, thereby en use of available nonlethal chemical coy food sources- mice and squirrels- and doses of 1080 to kill them. Since the suring distribution of the poison through ote repellents, despite their proven ef are forced to prey on any available do guidelines for bait preparation rec out a wide area. fectiveness. mestic I ivestock (Defenders, October ommend a minimum dose of 5 mg Randall argues that the 1080 collar Other promising alternatives to 1981 ). Coyotes also exhibit density per single bait for coyotes, the con is a particularly poor mechanism for wholesale predator destruction include dependent natality. This means that a sumption of one bait-little more selective killing, since its use has been taste aversion chemicals, reproduction decrease in population tends to cause a than an ounce of bait material found to involve dangerous problems inhibitors, and anti-coyote electric fenc corresponding increase in numbers of could kill many of the less sensitive such as "sheep chewing on the collar ing (evaluated as highly successful in new births. In this way, coyote popula species. and poisoning themselves, dribble from terms of both cost and effectiveness in tions can increase by as much as four the collar poisoning the wearer, punc The journal of Range Management 33(5): Atkins also points out that there is a fold. In her 1981 statement before the tures from thorns and barbed wire, and 385-387, 1980). The mere presence of "serious gap in our knowledge about the EPA, Natasha Atkins noted: "Reductions lost collars." burros or llamas also works to keep coy cumulative effects of sublethal doses" of predator populations also have been On the issue of denning, the animal otes at bay. of 1080. A government study in New Zea shown to upset certain interspecific welfare coalition has also stated that it land (C.G. Rammel! and P.A. Fleming, balances. In New Zealand, where 1080 The Larger Picture is "wasteful and scientifically absurd" Compound 1080: Properties and Use of reduced populations of dingos, another It is difficult to piece together ex (letter to Secretary Watt, November 19, Sodium Monofluoroacetate in New Zea canid species, significant increases in actly which political, economic, and 1981) because "it is axiomatic that in land, 1978) asserted that "repeated sub other species were detected. The Fish fund am ental philosophical attitudes order to stop a coyote from killing lethal doses are reported to have a cum and Wildlife Service also reports [Predator have motivated the current initiatives on sheep, it is necessary to target the coy ulative effect" in certain species, and Damage in the West: A Study of Coyote Compound 1080 and denning by the ad ote that is doing the damage. It is, there that there is a possibility of chronic poi Management Alternatives, 1978] that in ministration. The earlier decisions were fore, equally axiomatic that killing 6- to soning in humans who are exposed to creases in other predatory species coin endorsed by a multitude of expert wit 9-week-old pups is wasteful and counter 1080. And we are all too aware of the cided with 1080 reductions of coyote nesses and several consecutive changes productive since they could not possibly tragic consequences on wildlife that re populations in the early 1950's." of government. The present proposal kill sheep." The letter also points out sulted from continual sublethal doses of does not even find universal approval that, contrary to Interior's assertions (i.e., some toxicants, such as DDT. Possible Alternatives among the "sagebrush rebellion." As Jim denning is accomplished by fumigating It is also argued that the burden of The 1972 (E PAl and 1979 (Interior) Barron Ill of the National Cattlemen's or shooting), flares, barbed wire, burn evidence seems to indicate that the ef statements on 1080 and predator control Association said, "The coyote has nothing ing, and trebel hooks are used routinely fects of 1080 as a secondary toxicant policy both stressed the development to fear" from the new provisions (quoted in killing new cubs in their dens. when other animals feed on the carcass and testing of alternatives. It appears in Feedstuffs, December 13, 1981, p. 13). of a 1080 victim are widespread. In a Poisons, Oennings, and Total that little actual work in this area has In fact, the decisions on predator first-person narrative on his work with Populations been done. Further, some of the obvious control measures like 1080 and denning 1080 as a Federal predator control For both ranchers and environmen methods for keeping predators from seem to arise more from a philosophic supervisor, Dick Randall (Defenders, Oc talists, an especially critical aspect of sheep, many of which date back to pre bedrock that goes deeper than econo tober 1981) tells of his own experience any predator control program must be a history, are not being used. Defenders mic concerns or simple political expedi with 1080 as a secondary poison. careful consideration of the effects of a (October 1981 l quantifies the extent of ency. Consider this quotation from a re In 1969, tracer chemicals (cadmium given method of control on the total this deficiency, based on data from the cent briefing statement by Robert Jant and zinc oxide) were added to 1080 to population of predators- factors like Department of the Interior's publica zen, Director of the Fish and Wildlife differentiate between animals killed by numbers and stability of numbers, social tion, Predator Damage in the West: A Service: Government poison and those killed by organization, territorial imperatives, and Study of Coyote Management Alternatives "do-it-yourself" poisons, since the Gov hunting patterns. (1978): If we in the Service seek to maintain ernment was being repeatedly sued by Most observers have found that un wildlife habitats, I feel we must be In the mountain states, herders are people who claimed to have lost pets der natural conditions, where elements prepared to act when wildlife, a pro employed by only 16 percent of the through poisoning on public lands. Be like social group hierarchy and social or duct of that habitat, adversely af ranchers running sheep on public tween 1970 and 1972, Randall checked ganization are not continually disrupted fects man's other interests. lands. In the Great Basin states, only the digestive tracts of wildlife carcasses by predator control programs, the coy 24 percent hire shepherds to protect First, use of the word "product" im found near the large-bait 1080 stations ote is primarily a scavenger, limiting its their livestock. Of sheep enterprises plies that animals can be considered as for signs of the tracer. He discovered predation to small rodents. However, with more than 5,000 head operating consumer goods, like television sets and that 50 percent of the dead birds (includ- when an established coyote pack is /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 103 102 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 killed off, new, transient animals will on public lands, only 8 percent have ed species. The endangered black ing six golden eagles) and 40 percent of move in to occupy newly vacant territo constructed lambing sheds to shelter footed ferret and protected hawks the dead mammals contained tracer. Ran ry. During the period required for the newborn animals. Fewer still use and eagles could be easily attracted dall has also observed that canines can new residents to establish patterns of guard dogs ... to the bait. These latter species are travel long distances after ingesting 1080. hierarchy and social bonds, some ani not as sensitive as canids, but it In the process, they often regurgitate Ranchers also seem unwilling to make mals are driven away from the usual would take only marginally larger bait material as they travel, thereby en use of available nonlethal chemical coy food sources- mice and squirrels- and doses of 1080 to kill them. Since the suring distribution of the poison through ote repellents, despite their proven ef are forced to prey on any available do guidelines for bait preparation rec out a wide area. fectiveness. mestic I ivestock (Defenders, October ommend a minimum dose of 5 mg Randall argues that the 1080 collar Other promising alternatives to 1981 ). Coyotes also exhibit density per single bait for coyotes, the con is a particularly poor mechanism for wholesale predator destruction include dependent natality. This means that a sumption of one bait-little more selective killing, since its use has been taste aversion chemicals, reproduction decrease in population tends to cause a than an ounce of bait material found to involve dangerous problems inhibitors, and anti-coyote electric fenc corresponding increase in numbers of could kill many of the less sensitive such as "sheep chewing on the collar ing (evaluated as highly successful in new births. In this way, coyote popula species. and poisoning themselves, dribble from terms of both cost and effectiveness in tions can increase by as much as four the collar poisoning the wearer, punc The journal of Range Management 33(5): Atkins also points out that there is a fold. In her 1981 statement before the tures from thorns and barbed wire, and 385-387, 1980). The mere presence of "serious gap in our knowledge about the EPA, Natasha Atkins noted: "Reductions lost collars." burros or llamas also works to keep coy cumulative effects of sublethal doses" of predator populations also have been On the issue of denning, the animal otes at bay. of 1080. A government study in New Zea shown to upset certain interspecific welfare coalition has also stated that it land (C.G. Rammel! and P.A. Fleming, balances. In New Zealand, where 1080 The Larger Picture is "wasteful and scientifically absurd" Compound 1080: Properties and Use of reduced populations of dingos, another It is difficult to piece together ex (letter to Secretary Watt, November 19, Sodium Monofluoroacetate in New Zea canid species, significant increases in actly which political, economic, and 1981) because "it is axiomatic that in land, 1978) asserted that "repeated sub other species were detected. The Fish fund am ental philosophical attitudes order to stop a coyote from killing lethal doses are reported to have a cum and Wildlife Service also reports [Predator have motivated the current initiatives on sheep, it is necessary to target the coy ulative effect" in certain species, and Damage in the West: A Study of Coyote Compound 1080 and denning by the ad ote that is doing the damage. It is, there that there is a possibility of chronic poi Management Alternatives, 1978] that in ministration. The earlier decisions were fore, equally axiomatic that killing 6- to soning in humans who are exposed to creases in other predatory species coin endorsed by a multitude of expert wit 9-week-old pups is wasteful and counter 1080. And we are all too aware of the cided with 1080 reductions of coyote nesses and several consecutive changes productive since they could not possibly tragic consequences on wildlife that re populations in the early 1950's." of government. The present proposal kill sheep." The letter also points out sulted from continual sublethal doses of does not even find universal approval that, contrary to Interior's assertions (i.e., some toxicants, such as DDT. Possible Alternatives among the "sagebrush rebellion." As Jim denning is accomplished by fumigating It is also argued that the burden of The 1972 (E PAl and 1979 (Interior) Barron Ill of the National Cattlemen's or shooting), flares, barbed wire, burn evidence seems to indicate that the ef statements on 1080 and predator control Association said, "The coyote has nothing ing, and trebel hooks are used routinely fects of 1080 as a secondary toxicant policy both stressed the development to fear" from the new provisions (quoted in killing new cubs in their dens. when other animals feed on the carcass and testing of alternatives. It appears in Feedstuffs, December 13, 1981, p. 13). of a 1080 victim are widespread. In a Poisons, Oennings, and Total that little actual work in this area has In fact, the decisions on predator first-person narrative on his work with Populations been done. Further, some of the obvious control measures like 1080 and denning 1080 as a Federal predator control For both ranchers and environmen methods for keeping predators from seem to arise more from a philosophic supervisor, Dick Randall (Defenders, Oc talists, an especially critical aspect of sheep, many of which date back to pre bedrock that goes deeper than econo tober 1981) tells of his own experience any predator control program must be a history, are not being used. Defenders mic concerns or simple political expedi with 1080 as a secondary poison. careful consideration of the effects of a (October 1981 l quantifies the extent of ency. Consider this quotation from a re In 1969, tracer chemicals (cadmium given method of control on the total this deficiency, based on data from the cent briefing statement by Robert Jant and zinc oxide) were added to 1080 to population of predators- factors like Department of the Interior's publica zen, Director of the Fish and Wildlife differentiate between animals killed by numbers and stability of numbers, social tion, Predator Damage in the West: A Service: Government poison and those killed by organization, territorial imperatives, and Study of Coyote Management Alternatives "do-it-yourself" poisons, since the Gov hunting patterns. (1978): If we in the Service seek to maintain ernment was being repeatedly sued by Most observers have found that un wildlife habitats, I feel we must be In the mountain states, herders are people who claimed to have lost pets der natural conditions, where elements prepared to act when wildlife, a pro employed by only 16 percent of the through poisoning on public lands. Be like social group hierarchy and social or duct of that habitat, adversely af ranchers running sheep on public tween 1970 and 1972, Randall checked ganization are not continually disrupted fects man's other interests. lands. In the Great Basin states, only the digestive tracts of wildlife carcasses by predator control programs, the coy 24 percent hire shepherds to protect First, use of the word "product" im found near the large-bait 1080 stations ote is primarily a scavenger, limiting its their livestock. Of sheep enterprises plies that animals can be considered as for signs of the tracer. He discovered predation to small rodents. However, with more than 5,000 head operating consumer goods, like television sets and that 50 percent of the dead birds (includ- when an established coyote pack is /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 103 102 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 pantyhose. Second, the phrase, "man's For the prediction of the human le And a Quarter for the Dryer other interests," also implies that, to thal dose and for the prediction of the many in the present administration, ani symptomatology of· poisoning after Mario Altissimo of Turin recently mals are simply another inert resource acute overdosing in man the LDSO test is (with a little soap added) and then dried filed a European patent application for to be used as we wish, when we wish. of limited usefulness. An acute toxicity with a blast of hot air pumped in a dog-washing machine that looks sus test with small numbers of animals com through the cabin. Purportedly, the dog piciously like an iron lung. The grubby bined with comprehensive studies of is not only thoroughly cleansed by the dog is pushed into a cylindrical cabin, physiological functions and biochemical procedure but, the inventor claims, re and his head is clamped down firmly by and histopathological examinations often ceives an "efficient hydro massage" as a collar. Once in place, the dog is A Look at the LD50, 55 Years Later provides more important information an added bonus. However, note dubious treated to high-pressure jets of water for emergency physicians and poison expression on face of dog. For scientific, economic, and ethical control centers. For the selection of reasons it is necessary to periodically re doses to be used in subacute and chron assess all toxicological test procedures, ic toxicity experiments the LDSO test including the LDSO test. Tests that are does not provide consistent and reliable not optimal or that have become obso results. A simple pilot experiment with lete because of new scientific knowl few animals but repeated dosing gives edge must be changed or eliminated. more useful information. For the evalua A review of the LDSO test shows that tion of special risks for the human new o------56 ,,1 the precision of the procedure is depen born and infant the LDSO test is poorly dent on the number of animals used. But suited. For the appraisal of pharmaco even with large numbers of animals, kinetic behavior and bioavailability, the [[[[[[[[[ there are considerable variations of the LDSO test gives only semi-quantitative, test results, because the numerical value often ambiguous information. (Abstracted of the LDSO is influenced by many fac from G. Zbinden and M. Flury-Roversi, tors, such as animal species and strain, Arch Toxico/ 47:77-79, 1981.) age and sex, diet, food deprivation prior to dosing, temperature, caging, season, experimental procedures, etc. Thus, the Placenta a Practical Medium for LDSO value cannot be regarded as a bio Microsurgical Training logical constant. Through standardiza tion of the test animals and the experi According to surgeon John C. mental conditions the variability of the McGregor (Department of Plastic Surgery, LDSO determinations can be reduced, Bangour General Hospital, Broxburn, but never fully eliminated. There are Scotland), the human placenta offers a several tests with which an approximate satisfactory, economical, and readily LDSO can be determined. These methods available source of tissue for microsurgi use fewer animals than the classical LDSO cal training. The multiplicity of vessels test, but their precision and reproduci of varying size gives ample opportunity FORTHCOMING ARTICLES bility are sufficient for most purposes of for practice not possible by other experi acute toxicity testing. Through incorpo mental approaches in the United King ration of physiological, hematological, dom. However, the placental prepara The Economics of Animal Welfare-A.J.F. Webster biochemical, pathological, and histopa tions cannot provide experience of the thological investigations in the simplifi continued patency of practice operations, The Language of Animal Exploitation- M.W. Fox ed test procedures with small numbers such as microvascular anastomoses, but of animals, it is possible to markedly in laboratory animals and Home Office li Thoughtful Use of Animals- H. Kitchen crease the informational content of the cences are not required. This model of results with regard to the toxicological fers a possible answer to the problem of Ethical Issues and Future Directions in Wildlife Management- J.W. Grandy spectrum and the target organs of toxici a shortage of biological materials and ty. Such studies have already replaced will enable a significant improvement in The Judaeo-Christian Tradition and the Human/Animal Bond- J .A. Rim bach the LDSO test in large animals, such as the training of microvascular surgeons dogs and monkeys. It is also desirable to in all interested specialities. (Abstracted The Controversy Over Feral and Exotic Animal Control- N. Atkins replace the LDSO in rodents with such a from J.C. McGregor, f Roy Coli Surgeons procedure. (Edinburgh) 25:233-236, 1981.) The Problem of Assessing Pain in Animals: Progress to Date- D. Murphy

104 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 105 pantyhose. Second, the phrase, "man's For the prediction of the human le And a Quarter for the Dryer other interests," also implies that, to thal dose and for the prediction of the many in the present administration, ani symptomatology of· poisoning after Mario Altissimo of Turin recently mals are simply another inert resource acute overdosing in man the LDSO test is (with a little soap added) and then dried filed a European patent application for to be used as we wish, when we wish. of limited usefulness. An acute toxicity with a blast of hot air pumped in a dog-washing machine that looks sus test with small numbers of animals com through the cabin. Purportedly, the dog piciously like an iron lung. The grubby bined with comprehensive studies of is not only thoroughly cleansed by the dog is pushed into a cylindrical cabin, physiological functions and biochemical procedure but, the inventor claims, re and his head is clamped down firmly by and histopathological examinations often ceives an "efficient hydro massage" as a collar. Once in place, the dog is A Look at the LD50, 55 Years Later provides more important information an added bonus. However, note dubious treated to high-pressure jets of water for emergency physicians and poison expression on face of dog. For scientific, economic, and ethical control centers. For the selection of reasons it is necessary to periodically re doses to be used in subacute and chron assess all toxicological test procedures, ic toxicity experiments the LDSO test including the LDSO test. Tests that are does not provide consistent and reliable not optimal or that have become obso results. A simple pilot experiment with lete because of new scientific knowl few animals but repeated dosing gives edge must be changed or eliminated. more useful information. For the evalua A review of the LDSO test shows that tion of special risks for the human new o------56 ,,1 the precision of the procedure is depen born and infant the LDSO test is poorly dent on the number of animals used. But suited. For the appraisal of pharmaco even with large numbers of animals, kinetic behavior and bioavailability, the [[[[[[[[[ there are considerable variations of the LDSO test gives only semi-quantitative, test results, because the numerical value often ambiguous information. (Abstracted of the LDSO is influenced by many fac from G. Zbinden and M. Flury-Roversi, tors, such as animal species and strain, Arch Toxico/ 47:77-79, 1981.) age and sex, diet, food deprivation prior to dosing, temperature, caging, season, experimental procedures, etc. Thus, the Placenta a Practical Medium for LDSO value cannot be regarded as a bio Microsurgical Training logical constant. Through standardiza tion of the test animals and the experi According to surgeon John C. mental conditions the variability of the McGregor (Department of Plastic Surgery, LDSO determinations can be reduced, Bangour General Hospital, Broxburn, but never fully eliminated. There are Scotland), the human placenta offers a several tests with which an approximate satisfactory, economical, and readily LDSO can be determined. These methods available source of tissue for microsurgi use fewer animals than the classical LDSO cal training. The multiplicity of vessels test, but their precision and reproduci of varying size gives ample opportunity FORTHCOMING ARTICLES bility are sufficient for most purposes of for practice not possible by other experi acute toxicity testing. Through incorpo mental approaches in the United King ration of physiological, hematological, dom. However, the placental prepara The Economics of Animal Welfare-A.J.F. Webster biochemical, pathological, and histopa tions cannot provide experience of the thological investigations in the simplifi continued patency of practice operations, The Language of Animal Exploitation- M.W. Fox ed test procedures with small numbers such as microvascular anastomoses, but of animals, it is possible to markedly in laboratory animals and Home Office li Thoughtful Use of Animals- H. Kitchen crease the informational content of the cences are not required. This model of results with regard to the toxicological fers a possible answer to the problem of Ethical Issues and Future Directions in Wildlife Management- J.W. Grandy spectrum and the target organs of toxici a shortage of biological materials and ty. Such studies have already replaced will enable a significant improvement in The Judaeo-Christian Tradition and the Human/Animal Bond- J .A. Rim bach the LDSO test in large animals, such as the training of microvascular surgeons dogs and monkeys. It is also desirable to in all interested specialities. (Abstracted The Controversy Over Feral and Exotic Animal Control- N. Atkins replace the LDSO in rodents with such a from J.C. McGregor, f Roy Coli Surgeons procedure. (Edinburgh) 25:233-236, 1981.) The Problem of Assessing Pain in Animals: Progress to Date- D. Murphy

104 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 105 widely available in the U.S. Both were, enevelt, whose father was then Provimi's Number of Veal Calves and still are, considered unacceptable president, saw the potential for a similar Focus to most gourmets. However, there have The number of calves raised each business in the United States. In 1957, year for white veal is between 750,000 and always been small quantities of white Groenevelt, then 23 years old, left Hol 1 million. This is a "best-estimate" based veal available to connoisseurs from the land and came to New York. By 1962, he on a comparison of estimates given by private stocks of dairy farmers. Tales of had established Provimi Inc. (U.S.A.), and several people involved in veal produc Veal Re-Vealed: The Veal Industry how some farmers attempted to produce opened a feed manufacturing plant in tion. The U.S. government does not keep white veal are bizarre. The general prac New Jersey. However, there was little Veal comes from the male offspring separate statistics on the production of tice, apparently, was to select a new demand for his white veal. "Our biggest of dairy cows. These animals are not white veal, but counts all varieties of born calf, tie it in a dark corner of the problem was that our type of veal was grown to maturity for beef because dairy veal together. The government figure for barn to keep it inactive, and muzzle it so nonexistent then in the United States," breeds have been developed primarily slaughter of all types of veal in 1980 is it could not eat hay or straw that might Groenevelt recalls. "We had to promote for their milk-producing capability and 2.25 million calves. Thus, of all calves darken the flesh. Calves were unmuzzled it heavily." Land O'Lakes disagrees with not for the quality of their meat. There slaughtered each year, about one-third only once or twice a day to drink whole this assessment and argues that the de fore, these animals are slaughtered as are for white veal. Most are Holstein milk from a bucket. Another story de mand was created by a variety of ethnic calves and marketed as "veal." bull calves produced in the major dairy scribes New York City dairymen bleed groups (Fancy Veal Production Guide, Veal may be highly regarded for its states such as Wisconsin, New York, Penn ing their calves up to six times before 1977). pale color and tenderness, but the quali sylvania, and New Jersey. slaughter in the belief that a slow death Whatever the source of the demand ty of veal reflects a calf's diet, muscle Veal Growers produced whiter veal (G. Carson, Men, for white veal, Provim i has grown and development, and the age and weight at Beasts and Gods, 1972, pp. 81-82). prospered since 1962. In addition, while Most veal calves are raised by indi which it was slaughtered. "Bob" veal is Commercial production of white the company remains the leader of the vidual farmers who work under contract the meat of calves slaughtered within a veal began in Europe in the early 1950's. U.S. veal industry, there are now anum to the large veal feed and packing com few days of birth, at about 90 lb. Though At that time, the U.S. government was ber of competitors who share a market panies. The number of farmers (the in white in appearance, "bob" veal can be buying surplus milk from American farm of between $250 and $400 million. In all, dustry refers to them as "growers") en overly soft, even slimy. Crass-fed veal ers under the milk price-support system there are now about 20 U.S. companies gaged in this work nationwide is about comes from calves raised on pasture, and shipping it to Europe at very low involved in the industry, including such 1 ,500. Most farmers grow veal calves as sometimes supplemented with grain. prices in the form of skim-milk powder. large agribusiness firms as Agway, Land a way of supplementing regular income These animals are slaughtered at any In Europe, makers of animal feeds began O'Lakes, A. E. Staley Mfg. Co., and Gold (Vealer USA, May/June 1979, p. 17). As where from a few months to a year of using the plentiful supply of milk-powder Kist. such, most veal operations are relatively age, depending on market demand. Grass to produce "milk-replacers" for baby farm fed veal is generally pink or red in color, animals- an inexpensive alternative to and can be tough or grainy, depending on feeding animals whole milk. the age at which a calf was slaughtered. In Holland, where the European veal The third type of veal is called "white industry was concentrated, the Dutch veal." It is this type which is of primary Provimi Company mixed the milk-powder interest to those concerned with animal with whey, fat, antibiotics, vitamins, and welfare. White veal is also known as minerals, and produced the first com "milk-fed," "special-fed," "fancy," mercial milk-replacer specially formu "prime," and "nature" veal. In the U.S., lated for veal calves. The company also calves raised for white veal are confined developed a system of confining calves from 3 or 4 days of age inside unbedded, individually in stalls so farmers could wooden stalls or crates. They are fed an bucket-feed each animal a daily measured all-liquid, milk-based diet. Movement is ration of the new milk-replacer. Iron lev severely restricted, as is intake of rough els in the milk-replacer were controlled, age and iron. These restrictions are de thereby inducing borderline anemia, be signed primarily to assure production of cause it was believed that too much iron a pale and tender meat. After 14-16 weeks darkened the calves' flesh. That was the of confinement, calves are slaughtered beginning of the modern veal industry. at a weight of about 330 lb. By the mid-1950's, the Dutch Provimi Company (the name comes from PRO Development of White Veal Industry teins, Vitamins, and Minerals) had be Until about 30 years ago, "bob" and come the leading European manufacturer grass-fed veal were the only type of veal of milk-replacer for veal calves. Aat Cro-

106 INT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 107 widely available in the U.S. Both were, enevelt, whose father was then Provimi's Number of Veal Calves and still are, considered unacceptable president, saw the potential for a similar Focus to most gourmets. However, there have The number of calves raised each business in the United States. In 1957, year for white veal is between 750,000 and always been small quantities of white Groenevelt, then 23 years old, left Hol 1 million. This is a "best-estimate" based veal available to connoisseurs from the land and came to New York. By 1962, he on a comparison of estimates given by private stocks of dairy farmers. Tales of had established Provimi Inc. (U.S.A.), and several people involved in veal produc Veal Re-Vealed: The Veal Industry how some farmers attempted to produce opened a feed manufacturing plant in tion. The U.S. government does not keep white veal are bizarre. The general prac New Jersey. However, there was little Veal comes from the male offspring separate statistics on the production of tice, apparently, was to select a new demand for his white veal. "Our biggest of dairy cows. These animals are not white veal, but counts all varieties of born calf, tie it in a dark corner of the problem was that our type of veal was grown to maturity for beef because dairy veal together. The government figure for barn to keep it inactive, and muzzle it so nonexistent then in the United States," breeds have been developed primarily slaughter of all types of veal in 1980 is it could not eat hay or straw that might Groenevelt recalls. "We had to promote for their milk-producing capability and 2.25 million calves. Thus, of all calves darken the flesh. Calves were unmuzzled it heavily." Land O'Lakes disagrees with not for the quality of their meat. There slaughtered each year, about one-third only once or twice a day to drink whole this assessment and argues that the de fore, these animals are slaughtered as are for white veal. Most are Holstein milk from a bucket. Another story de mand was created by a variety of ethnic calves and marketed as "veal." bull calves produced in the major dairy scribes New York City dairymen bleed groups (Fancy Veal Production Guide, Veal may be highly regarded for its states such as Wisconsin, New York, Penn ing their calves up to six times before 1977). pale color and tenderness, but the quali sylvania, and New Jersey. slaughter in the belief that a slow death Whatever the source of the demand ty of veal reflects a calf's diet, muscle Veal Growers produced whiter veal (G. Carson, Men, for white veal, Provim i has grown and development, and the age and weight at Beasts and Gods, 1972, pp. 81-82). prospered since 1962. In addition, while Most veal calves are raised by indi which it was slaughtered. "Bob" veal is Commercial production of white the company remains the leader of the vidual farmers who work under contract the meat of calves slaughtered within a veal began in Europe in the early 1950's. U.S. veal industry, there are now anum to the large veal feed and packing com few days of birth, at about 90 lb. Though At that time, the U.S. government was ber of competitors who share a market panies. The number of farmers (the in white in appearance, "bob" veal can be buying surplus milk from American farm of between $250 and $400 million. In all, dustry refers to them as "growers") en overly soft, even slimy. Crass-fed veal ers under the milk price-support system there are now about 20 U.S. companies gaged in this work nationwide is about comes from calves raised on pasture, and shipping it to Europe at very low involved in the industry, including such 1 ,500. Most farmers grow veal calves as sometimes supplemented with grain. prices in the form of skim-milk powder. large agribusiness firms as Agway, Land a way of supplementing regular income These animals are slaughtered at any In Europe, makers of animal feeds began O'Lakes, A. E. Staley Mfg. Co., and Gold (Vealer USA, May/June 1979, p. 17). As where from a few months to a year of using the plentiful supply of milk-powder Kist. such, most veal operations are relatively age, depending on market demand. Grass to produce "milk-replacers" for baby farm fed veal is generally pink or red in color, animals- an inexpensive alternative to and can be tough or grainy, depending on feeding animals whole milk. the age at which a calf was slaughtered. In Holland, where the European veal The third type of veal is called "white industry was concentrated, the Dutch veal." It is this type which is of primary Provimi Company mixed the milk-powder interest to those concerned with animal with whey, fat, antibiotics, vitamins, and welfare. White veal is also known as minerals, and produced the first com "milk-fed," "special-fed," "fancy," mercial milk-replacer specially formu "prime," and "nature" veal. In the U.S., lated for veal calves. The company also calves raised for white veal are confined developed a system of confining calves from 3 or 4 days of age inside unbedded, individually in stalls so farmers could wooden stalls or crates. They are fed an bucket-feed each animal a daily measured all-liquid, milk-based diet. Movement is ration of the new milk-replacer. Iron lev severely restricted, as is intake of rough els in the milk-replacer were controlled, age and iron. These restrictions are de thereby inducing borderline anemia, be signed primarily to assure production of cause it was believed that too much iron a pale and tender meat. After 14-16 weeks darkened the calves' flesh. That was the of confinement, calves are slaughtered beginning of the modern veal industry. at a weight of about 330 lb. By the mid-1950's, the Dutch Provimi Company (the name comes from PRO Development of White Veal Industry teins, Vitamins, and Minerals) had be Until about 30 years ago, "bob" and come the leading European manufacturer grass-fed veal were the only type of veal of milk-replacer for veal calves. Aat Cro-

106 INT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 107 The second study was done in 1979 ular aspects of crate rarsmg of veal small in size. The typical veal grower al average (Economic Research Service, by New York magazine in connection calves that welfare advocates object to: maintains only about 225 confinement USDA, 1978). with publication of an article entitled stalls (although some large operations Consumption of white veal, in particu 1. Total confinement in individual "Veal: The Great White Hoax" (Novem have as many as 3,000-Feedstuffs, July lar, is said to be greatest among consum unbedded stalls, resulting in restricted ber 5, pp. 66-72). To compare milk-fed 20, 1981, p. 22). However, as it takes only ers of European descent and among gour grooming and movement veal that was very white in color with 14-16 weeks to grow calves to slaughter mets of all ethnic descriptions (New 2. Slatted floors that may cause dis milk-fed veal that had turned out dark weight, under ideal conditions a grower York, November 5, 1979). One producer comfort and promote lameness pink, as well as redder veal from calves can produce three "crops" of calves per has estimated that 70 percent of all 3. Prolonged artificial darkness raised on grass and/or grain, the editors year. white veal produced in the U.S. is con 4. Iron deficiency in the diet, result assembled a panel of "great palates": The contracts under which growers sumed within a 300-mile radius of metro ing in borderline anemia chefs James Beard and Jacques Pepin, work with the feed/packing companies politan New York. The distribution pat 5. Lack of roughage in the diet restaurateurs Elaine Kaufman and Alfredo are of two basic types: the labor-lease tern for veal reflects this highly concen 6. Twice-daily bucket feedings lead Viazzi, and food critics Barbara Kafka, and the forward-purchase. Under the trated and relatively affluent market. ing to displacement suckling behavior Paula Wolfert and Gael Greene. There labor-lease contract, the veal company Veal sold to "white tablecloth restau and possible digestive disturbances. provides a grower with money for calves, rants" (a term used by Provimi) and qual sults showed that, blindfolded, the food In contrast, industry spokesmen de feed, and medication, and the grower's ity butcher shops is almost exclusively experts could not consistently agree on fend their current practices by asserting weekly income. The grower supplies the white veal. The less expensive veal that which of the veal meats was of superior barn, utilities, and labor. This arrange is used in frozen and fast foods and sold in taste. that the raising of veal calves in crates ment may also involve bonus incentives supermarkets and "checkered tablecloth The question of whiteness is critical improves feed conversion ratios, decreases for weight and grade of calves. Under restaurants" is more likely to come from in any debate comparing the merits of morbidity, requires less labor, and pre the forward-purchase contract, the feed/ "bob" or grass-fed calves. the milk-fed method of raising veal vents behavioral vices such as the suck packing company simply agrees to pur Though government statistics show against other methods. And yet there ap ing on each other's body parts that is chase the grower's calves when finished that total veal consumption has decreased pears to be little evidence that white commonly seen among calves raised in for a pre-arranged price. Under both from 5 lb per person in 1965 to 2.0 lb to ness is essential. In a recent letter to The groups. jim Mailman of Provimi (USA) types of contract, the grower may either day, this does not necessarily mean that Humane Society of the U.S., Provimi ar expressed his confidence in the sound be encouraged or required to raise his consumption of white veal is declining. gued, in essence, that veal must be pale ness behind the crate system in a recent calves according to specifications of the In fact, the slow but steady growth of because the public expects it that way. issue of Feedstuffs (September 28, 1981 ): feed/packing company, such as construc the white veal industry and the increase The veal industry has succeeded in Peter C. Lovenheim tion of barn, formulation of feed, and in public awareness of white veal suggest producing a nutritionally unique prod Counsel for Government use of medications. The feed/packing that even as consumption of less expen uct... through the development of and Industry Relations companies will usually have field repre sive veal declines, consumption of white controlled feedings and environ The HSUS sentatives visit the grower at intervals to veal continues to increase. mental systems, ecologically effec advise on growing methods. Must Veal Be White to Taste Good? tive waste management. efficient utili While it is true that the vast majority zation of land, and sound health There are at least two studies that of veal calves are grown by individual practices. have been done to test this question. The farmers, there may be a trend developing Veal-Revealed: The Controversy and first study was done in 1970 by Dr. Robert These industry spokesmen also be toward the feed/packing companies grow New Developments lieve that the confinement system incor ing calves themselves. In 1979, Vealer USA W. Gardner, professor of animal sciences at Brigham Young University. Dr. Gardner porates humane and modern livestock (May/June, p. 13), the industry trade jour The veal industry of the U.S. has be raised two groups of calves in confine practices. In the May 19, 1981 issue of nal, reported that in Wisconsin, six veal come the focus of a public awareness ment. He fed one group a commercial Feedstuffs, one grower of calves, Don operations "have been taken over by feed campaign by The Humane Society of the milk-replacer. He fed the other group McMurtre, stated that companies and/or put on contract or own United States. In response, articles in primarily on grain. "The veal from our ed outright ... more and more, the larger trade publications like Feedstuffs have grain-fed calves appeared a little darker The confinement building is built units are being controlled by the com countered with their own views on the than that from the milk-fed calves," he around making the calf as comforta panies or packers." economic efficiency and high-quality care reported. Panels of taste-testers then ble as possible in a controlled clim that they claim are attainable in the con sampled veal roasts made from both ate which assures access to feed and Veal Consumption trolled environment of the confinement groups. The results showed "panel mem keeps down exposure to disease. crate. Americans eat relatively little veal bers could not detect differences in In a letter (May 15, 1981) to A at Mailman also denied that veal calves only about 2.0 lb (all types) per person in odor, appearance, flavor, juiciness, char Groenevelt, the President of Provimi, are kept anemic, stating that the light 1980. This figure increases, however, in acter of juice, or tenderness of overall Inc., which was also circulated to all of color of the meat is due solely to the age urban, affluent areas of the Northeast, quality. A ... sheet test verified no dif the companies in the veal industry, john of the calf at slaughter and the use of where government statistics show veal ferences in tenderness" (Feedstuffs, March Hoyt of The HSUS enumerated the partie- milk replacer as feed. consumption is at least twice the nation- 7, 1970, p. 24). tNT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 109 108 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 The second study was done in 1979 ular aspects of crate rarsmg of veal small in size. The typical veal grower al average (Economic Research Service, by New York magazine in connection calves that welfare advocates object to: maintains only about 225 confinement USDA, 1978). with publication of an article entitled stalls (although some large operations Consumption of white veal, in particu 1. Total confinement in individual "Veal: The Great White Hoax" (Novem have as many as 3,000-Feedstuffs, July lar, is said to be greatest among consum unbedded stalls, resulting in restricted ber 5, pp. 66-72). To compare milk-fed 20, 1981, p. 22). However, as it takes only ers of European descent and among gour grooming and movement veal that was very white in color with 14-16 weeks to grow calves to slaughter mets of all ethnic descriptions (New 2. Slatted floors that may cause dis milk-fed veal that had turned out dark weight, under ideal conditions a grower York, November 5, 1979). One producer comfort and promote lameness pink, as well as redder veal from calves can produce three "crops" of calves per has estimated that 70 percent of all 3. Prolonged artificial darkness raised on grass and/or grain, the editors year. white veal produced in the U.S. is con 4. Iron deficiency in the diet, result assembled a panel of "great palates": The contracts under which growers sumed within a 300-mile radius of metro ing in borderline anemia chefs James Beard and Jacques Pepin, work with the feed/packing companies politan New York. The distribution pat 5. Lack of roughage in the diet restaurateurs Elaine Kaufman and Alfredo are of two basic types: the labor-lease tern for veal reflects this highly concen 6. Twice-daily bucket feedings lead Viazzi, and food critics Barbara Kafka, and the forward-purchase. Under the trated and relatively affluent market. ing to displacement suckling behavior Paula Wolfert and Gael Greene. There labor-lease contract, the veal company Veal sold to "white tablecloth restau and possible digestive disturbances. provides a grower with money for calves, rants" (a term used by Provimi) and qual sults showed that, blindfolded, the food In contrast, industry spokesmen de feed, and medication, and the grower's ity butcher shops is almost exclusively experts could not consistently agree on fend their current practices by asserting weekly income. The grower supplies the white veal. The less expensive veal that which of the veal meats was of superior barn, utilities, and labor. This arrange is used in frozen and fast foods and sold in taste. that the raising of veal calves in crates ment may also involve bonus incentives supermarkets and "checkered tablecloth The question of whiteness is critical improves feed conversion ratios, decreases for weight and grade of calves. Under restaurants" is more likely to come from in any debate comparing the merits of morbidity, requires less labor, and pre the forward-purchase contract, the feed/ "bob" or grass-fed calves. the milk-fed method of raising veal vents behavioral vices such as the suck packing company simply agrees to pur Though government statistics show against other methods. And yet there ap ing on each other's body parts that is chase the grower's calves when finished that total veal consumption has decreased pears to be little evidence that white commonly seen among calves raised in for a pre-arranged price. Under both from 5 lb per person in 1965 to 2.0 lb to ness is essential. In a recent letter to The groups. jim Mailman of Provimi (USA) types of contract, the grower may either day, this does not necessarily mean that Humane Society of the U.S., Provimi ar expressed his confidence in the sound be encouraged or required to raise his consumption of white veal is declining. gued, in essence, that veal must be pale ness behind the crate system in a recent calves according to specifications of the In fact, the slow but steady growth of because the public expects it that way. issue of Feedstuffs (September 28, 1981 ): feed/packing company, such as construc the white veal industry and the increase The veal industry has succeeded in Peter C. Lovenheim tion of barn, formulation of feed, and in public awareness of white veal suggest producing a nutritionally unique prod Counsel for Government use of medications. The feed/packing that even as consumption of less expen uct... through the development of and Industry Relations companies will usually have field repre sive veal declines, consumption of white controlled feedings and environ The HSUS sentatives visit the grower at intervals to veal continues to increase. mental systems, ecologically effec advise on growing methods. Must Veal Be White to Taste Good? tive waste management. efficient utili While it is true that the vast majority zation of land, and sound health There are at least two studies that of veal calves are grown by individual practices. have been done to test this question. The farmers, there may be a trend developing Veal-Revealed: The Controversy and first study was done in 1970 by Dr. Robert These industry spokesmen also be toward the feed/packing companies grow New Developments lieve that the confinement system incor ing calves themselves. In 1979, Vealer USA W. Gardner, professor of animal sciences at Brigham Young University. Dr. Gardner porates humane and modern livestock (May/June, p. 13), the industry trade jour The veal industry of the U.S. has be raised two groups of calves in confine practices. In the May 19, 1981 issue of nal, reported that in Wisconsin, six veal come the focus of a public awareness ment. He fed one group a commercial Feedstuffs, one grower of calves, Don operations "have been taken over by feed campaign by The Humane Society of the milk-replacer. He fed the other group McMurtre, stated that companies and/or put on contract or own United States. In response, articles in primarily on grain. "The veal from our ed outright ... more and more, the larger trade publications like Feedstuffs have grain-fed calves appeared a little darker The confinement building is built units are being controlled by the com countered with their own views on the than that from the milk-fed calves," he around making the calf as comforta panies or packers." economic efficiency and high-quality care reported. Panels of taste-testers then ble as possible in a controlled clim that they claim are attainable in the con sampled veal roasts made from both ate which assures access to feed and Veal Consumption trolled environment of the confinement groups. The results showed "panel mem keeps down exposure to disease. crate. Americans eat relatively little veal bers could not detect differences in In a letter (May 15, 1981) to A at Mailman also denied that veal calves only about 2.0 lb (all types) per person in odor, appearance, flavor, juiciness, char Groenevelt, the President of Provimi, are kept anemic, stating that the light 1980. This figure increases, however, in acter of juice, or tenderness of overall Inc., which was also circulated to all of color of the meat is due solely to the age urban, affluent areas of the Northeast, quality. A ... sheet test verified no dif the companies in the veal industry, john of the calf at slaughter and the use of where government statistics show veal ferences in tenderness" (Feedstuffs, March Hoyt of The HSUS enumerated the partie- milk replacer as feed. consumption is at least twice the nation- 7, 1970, p. 24). tNT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 109 108 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 _Concerning the animal rights issue, of the animals 1s very straightfor provided (each animal is allotted about A Different Opinion on the Matter Mailman observed that it has gained con ward. 8 bales for its 15-week lifetime). Floors siderable momentum in recent months are made of concrete. The calves feed However, Dr. C. Van Putten, of the and that in the process it has become Problems with the Crate System themselves at an automatic nipple feed Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, "very emotional." The animal rights (Zeist, Holland) has reached conclusions But Paxman also lists the numerous ing machine. Nutritional iron levels are cause, he asserted, "will not be won on that are substantially different from the problems created by the confinement kept at 35 part per million, which has facts." He stated that the best remedy Quantock experience. In a paper present system: been found sufficient to prevent anemia for the turmoil created by welfare ad in studies by the British Rowett Research ed at the Congress of the British Veterin vocates was an educational program on For the animals, there was clearly a Institute. ary Association, September 19, 1981, he modern agriculture, to explain the pro lack of movement- very restricted Once the company began to experi reviewed the data from several sets of duction methods currently in use, to con movement- which in turn reduced ment with group pens, advantages for his experiments, conducted over the sumers who may still believe that veal grooming, and the coats of the ani both calf welfare and productivity were years. As an initial premise, Dr. Van Put calves grow up "out on a grassy hill." mals deteriorated. It is reasonable, I discovered. The calves: ten stated that we must accept two facts In truth, all of the data necessary to think, to suppose that the thwarting about animal husbandry: (1) that farmers arrive at a final verdict on the detriments of a natural instinct, of which groom require some profit for their labor and versus benefits of the confinement sys ing is a very strong one, is distressing didn't need a controlled environ investment and (2) that "modern farming tem, in terms of its two principal aspects, to the animal. Play, a very natural ment, they didn't pass diseases to each systems generally have, in some way or welfare and productivity, are not yet in. habit- and a healthy one in young other because they were in groups, another, a detrimental effect on the There have already been, however, some animals- was totally impossible. It the eating of straw did not result in a well-being of the animals involved." The important small-scale studies, as well as is, of course, a very easy trap to fall deterioration of the carcass, the staff goal, therefore, is to find the set of possi one large-scale trial of considerable sig into an anthropomorphic attitude did adapt to caring for calves in ble systems of husbandry that are eco nificance: the conversion of the Quan and to ascribe to animals our own groups, natural daylight worked per nomically feasible and, from these, to tock veal-raising operation from individ feelings and attitudes. 8 ut, despite fectly well and was cheaper than ar determine which is least harmful to the ual confinement units to group pens, with that, I think that to frustrate any tificial light [Minutes of Evidence, well-being of the animals. straw for roughage, natural light and thing as deeply instilled in the ani 1981). Considering the crate system as one ventilation, and ad libitum feeding from mal's instincts as play among babies economically feasible method, Van Put automatically supplied nipple feeders. must be construed at the very least ten concedes that animals raised in this system do suffer from problems like bore as unnatural and, more properly, as The system was also found to be dom and denial of suckling, but that The Quantock Experience with cruel [Minutes of Evidence, 1981). more profitable than the old one, and their main difficulty is an inability to lie Croup Pens there are lower capital costs. Paxman in Paxman observed that lack of rough down, particularly as they age and in Quantock, Ltd., is an affiliate of dicates that he makes about $40 per calf age inhibits the onset of rumination, and crease in size. He therefore recommends Volac, Ltd., which is the largest manu in his loose-housed system compared to displacement activities lead to hairballs that, for veal calves who will eventually facturer of milk-replacer and seller of just breaking even in the crated system. reach a body weight of 200 kg, crate in the true stomach. Sometimes, as Furthermore, the mortality rate has been veal products in Britain. Phillip Paxman, dimensions must be at least 70 em (28 in) many as 12 of these are removed from shown to be lower in loose housing (see the Managing Director of Volac, was re in width by 170 em (70 in) in length (as the stomach of a mature calf. Also, the Table 1 ). The only new costs associated sponsible for the switch-over from con compared with the standard dimensions complex controls involved in maintain with the Quantock system occurred be finement units to group pens, which was for U.S. stalls, 22-24 by 52-60 in). ing the "total environment" within the cause calves could no longer be individ first begun on an experimental basis in While tethering offers few advan rearing shed mean that more can go ually rationed. Milk consumption is higher 1975. At present, about 14,000 Quantock tages, Van Putten admits that group wrong, so there are frequent severe vari in loose housing, and the efficiency of calves are raised each year in this sys housing does permit calves to indulge in ations in humidity, temperature, and feed conversion is slightly lower -1.65 tem. Paxman did note, in his testimony more of their natural social behaviors ventilation. And, for the men who work lb of feed per lb of weight gained in the before the House of Commons Agricul and to explore their environment. But he in the veal confinement industry, the job loose houging, as compared with 1.55:1 ture Committee (Minutes of Evidence, argues that, in balance, the disadvan is basically boring; they spend most of in the crates. March 19, 1981 ), that there were some tages of group housing outweigh the ad their time cleaning, flushing, and hosing The veal produced in the loose hous advantages in the crate system: vantages. the flooring under the crates. Paxman sing is of equal quality to crate veal and For calves penned in small groups, In defense of the system, I think it also notes that the capital costs of set the color of the meat appears to be per the negative aspects include the follow must be said that each calf receives ting up a confinement unit are extremely fectly acceptable to the British consum ing. a high measure of individual atten high. er. The only exception to this is the res tion. It is fed individually twice a In the new group-pen system, calves taurant trade. Restaurant owners contin • There is a decrease in food intake day. The quality and consistency of are usually raised in groups of 20 to 40; ue to insist on purchasing only the palest during the fifth month of life, unless the dung, which is a cardinal husban each animal has about 20 sq ft of floor white veal; they have, Paxman claims, growth-promoting hormones are used dry point, can be determined by in space. Light and ventilation are natural, "aped quite needlessly Continental in (N. Steenkamer, E EC Seminar on Calf spection twice a day and treatment and straw for roughage and bedding is clinations." Welfare, July 9-10, 1981, Brussels).

110 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 111 _Concerning the animal rights issue, of the animals 1s very straightfor provided (each animal is allotted about A Different Opinion on the Matter Mailman observed that it has gained con ward. 8 bales for its 15-week lifetime). Floors siderable momentum in recent months are made of concrete. The calves feed However, Dr. C. Van Putten, of the and that in the process it has become Problems with the Crate System themselves at an automatic nipple feed Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, "very emotional." The animal rights (Zeist, Holland) has reached conclusions But Paxman also lists the numerous ing machine. Nutritional iron levels are cause, he asserted, "will not be won on that are substantially different from the problems created by the confinement kept at 35 part per million, which has facts." He stated that the best remedy Quantock experience. In a paper present system: been found sufficient to prevent anemia for the turmoil created by welfare ad in studies by the British Rowett Research ed at the Congress of the British Veterin vocates was an educational program on For the animals, there was clearly a Institute. ary Association, September 19, 1981, he modern agriculture, to explain the pro lack of movement- very restricted Once the company began to experi reviewed the data from several sets of duction methods currently in use, to con movement- which in turn reduced ment with group pens, advantages for his experiments, conducted over the sumers who may still believe that veal grooming, and the coats of the ani both calf welfare and productivity were years. As an initial premise, Dr. Van Put calves grow up "out on a grassy hill." mals deteriorated. It is reasonable, I discovered. The calves: ten stated that we must accept two facts In truth, all of the data necessary to think, to suppose that the thwarting about animal husbandry: (1) that farmers arrive at a final verdict on the detriments of a natural instinct, of which groom require some profit for their labor and versus benefits of the confinement sys ing is a very strong one, is distressing didn't need a controlled environ investment and (2) that "modern farming tem, in terms of its two principal aspects, to the animal. Play, a very natural ment, they didn't pass diseases to each systems generally have, in some way or welfare and productivity, are not yet in. habit- and a healthy one in young other because they were in groups, another, a detrimental effect on the There have already been, however, some animals- was totally impossible. It the eating of straw did not result in a well-being of the animals involved." The important small-scale studies, as well as is, of course, a very easy trap to fall deterioration of the carcass, the staff goal, therefore, is to find the set of possi one large-scale trial of considerable sig into an anthropomorphic attitude did adapt to caring for calves in ble systems of husbandry that are eco nificance: the conversion of the Quan and to ascribe to animals our own groups, natural daylight worked per nomically feasible and, from these, to tock veal-raising operation from individ feelings and attitudes. 8 ut, despite fectly well and was cheaper than ar determine which is least harmful to the ual confinement units to group pens, with that, I think that to frustrate any tificial light [Minutes of Evidence, well-being of the animals. straw for roughage, natural light and thing as deeply instilled in the ani 1981). Considering the crate system as one ventilation, and ad libitum feeding from mal's instincts as play among babies economically feasible method, Van Put automatically supplied nipple feeders. must be construed at the very least ten concedes that animals raised in this system do suffer from problems like bore as unnatural and, more properly, as The system was also found to be dom and denial of suckling, but that The Quantock Experience with cruel [Minutes of Evidence, 1981). more profitable than the old one, and their main difficulty is an inability to lie Croup Pens there are lower capital costs. Paxman in Paxman observed that lack of rough down, particularly as they age and in Quantock, Ltd., is an affiliate of dicates that he makes about $40 per calf age inhibits the onset of rumination, and crease in size. He therefore recommends Volac, Ltd., which is the largest manu in his loose-housed system compared to displacement activities lead to hairballs that, for veal calves who will eventually facturer of milk-replacer and seller of just breaking even in the crated system. reach a body weight of 200 kg, crate in the true stomach. Sometimes, as Furthermore, the mortality rate has been veal products in Britain. Phillip Paxman, dimensions must be at least 70 em (28 in) many as 12 of these are removed from shown to be lower in loose housing (see the Managing Director of Volac, was re in width by 170 em (70 in) in length (as the stomach of a mature calf. Also, the Table 1 ). The only new costs associated sponsible for the switch-over from con compared with the standard dimensions complex controls involved in maintain with the Quantock system occurred be finement units to group pens, which was for U.S. stalls, 22-24 by 52-60 in). ing the "total environment" within the cause calves could no longer be individ first begun on an experimental basis in While tethering offers few advan rearing shed mean that more can go ually rationed. Milk consumption is higher 1975. At present, about 14,000 Quantock tages, Van Putten admits that group wrong, so there are frequent severe vari in loose housing, and the efficiency of calves are raised each year in this sys housing does permit calves to indulge in ations in humidity, temperature, and feed conversion is slightly lower -1.65 tem. Paxman did note, in his testimony more of their natural social behaviors ventilation. And, for the men who work lb of feed per lb of weight gained in the before the House of Commons Agricul and to explore their environment. But he in the veal confinement industry, the job loose houging, as compared with 1.55:1 ture Committee (Minutes of Evidence, argues that, in balance, the disadvan is basically boring; they spend most of in the crates. March 19, 1981 ), that there were some tages of group housing outweigh the ad their time cleaning, flushing, and hosing The veal produced in the loose hous advantages in the crate system: vantages. the flooring under the crates. Paxman sing is of equal quality to crate veal and For calves penned in small groups, In defense of the system, I think it also notes that the capital costs of set the color of the meat appears to be per the negative aspects include the follow must be said that each calf receives ting up a confinement unit are extremely fectly acceptable to the British consum ing. a high measure of individual atten high. er. The only exception to this is the res tion. It is fed individually twice a In the new group-pen system, calves taurant trade. Restaurant owners contin • There is a decrease in food intake day. The quality and consistency of are usually raised in groups of 20 to 40; ue to insist on purchasing only the palest during the fifth month of life, unless the dung, which is a cardinal husban each animal has about 20 sq ft of floor white veal; they have, Paxman claims, growth-promoting hormones are used dry point, can be determined by in space. Light and ventilation are natural, "aped quite needlessly Continental in (N. Steenkamer, E EC Seminar on Calf spection twice a day and treatment and straw for roughage and bedding is clinations." Welfare, July 9-10, 1981, Brussels).

110 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 111 • If kept on straw, calves will eat it Temple Grandin Reports on Veal stereotyped behavior- but in most of provide sufficient space for the calves. unless a more palatable form of rough Production the barns she visited, this requirement Grandin has also visited the Dutch age is supplied. Van Putten has found had already been met, since she was un Denkavit Veal Research Farm and talked that eating roughage increases the inci Temple Grandin, a staunch advocate able to observe any true stereotyped be with N. Steenkamer, the Assistant Direc dence of abomasal lesions by about 20 of humane slaughter practices and a strong havior. Lighting that appeared to be ad tor of Denkavit, and with Van Putten, percent. Also, straw bedding increases critic of cruelty to farm animals, has equate was also noted, but here again, she some of whose data were described the incidence of claw problems by 11 recently (June 30, 1981) praised the U.S. asserts that more work needs to be done above. Her findings were reported in the percent (J.F. Webster, EEC Seminar on confinement veal industry. Not surpris to establish the actual lighting require january/February issue of Vealer USA. Calf Welfare, july 9-10, 1981, Brussels). ingly, her comments are being used by ments of young calves. The Dutch stalls, she notes, are in • Calves must be tied up after the industry in its public relations ef Grandin also believes that calves ferior to the U.S. confinement units from feeding-lapping milk from buckets, forts. She stated: kept in individual stalls should be fed in a welfare point of view, since U.S. stalls the procedure used because automatic In my opinion veal calf raising is ac dividually, rather than automatically, allow contact between calves, while Dutch nipple feeders are not cost-effective for ceptable from an animal welfare view since the isolated calves need the con stalls do not. The Dutch have recently small groups, does not satisfy the suck point provided that good animal hus tact and attention that are an integral been experimenting with feeding barley ing instinct. If left untied, calves will bandry practices are followed. Most part of individual rationing. She also straw to calves, in small amounts. Several suck each other. veal operations are owned and oper feels that group rearing of very young advantages were noted: (1) straw reduces • Keeping calves on straw requires ated by farm families, and the entire calves can be impractical because com boredom; (2) as long as the straw is iron frequent, laborious cleaning. family helps to take care of the petition among the animals may prevent free, it does not affect the whiteness of There was, however, one major ad calves. The veal industry is not per the less aggressive animals from receiv the meat; (3) the incidence of rumen bezo vantage noted when calves are kept in fect but most of their problem areas ing sufficient food. Any group rearing ars and rum ina I keratosis decreases; (4) large groups (15-50) as opposed to small: can be easily solved. The veal raisers system, she concludes, must be shown each calf ruminates about 3 hours a day; It becomes economic to install automatic have already started to make improve to provide results on critical factors like and (S) there is lower morbidity and, in feeding equipment for the milk replacer. ments in the design of the stalls. The mortality, morbidity, and feed conversion particular, less respiratory disease. How This method of feeding also allows the accusations about no physical con ratios similar to those obtained with crates ever, as noted above, Van Putten found calves to suck as often as they want, so tact and inability to groom are false. before veal growers will be willing to that feeding straw increases abomasal there is no need to tie them up twice a For example, the calves in all seven consider it. Many of her opinions are, ulcers, although Steenkamer believes day after meals. However, in addition to barns were able to reach around and however, contradicted by Paxman. Fur that these ulcers may simply be a conse the other disadvantages associated with groom their rear ends. Before veal thermore, Webster (see below) does not quence of giving large doses of iron small-group pens, use of large-group raising started the dairy bull calves agree with her statement that the crates sulfate or other mineral supplements. pens means that: were nearly worthless and the farm ers would sometimes just hit them • Drugs cannot be added to food for over the head. The tiny bob calves treatment of individual animals; calves also end up as "bob" veal. Hauling that need treatment must be caught and tiny baby calves to a "bob" veal medicated with injections. plant and handling them in the plant • At the end of the rearing period, causes many animal welfare prob weights among calves will differ more lems. Knocking calves in the head than in bucket-fed animals, which means and throwing them away is also un that the farmer will get a lower price, acceptable. overall, for his animals. • Detection of illness in animals is The number one problem for veal usually delayed, and pneumonia is three growers is the fact that many of the times more common than in individual calves do NOT receive colostrum at confinement units (N. Steenkamer, EEC the dairy of origin .... Research needs Seminar on Calf Welfare, july 9-10, to be done on preconditioning of 1981, Brussels). calves and on disease prevention.

Many of VanPutten's findings have Other research needs, as she sees it, been disputed by other researchers. For include studies on optimal stall designs; example, Van Putten admits that the pre for example, stalls should be large enough cise cause of the abomasal lesions is un to permit the calf to "reach around and known; it has been suggested that they groom its rear end." A well-designed may simply be a natural consequence of stall should also allow the calves to the beginning of rumination in calves. touch and lick each other, to prevent

112 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2] 1982 113 • If kept on straw, calves will eat it Temple Grandin Reports on Veal stereotyped behavior- but in most of provide sufficient space for the calves. unless a more palatable form of rough Production the barns she visited, this requirement Grandin has also visited the Dutch age is supplied. Van Putten has found had already been met, since she was un Denkavit Veal Research Farm and talked that eating roughage increases the inci Temple Grandin, a staunch advocate able to observe any true stereotyped be with N. Steenkamer, the Assistant Direc dence of abomasal lesions by about 20 of humane slaughter practices and a strong havior. Lighting that appeared to be ad tor of Denkavit, and with Van Putten, percent. Also, straw bedding increases critic of cruelty to farm animals, has equate was also noted, but here again, she some of whose data were described the incidence of claw problems by 11 recently (June 30, 1981) praised the U.S. asserts that more work needs to be done above. Her findings were reported in the percent (J.F. Webster, EEC Seminar on confinement veal industry. Not surpris to establish the actual lighting require january/February issue of Vealer USA. Calf Welfare, july 9-10, 1981, Brussels). ingly, her comments are being used by ments of young calves. The Dutch stalls, she notes, are in • Calves must be tied up after the industry in its public relations ef Grandin also believes that calves ferior to the U.S. confinement units from feeding-lapping milk from buckets, forts. She stated: kept in individual stalls should be fed in a welfare point of view, since U.S. stalls the procedure used because automatic In my opinion veal calf raising is ac dividually, rather than automatically, allow contact between calves, while Dutch nipple feeders are not cost-effective for ceptable from an animal welfare view since the isolated calves need the con stalls do not. The Dutch have recently small groups, does not satisfy the suck point provided that good animal hus tact and attention that are an integral been experimenting with feeding barley ing instinct. If left untied, calves will bandry practices are followed. Most part of individual rationing. She also straw to calves, in small amounts. Several suck each other. veal operations are owned and oper feels that group rearing of very young advantages were noted: (1) straw reduces • Keeping calves on straw requires ated by farm families, and the entire calves can be impractical because com boredom; (2) as long as the straw is iron frequent, laborious cleaning. family helps to take care of the petition among the animals may prevent free, it does not affect the whiteness of There was, however, one major ad calves. The veal industry is not per the less aggressive animals from receiv the meat; (3) the incidence of rumen bezo vantage noted when calves are kept in fect but most of their problem areas ing sufficient food. Any group rearing ars and rum ina I keratosis decreases; (4) large groups (15-50) as opposed to small: can be easily solved. The veal raisers system, she concludes, must be shown each calf ruminates about 3 hours a day; It becomes economic to install automatic have already started to make improve to provide results on critical factors like and (S) there is lower morbidity and, in feeding equipment for the milk replacer. ments in the design of the stalls. The mortality, morbidity, and feed conversion particular, less respiratory disease. How This method of feeding also allows the accusations about no physical con ratios similar to those obtained with crates ever, as noted above, Van Putten found calves to suck as often as they want, so tact and inability to groom are false. before veal growers will be willing to that feeding straw increases abomasal there is no need to tie them up twice a For example, the calves in all seven consider it. Many of her opinions are, ulcers, although Steenkamer believes day after meals. However, in addition to barns were able to reach around and however, contradicted by Paxman. Fur that these ulcers may simply be a conse the other disadvantages associated with groom their rear ends. Before veal thermore, Webster (see below) does not quence of giving large doses of iron small-group pens, use of large-group raising started the dairy bull calves agree with her statement that the crates sulfate or other mineral supplements. pens means that: were nearly worthless and the farm ers would sometimes just hit them • Drugs cannot be added to food for over the head. The tiny bob calves treatment of individual animals; calves also end up as "bob" veal. Hauling that need treatment must be caught and tiny baby calves to a "bob" veal medicated with injections. plant and handling them in the plant • At the end of the rearing period, causes many animal welfare prob weights among calves will differ more lems. Knocking calves in the head than in bucket-fed animals, which means and throwing them away is also un that the farmer will get a lower price, acceptable. overall, for his animals. • Detection of illness in animals is The number one problem for veal usually delayed, and pneumonia is three growers is the fact that many of the times more common than in individual calves do NOT receive colostrum at confinement units (N. Steenkamer, EEC the dairy of origin .... Research needs Seminar on Calf Welfare, july 9-10, to be done on preconditioning of 1981, Brussels). calves and on disease prevention.

112 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2] 1982 113 (groups). In short, given the fact that no two principal facts: (1) there is, at pre Grandin then lists the advantages 1. The cost of the straw bedding references to specific studies are ap sent, no legal limit on the farmer's right and disadvantages, noted in Dutch stud outweighs the advantage in feed conver pended, the article is somewhat of a to crowd as many animals as possible in ies, of group housing (15 calves per pen) sion and weight gain. tease; we simply don't have enough in to the limited area, and (2) the economics with a nipple milk dispenser, as com 2. There is more sickness, although formation to interpret Grandin's conclu of the situation compel the same farmer pared with group housing for a smaller the incidence is lower than in the group sions. to continue with intensification if he number of animals (5 per pen) fed by with the nipple feeding system. hopes to retain his competitive position buckets through locking-head stanchions. 3. There are somewhat higher labor Webster Compares Crate with in the market. He notes that, in his exper Advantages included: requirements during feeding, to lock Croup-Raised Calves ience, the straw yard system of calf rais calves in and then turn them loose. 1. The incidence of hairballs in the ing has yielded $30-$45 less in gross prof 4. Animals are not allowed to en Professor A.J .F. Webster of Bristol rumen is reduced. it per calf sold than that of the crate sys gage in normal nursing behavior. University has been doing studies of the 2. Animals can engage in social be tem. Webster also finds a 70-cm wide effects of the two major veal production havior. Steenkamer, she reports, believes crate unacceptable, although this is the systems, individual crates (bucket-fed) 3. Animals can engage in normal that the five-calf system is the best avail figure that Van Putten has determined and group yards with deep straw (fed au nursing behavior and feed about 16 times able alternative to individual stalls. In to be an acceptable minimum standard tomatically with an automatic nipple). each day. Steenkamer's view, the main problem with for crates in his studies. Webster and His results were reported at a symposi 4. Weight gains are improved. this small-group system is the high cost Van Putten also have different views on um sponsored by The Universities Fede 5. Labor for feeding is reduced. of the straw bedding. But both Steenka the broader issue of how to establish the ration for Animal Welfare (UK) (UFAW) mer and Van Putten are opposed to any proper relative emphasis that ought to Whereas the disadvantages included: in1981. form of group housing until the mystery be given to economic and humane con Bucket-fed calves were found to 1. Feed costs are increased 10 to 15 of the precise causation of the abomasal siderations. Van Putten has stated that consume more milk than automatically percent due to calves drinking more for ulcers has been solved. fed calves unless anabolic steroids were we must first determine which systems mula than they can assimilate; the con Grandin concludes her article with used to increase consumption of the are economically viable, and then select version ratio is poor. several recommendations, based on her group-raised calves. The breed and sex the systems that are the least detrimental 2. There is three times more pneu discussions with Steenkamer and van of the calf also emerged as critical fac to the animals from among these. In con monia and other illness. Putten, on minimum requirements for tors. Under group-pen conditions, Friesian trast, Webster advocates that it is neces 3. Calves tend to differ in weight confinement stalls: cross-Hereford heifers drank a greater sary to first establish which rearing sys and therefore have a lower market value. 1. The stalls must be sufficiently proportion of their body weight at 8 tems are deemed acceptable by the ma 4. Catching calves to treat them for wide to allow "unrestricted lying." weeks than Friesian bull calves and also jority of the public "for reasons beyond illness is difficult. 2. The barn must be well ventilated spent four times as long competing for science," and then to conduct scientific 5. It is impossible to medicate the and well lighted. access to the nipple. All of the animals, studies to explore the consequences (nu feed of an individual calf- the whole 3. The 20 percent of all calves that though, were able to drink enough to tritional, physiological, and veterinary) group must also be treated. are born anemic should be treated with satisfy their appetites. of implementing these systems. 6. Straw is very expensive, and dif Webster has determined a set of iron. Severity and duration of morbidity ficult to dispose of. minimum requirements for calves that 4. Colostrum should be fed to new were also affected by the rearing system 7. Sick calves are usually not iden he believes can be supported "on the born calves. used. Infected calves suffered less sev tified for 24 hours later than in an indi basis of veterinary science rather than erely in straw yards and recovered more vidual-housing system. However, there are several problems emotional anthropomorphism": rapidly, as measured by the ratio of treat 8. Mortality is 50 percent higher, with the way in which Grandin reaches ment doses to number of calves treated. No calf should be deprived of ac and more drugs are used. her conclusions about these two calf Webster made round-the-clock ob cess to solid food and veal calves rearing systems. First, we are given no in servations of calf behavior and noted reared to a slaughter weight of For small groups, the benefits observed dication of how many calves were studied, that crate-raised calves showed increas about 200 kg should be accomod were: for what period of time, or even much ingly fearful responses to humans as ated in crates no less than 80 em information about the precise condi 1. Straw is fed, and therefore the in they grew older, while calves in straw wide. Provision of solid food nor tions of rearing. For example, she claims cidence of hair balls in the rumen is yards became tamer with time. Straw-yard malises oral behaviour, the develop that Van Putten and Steenkamer report a lower. animals also spent at least 5 percent of ment of the digestive tract and al 50 percent increase in mortality for the 2. Animals can engage in social be their time lying on their sides and 2 per most certainly reduces the incidence large-group pens, as compared with the havior. cent in play; both of these behaviors are of enteric disease ..Crates of 80 em five-calf system. We are not told which 3. Weight gains, as well as conver impossible for crate-raised animals. width do not allow calves to fie on data this figure is based on, and it is in sion ratios, are better than in individual At an Institute of Biology (U.K.) their side nor when they are near sharp contrast with the numbers reported stalls. Symposium later in 1981, Webster took a slaughter weight to turn round, but by Paxman for the Quantock group-pen broader look at the many issues involved they do permit normal grooming, rea On the other hand, there were also prob system: in his experience, mortality de in intensive farming. First, he points out sonable movement and a comforta- lems: clined from 6.46 percent (crates) to 5.10 /NT I STUD ANJM PROB 3(2) 1982 115 114 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 (groups). In short, given the fact that no two principal facts: (1) there is, at pre Grandin then lists the advantages 1. The cost of the straw bedding references to specific studies are ap sent, no legal limit on the farmer's right and disadvantages, noted in Dutch stud outweighs the advantage in feed conver pended, the article is somewhat of a to crowd as many animals as possible in ies, of group housing (15 calves per pen) sion and weight gain. tease; we simply don't have enough in to the limited area, and (2) the economics with a nipple milk dispenser, as com 2. There is more sickness, although formation to interpret Grandin's conclu of the situation compel the same farmer pared with group housing for a smaller the incidence is lower than in the group sions. to continue with intensification if he number of animals (5 per pen) fed by with the nipple feeding system. hopes to retain his competitive position buckets through locking-head stanchions. 3. There are somewhat higher labor Webster Compares Crate with in the market. He notes that, in his exper Advantages included: requirements during feeding, to lock Croup-Raised Calves ience, the straw yard system of calf rais calves in and then turn them loose. 1. The incidence of hairballs in the ing has yielded $30-$45 less in gross prof 4. Animals are not allowed to en Professor A.J .F. Webster of Bristol rumen is reduced. it per calf sold than that of the crate sys gage in normal nursing behavior. University has been doing studies of the 2. Animals can engage in social be tem. Webster also finds a 70-cm wide effects of the two major veal production havior. Steenkamer, she reports, believes crate unacceptable, although this is the systems, individual crates (bucket-fed) 3. Animals can engage in normal that the five-calf system is the best avail figure that Van Putten has determined and group yards with deep straw (fed au nursing behavior and feed about 16 times able alternative to individual stalls. In to be an acceptable minimum standard tomatically with an automatic nipple). each day. Steenkamer's view, the main problem with for crates in his studies. Webster and His results were reported at a symposi 4. Weight gains are improved. this small-group system is the high cost Van Putten also have different views on um sponsored by The Universities Fede 5. Labor for feeding is reduced. of the straw bedding. But both Steenka the broader issue of how to establish the ration for Animal Welfare (UK) (UFAW) mer and Van Putten are opposed to any proper relative emphasis that ought to Whereas the disadvantages included: in1981. form of group housing until the mystery be given to economic and humane con Bucket-fed calves were found to 1. Feed costs are increased 10 to 15 of the precise causation of the abomasal siderations. Van Putten has stated that consume more milk than automatically percent due to calves drinking more for ulcers has been solved. fed calves unless anabolic steroids were we must first determine which systems mula than they can assimilate; the con Grandin concludes her article with used to increase consumption of the are economically viable, and then select version ratio is poor. several recommendations, based on her group-raised calves. The breed and sex the systems that are the least detrimental 2. There is three times more pneu discussions with Steenkamer and van of the calf also emerged as critical fac to the animals from among these. In con monia and other illness. Putten, on minimum requirements for tors. Under group-pen conditions, Friesian trast, Webster advocates that it is neces 3. Calves tend to differ in weight confinement stalls: cross-Hereford heifers drank a greater sary to first establish which rearing sys and therefore have a lower market value. 1. The stalls must be sufficiently proportion of their body weight at 8 tems are deemed acceptable by the ma 4. Catching calves to treat them for wide to allow "unrestricted lying." weeks than Friesian bull calves and also jority of the public "for reasons beyond illness is difficult. 2. The barn must be well ventilated spent four times as long competing for science," and then to conduct scientific 5. It is impossible to medicate the and well lighted. access to the nipple. All of the animals, studies to explore the consequences (nu feed of an individual calf- the whole 3. The 20 percent of all calves that though, were able to drink enough to tritional, physiological, and veterinary) group must also be treated. are born anemic should be treated with satisfy their appetites. of implementing these systems. 6. Straw is very expensive, and dif Webster has determined a set of iron. Severity and duration of morbidity ficult to dispose of. minimum requirements for calves that 4. Colostrum should be fed to new were also affected by the rearing system 7. Sick calves are usually not iden he believes can be supported "on the born calves. used. Infected calves suffered less sev tified for 24 hours later than in an indi basis of veterinary science rather than erely in straw yards and recovered more vidual-housing system. However, there are several problems emotional anthropomorphism": rapidly, as measured by the ratio of treat 8. Mortality is 50 percent higher, with the way in which Grandin reaches ment doses to number of calves treated. No calf should be deprived of ac and more drugs are used. her conclusions about these two calf Webster made round-the-clock ob cess to solid food and veal calves rearing systems. First, we are given no in servations of calf behavior and noted reared to a slaughter weight of For small groups, the benefits observed dication of how many calves were studied, that crate-raised calves showed increas about 200 kg should be accomod were: for what period of time, or even much ingly fearful responses to humans as ated in crates no less than 80 em information about the precise condi 1. Straw is fed, and therefore the in they grew older, while calves in straw wide. Provision of solid food nor tions of rearing. For example, she claims cidence of hair balls in the rumen is yards became tamer with time. Straw-yard malises oral behaviour, the develop that Van Putten and Steenkamer report a lower. animals also spent at least 5 percent of ment of the digestive tract and al 50 percent increase in mortality for the 2. Animals can engage in social be their time lying on their sides and 2 per most certainly reduces the incidence large-group pens, as compared with the havior. cent in play; both of these behaviors are of enteric disease ..Crates of 80 em five-calf system. We are not told which 3. Weight gains, as well as conver impossible for crate-raised animals. width do not allow calves to fie on data this figure is based on, and it is in sion ratios, are better than in individual At an Institute of Biology (U.K.) their side nor when they are near sharp contrast with the numbers reported stalls. Symposium later in 1981, Webster took a slaughter weight to turn round, but by Paxman for the Quantock group-pen broader look at the many issues involved they do permit normal grooming, rea On the other hand, there were also prob system: in his experience, mortality de in intensive farming. First, he points out sonable movement and a comforta- lems: clined from 6.46 percent (crates) to 5.10 /NT I STUD ANJM PROB 3(2) 1982 115 114 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 ble sleeping position (A.].F. Webster, Conclusions JOB Symposium, November, 1981). It is obvious that much of the re What About Grain-Fed Veal? search detailed here is still in a prelimi Comments nary stage. We simply do not yet have Most of the studies described sufficient data to compare all of the ele above have been concerned with the ments involved in designing animal pro productivity and welfare of milk-fed duction systems that will ensure a fair Genetic Adaptation in Relation to veal. However, given the fact that the profit for farmers and at the same time majority of consumers (at least in the guarantee a minimum standard of well U.S. and U.K.) find nothing objectionable being for the animals. Even the most Animal Welfare in a pink tinge to their veal meat, other basic questions remain largely unex aspects of husbandry can probably be plored: Do we need more technology, or R.G. Beilharz varied as well. less? Do legal regulations assist in gua For example, one New York state ranteeing welfare considerations, or Introduction ful adaptations become established in farmer, Michael 5. Mosner, is already merely stifle private innovation? How populations .... Adaptations can be rec profitably raising calves on grain in in does the general public really feel about In this essay I outline the processes ognized in individuals- whether physi door and outdoor pens. Baby calves paying more to ensure that meat animals of adaptation of animals and of animal ological, morphological, behavioral- as (Hereford, Angus, and Charlois breeds) are raised as humanely as possible? There populations and discuss their relevance well as [at] the level of the population." are placed in the pens (12 by 32 ft) after are also some specific areas of study to the problem of animal welfare. Because At the level of the population, such weaning at 5 weeks of age and remain that are vitally necessary for determining "animal welfare" has many different adaptation is the result of changing gene there for about 4 months, until slaugh how best to rear veal calves, for example: aspects including philosophical, ethical, frequencies. At the level of the individ ter. They are provided with a grain for and biological, it is important to examine mula made up of corn, a protein supple ual, adaptation is the adjustment of the some of the fundamental issues that un ment, and vitamins and iron, as well as • Does milk-fed veal really taste bet individual to its environment, within the derly the concept. Hence, in this essay, I fresh straw for bedding. Milk replacer is ter? Can most people distinguish it from scope of the developmental possibilities comment on how people come to "know," used only for baby calves, until they grain- or grass-fed veal? allowed by its genetic blueprint. how information accumulates, and how reach 5 weeks of age. The animals are • What is the precise relationship Organisms are complex, and genes what we know influences our actions. I generally healthier, because they are far among genetic factors, lack of roughage interact with many other genes as well also discuss the biological information less likely to develop anemia than milk in the diet, and the redness of the meat? as the environment in the process of that is relevant to animal welfare. It is fed calves not given iron-containing straw. • How can group housing conditions guiding the development of an organism. my hope that, when this topic has been The system also appears to be substanti be improved? Can the automatic nipple While the science of quantitative gene placed within a broader framework of ally less stressful for the animals. feeders that distribute milk-replacer be tics recognizes interactions in its ex this sort, more generally useful solutions The meat that results from this sys improved? planatory model, the model is usually to the "animal welfare problem" may be tem is a pale pink which, according to expressed in terms of variation of the Until we have at least tentative an found. Mosner, has been found to be perfectly swers for these kinds of questions, the trait at a particular point in the life cy acceptable in butcher shops and in the controversy about how best to raise veal What Is Adaptation? cle, e.g., the weight at 9 weeks, or "pro chain stores. And because production calves will inevitably continue. duction" at maturity. I suggest that this costs are substantially lower, the meat The theory of evolution has be focus on a point in the life cycle has not can sell for far less than the milk-replacer come the unifying explanation underly allowed the full explanatory potential of veal. Dana H. Murphy ing the whole of biology. Dobzhansky et quantitative genetics to be realized. a/. (1977) summarize the concept of evolu One aspect of variation, including tion by natural selection as follows: genetic variation, in growth and develop TABLE 1. Calf Mortality Rates in Loose-Housed and Crated Veal, "Among alternative genetic variants, ment concerns the degree of flexibility Beef Calves, and the National Herd some result in features that are useful to of the developmental path. Rendel's Total their carriers as adaptations to the envi (1967) elaboration of Waddington's con calves Total ronment. Individuals possessing useful cept of canalization of development dis Farm Method Period purchased deaths Percentage Quantock Veal Crates 2/79-8/80 4,000 259 6.46 adaptations are likely to leave, on the cusses this aspect in detail. In a con Quantock Veal Loose-housed 9/80-2/81 2,090 105 5.10 average, greater numbers of progeny sideration of behavioral traits, the ideas Wysing Grange Loose-housed 3/78-2/81 4,500 169 3.75 than individuals lacking them (or having of "instinctive" behavior (that is, behav Irish Veal Farms Loose-housed 1980 3,351 97 2.89 less useful adaptations). Therefore use- ior that is programmed via genetically British figures All systems 1963 National herd 5.3 P.J. Paxman, Volac Ltd. Minutes of Evidence, R. G. Beilharz is a Professor in the School of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Parkville March, 1981. 3052, Victoria, Australia.

116 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 117 ble sleeping position (A.].F. Webster, Conclusions JOB Symposium, November, 1981). It is obvious that much of the re What About Grain-Fed Veal? search detailed here is still in a prelimi Comments nary stage. We simply do not yet have Most of the studies described sufficient data to compare all of the ele above have been concerned with the ments involved in designing animal pro productivity and welfare of milk-fed duction systems that will ensure a fair Genetic Adaptation in Relation to veal. However, given the fact that the profit for farmers and at the same time majority of consumers (at least in the guarantee a minimum standard of well U.S. and U.K.) find nothing objectionable being for the animals. Even the most Animal Welfare in a pink tinge to their veal meat, other basic questions remain largely unex aspects of husbandry can probably be plored: Do we need more technology, or R.G. Beilharz varied as well. less? Do legal regulations assist in gua For example, one New York state ranteeing welfare considerations, or Introduction ful adaptations become established in farmer, Michael 5. Mosner, is already merely stifle private innovation? How populations .... Adaptations can be rec profitably raising calves on grain in in does the general public really feel about In this essay I outline the processes ognized in individuals- whether physi door and outdoor pens. Baby calves paying more to ensure that meat animals of adaptation of animals and of animal ological, morphological, behavioral- as (Hereford, Angus, and Charlois breeds) are raised as humanely as possible? There populations and discuss their relevance well as [at] the level of the population." are placed in the pens (12 by 32 ft) after are also some specific areas of study to the problem of animal welfare. Because At the level of the population, such weaning at 5 weeks of age and remain that are vitally necessary for determining "animal welfare" has many different adaptation is the result of changing gene there for about 4 months, until slaugh how best to rear veal calves, for example: aspects including philosophical, ethical, frequencies. At the level of the individ ter. They are provided with a grain for and biological, it is important to examine mula made up of corn, a protein supple ual, adaptation is the adjustment of the some of the fundamental issues that un ment, and vitamins and iron, as well as • Does milk-fed veal really taste bet individual to its environment, within the derly the concept. Hence, in this essay, I fresh straw for bedding. Milk replacer is ter? Can most people distinguish it from scope of the developmental possibilities comment on how people come to "know," used only for baby calves, until they grain- or grass-fed veal? allowed by its genetic blueprint. how information accumulates, and how reach 5 weeks of age. The animals are • What is the precise relationship Organisms are complex, and genes what we know influences our actions. I generally healthier, because they are far among genetic factors, lack of roughage interact with many other genes as well also discuss the biological information less likely to develop anemia than milk in the diet, and the redness of the meat? as the environment in the process of that is relevant to animal welfare. It is fed calves not given iron-containing straw. • How can group housing conditions guiding the development of an organism. my hope that, when this topic has been The system also appears to be substanti be improved? Can the automatic nipple While the science of quantitative gene placed within a broader framework of ally less stressful for the animals. feeders that distribute milk-replacer be tics recognizes interactions in its ex this sort, more generally useful solutions The meat that results from this sys improved? planatory model, the model is usually to the "animal welfare problem" may be tem is a pale pink which, according to expressed in terms of variation of the Until we have at least tentative an found. Mosner, has been found to be perfectly swers for these kinds of questions, the trait at a particular point in the life cy acceptable in butcher shops and in the controversy about how best to raise veal What Is Adaptation? cle, e.g., the weight at 9 weeks, or "pro chain stores. And because production calves will inevitably continue. duction" at maturity. I suggest that this costs are substantially lower, the meat The theory of evolution has be focus on a point in the life cycle has not can sell for far less than the milk-replacer come the unifying explanation underly allowed the full explanatory potential of veal. Dana H. Murphy ing the whole of biology. Dobzhansky et quantitative genetics to be realized. a/. (1977) summarize the concept of evolu One aspect of variation, including tion by natural selection as follows: genetic variation, in growth and develop TABLE 1. Calf Mortality Rates in Loose-Housed and Crated Veal, "Among alternative genetic variants, ment concerns the degree of flexibility Beef Calves, and the National Herd some result in features that are useful to of the developmental path. Rendel's Total their carriers as adaptations to the envi (1967) elaboration of Waddington's con calves Total ronment. Individuals possessing useful cept of canalization of development dis Farm Method Period purchased deaths Percentage Quantock Veal Crates 2/79-8/80 4,000 259 6.46 adaptations are likely to leave, on the cusses this aspect in detail. In a con Quantock Veal Loose-housed 9/80-2/81 2,090 105 5.10 average, greater numbers of progeny sideration of behavioral traits, the ideas Wysing Grange Loose-housed 3/78-2/81 4,500 169 3.75 than individuals lacking them (or having of "instinctive" behavior (that is, behav Irish Veal Farms Loose-housed 1980 3,351 97 2.89 less useful adaptations). Therefore use- ior that is programmed via genetically British figures All systems 1963 National herd 5.3 P.J. Paxman, Volac Ltd. Minutes of Evidence, R. G. Beilharz is a Professor in the School of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Parkville March, 1981. 3052, Victoria, Australia.

116 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 117 R. G. Beilharz Comment R.G. Beilharz Comment

determined neural pathways) and learned others, and as McBride (1980) suggested, possible to find a common ground? To are not readily available. In such areas a behavior (behavior shaped separately in genetic adaptation will still occur at the try to do so, we must first ask some very tolerant examination of many different each individual by its particular experi population level. basic questions. explanatory models (beliefs) seems to be ence during development) are pertinent We can summarize the process of the most reasonable thing to do. Why, and What, Do People "Know"? to the concept of flexibility of develop genetic adaptation by endorsing McBride's We may take the models underlying One process by which humans ac ment. model. In any defined environment, se Singer's (1975) philosophy as examples. I cumulate knowledge (albeit limited) The important point to make is lection of appropriate developmental can summarize and comment on this about reality occurs via the so-called that, in evolution, the genes providing paths will occur, usually accompanied .. philosophy as follows: scientific method. The scientific method those ontogenetic pathways that are by a genetic response. This process is in consists of (1) formulation of models 1. Singer recognizes that there is a most appropriate for the particular envi evitable and will proceed to the point such as axioms, theories, and hypothe widespread prejudice, which he calls ronment will be selected. Thus, constant where the majority of individuals cope ses, and (2) testing of these models "speciesism," that causes humans to environments, or recurring stimuli that adequately with the environment. against reality by means of experiments favor the interests of humans over those always require a constant response, will In particular, domestication has or other forms of objective observation of animals. favor selection for an invariable response been a special type of evolutionary pro and measurement. If observation dis 2. Singer states that, by analogy cess that has resulted in the adaptation (which has often been termed instinctive closes a discrepancy between the model with racism and sexism, this prejudice of of animals to environments specified by behavior). In contrast, variable, unpre and our preconceived reality, the model speciesism is unjustified. He asserts we man. As man intensifies the conditions dictable environments will favor selec is altered. This procedure represents an should reject all such prejudices and under which animals are kept, further se tion for a flexible path of development, advance, because an error has been elimi adopt the principle of equal considera lection is taking place. We must now in which individual learning becomes nated. However, one can never prove tion of (varying) interests. He derives consider how adaptation is relevant to important. Different degrees of variabili that the model is true. One can only from this the idea that humans have no animal welfare. ty of the environment will select for dif change those parts of it that appear to right to utilize animals for their own ferent amounts of learning, and the things be wrong and hope that the changed mod ends. I comment that this is an example that are readily learned will be found to How Is Adaptation Relevant to el is a better representation of reality. of a postulate (an explanatory model be the responses to particular, impor Welfare? Man's everyday knowledge is ad and its consequences) that Singer is tant stimuli. The amount of variation "Problems" in animal welfare derive justed to reality in a similar way, although making here. Other postulates are also among these responses is important for at least in part from the fact that animal no deliberate effort is made at objective possible, e.g., that, because people have the survival of members of the species. welfare has been approached from the testing of explanatory models. There the capacity for "imaginative anticipa When development is seen in this points of view of many very different be are, however, areas of "knowledge" or tion" and we assume animals do not, we way, it is clear that when animals are put lief systems. A traditional Christian be "belief" in which objective testing should consider people's rights above into a new environment, individuals of lief has been that man, made in the im seems impossible. These areas, e.g., the those of animals. some populations and species will be age of God, has control over all the rest existence of an after! ife or the existence 3. Singer continues his argument able to adapt their behavior phenotypi of creation. A radically different belief, of God, are said by many to be outside with the assertion that cruelty, pain, and cally by learning. Other species will not common among Hindus and Buddhists, is the realm of science because there suffering should be eliminated when be able to cope and will show stress. that animals and man are fellow creat seems to be no objective way to discrim ever possible. This is another postulate, McBride's (1980) model illustrates this ures, thereby implying no rights of man inate among the different explanatory but one which I and most people will phenomenon well. Where individuals do. over animals. Singer (1975) argues as a models. But people still have explanato wish to accept. For me the interesting not have the capacity to adjust pheno philosopher and supplies the intellectual ry models in these areas, which are term question is, How do we know when ani typically, adaptation of the population underpinning for Australia's animal wel ed "belief" or "faith" and which vary mals are suffering or in pain? will require a rapid genetic response to fare movement, which sets out to de widely. 4. Singer recognizes that killing of prevent the dying out of the population. fend the rights of animals against ex In this discussion, I am not making animals is a different problem from that Such a process of adaptation is likely to ploitation by man. Ethologists approach any value judgments about the scientific of causing them pain. I comment that if, be accompanied by much "suffering." By animal welfare from the point of view of method, on the one hand, and religious as suggested in item 2, the principle of contrast, where phenotypic adjustment a natural science (e.g., Beilharz and belief on the other. I am simply pointing equality, or rejection of speciesism, is is possible, each individual can adapt Zeeb, 1981). I strongly believe that the out why, when tests against reality are not the only possible starting point, a and there may be little "suffering." To differing backgrounds of the persons easily available, most people will believe conclusion different from the one that the extent that some individuals do suf who argue for and against animal wel the same "facts." But this same unanimi humans may not kill and utilize animals fer, this implies that some are not able to fare are the underlying cause of many of ty is not to be expected in those fields of may legitimately follow, even though we handle the new environment as well as the "problems" of animal welfare. Is it knowledge where tests against reality may agree completely with Singer about

118 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 119 R. G. Beilharz Comment R.G. Beilharz Comment

118 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 119 R.G. Beilharz Comment R. G. Beilharz Comment

elimination of cruelty (as summarized in sphere. rights to, domestic animals under any ior (e.g., Lorenz, 1978; Manning, 1979) item 3). It seems rational to recognize this circumstances other than in their associ vary, and they do not allow one to argue, Postulates such as Singer's princi state of affairs. It must also be accepted ation with humans. on the basis of variations in frequencies ple of equality are models of how we that, concerning the question of "animal Thus, that part of Singer's postulate of behavior observed under different should behave and seem to reside in the welfare," a knowledge of evolution and which deals with humans' utilization of conditions, that behavioral frustration in realm of belief, outside the realm of how animals adapt to their environment other animals is not in accord with the any environment necessarily leads to science. Many other postulates can be is also very relevant. reality of life as it has developed on suffering. Similarly, offering animals a devised that seem equally plausible in What Is Reality, Relevant to earth. Man is speciesist, and so is every choice between environments gives in the absence of any objective check Living Things? other species. If humans were to act on conclusive results. With appropriate rear against reality. In fact, people often All forms of life survive and develop Singer's postulate of equality, they ing and prior experience almost any make "moral" judgments based on un by utilizing other forms of life, such as would be imposing on themselves a new familiar environment will be preferred over other environments (M. Dawkins, testable "religious" convictions. Here food or prey species, predators, parasites, restriction for which there is no justifica again, I make no value judgments. I and symbionts. A recent trend in evolu tion anywhere in the real world. Clearly, 1976). Wickler (1980) suggested that the have simply tried to describe the prob tionary thinking (e.g., R. Dawkins, 1976) humans are omnivores adapted to eat best indicators of variation in welfare lem facing us. The next section attempts has focused our attention on the fact ing meat, as well as many other foods. are symptoms of stress (physiologically to find the answer. that the ruthless exploitation of other Their pet dogs and cats are carnivores. defined), together with observable search Some animal welfare literature has sug ing movements or goal-directed striving How Do People judge Whether a life forms may well take place at the gested that even these pets should be in particular situations. Such symptoms, Particular Model Is "Good" or "Right"? level of the individual, or even at the fed without meat. This would of course as well as manifest injuries, indicate that I believe that there is no ultimate level of the gene, rather than at the level be completely counter to evolutionary the animals are not adapted to their sit external standard to help us answer this of the species. For us, it is important to adaptations. As will become clear be uation. McBride's (1980) model is also question. Each individual will have his note that utilization of other life forms low, I agree that we can go against par relevant, suggesting that animals show own model of the "ultimate" truth, and has been the natural commonplace ticular evolutionary trends and adapt ing the exhaustion phase of the General "purpose," for his life. I thus accept the throughout the development of life on ourselves, as well as our cats and dogs, Adaptation Syndrome, i.e., severe physi fact that there will always be varying earth. Again, without making any value to eating vegetable matter only, although ological strain, failure to reproduce, and views among people about a problem judgments, we can accept this as a neu there has been some disquiet expressed death, are clearly suffering in their envi such as animal welfare. However, varying tral fact about the real world around us. recently in the medical literature about ronment. views of its members will not prevent a It follows that humans are in no the effects of vegetarian diets on the de society as a whole from taking action. In way odd in utilizing other forms of life What can we say about free-ranging velopment of small children (Anonymous, practice, it is usually political action for their own good. In fact, if we could domestic animals, or wild animals in 1978; Shu II eta/., 1977; Tripp eta/., 1979). that shapes what a society does and that free ourselves of our human prejudices their natural habitat? In discussing this But such a step is completely unnecessa governs the selection of postulates a so and take a broad perspective, we would issue, I find it useful to consider an ex ry; I do not think that there is a compel ciety uses as its guidelines for behavior. find that in evolution, the interaction of treme environment such as a desert. Al ling reason of any sort to suggest that we Duncan (1980) has recognized clearly domestic animals with humans has been though humans and most other mammals should not utilize animals or eat their that "decisions on the degree to which, a very successful form of symbiosis, be and birds suffer stress, often to the point flesh. and the manner in which, we [humans] cause neither humans nor domestic ani of death, in the central area of Australia, exploit animals are ethical decisions mals would be present in the same huge What Is Cruelty? there are mammals such as the mulgara which should be made by society in gen numbers without the other (Elton, 1958; While we can all agree that cruelty, (Dasycercus cristicaudata) (Ride, 1970) eral but only when they have a knowl Zeuner, 1963). To me it makes no sense pain, and suffering should be avoided that are found only in this region. The edge of facts." In the animal welfare to talk about "rights" of domestic ani whenever possible, there may be many mulgara has physiological adaptations debate in West Germany, Wickler (1980) mals, other than in this specific context situations where there will be doubt that allow it to exist without drinking argues that humans cannot know what of their symbiosis with humans. If hu about whether cruelty exists. water (it gets it from the meat it eats) the real interests of animals are and that mans had not been present, there would How can we judge whether an ani and kidneys which are so efficient that it what enacted legislation actually ends be no domestic animals about whose mal in a confined space is suffering? can excrete the large. amount of urea up protecting is (some) people's interests rights we could argue. Please note that I Beilharz and Zeeb (1981) have shown that produced as a by-product of its diet in a in animals, not the interests of the ani am not, here, claiming that we have a it is very difficult to demonstrate that highly concentrated form. As one of its mal itself. This statement, like Duncan's, right to misuse domestic animals. I sim apparently healthy animals are suffering, behavioral adaptations, it avoids heat clearly places the animal welfare ques ply maintain that it is not in accord with even when kept in small confined spaces. by remaining underground during the tion within the political or ethical reality to even imagine, far less to give Explanatory models of instinctive behav- day. Presumably such species enjoy an /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 120 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 121 R.G. Beilharz Comment R. G. Beilharz Comment

Whatever we may decide, it is clear the light of the long-term rational plans advantage gained from the reduced com anteed, just as we must make the same that the relationship between humans we have made for the good of our do petition found in such a difficult environ assumption about any wild animal in its and their domestic animals is merely a mestic animals. Continual further adap ment. But are they suffering? I believe natural habitat. part of this reassessment of the totality tation of animals to ever-decreasing that we can do no better than It follows that keeping animals in to assume of our relationships. In this limited area spaces, which might follow from simple confined spaces is cruel only if inap that the welfare of any adapted form of our task will be to define the environ considerations of economic gain, must, that it does not propriate animals are kept in the confined life is guaranteed, i.e., ment in which our animals are to be however, be recognized as cruel. This is "suffer" in its particular environment. spaces. After such animals have been al kept. All relevant aspects, including eco a case where minimum standards of en lowed to adapt, then the cause of the Domestication is an evolutionary nomic efficiency, the health of animals, vironment, rationally agreed upon by cruelty has disappeared. It would, how process in which plants and animals con products, and keepers, and working con people of goodwill, after consideration ever, be cruel to continually alter envi tinually adapt their genotypes to the ditions, should be considered. Then we of all relevant information, should be re ronments such that animals were not environment and the demands created should deliberately adapt our animals to spected and enforced- where necessary, able to keep pace through adaptation. by man. As a result, domestic animals the defined conditions through breeding. through legislation. Tschanz (1978) wrote a very percep are now very different from their wild This procedure may have to be approach tive paper about behavioral norms and ancestor species. And there is no evi ed in stages if the environmental condi Final Considerations adaptation of animals to confined envi dence to suggest that domestic animals tions aimed at are radically different Well-meaning defenders of the rights ronments. He stated that the best meas have lost the power to adapt further. We from those to which the animals are now of animals (e.g., Teutsch, 1981) have ar ure of adaptation to an environment is must therefore expect further changes, adapted. The evolutionary processes, if gued against the morality of deliberate reproduction, considered in its broadest including some that will help our animals they are not obstructed or misdirected, genetic adaptation as out I ined by Zeeb sense, i.e., the ability of animals to main adjust to intensive conditions, such as must lead to such a degree of adapta and Beilharz (1980; see also Beilharz and tain population numbers in that environ cages for hens. From the welfare point tion that welfare will have to be taken Zeeb, 1981 ). I am convinced that such ment. We can all intuitively agree to this of view, the important adaptive changes for granted, just as we can do no better opposition arises from the different precept, and we applaud zookeepers are those related to the performance of than to take for granted the welfare of assumptions of Teutsch on the one hand who continue to alter the environments ins~inctive behavior, which is mainly un any wild animal in its natural habitat. and Zeeb and Beilharz on the other. I of their animals until they succeed in der genetic control. While morphological Many people have recognized that have deliberately taken a very broad getting them to breed. In natural evolu structures evolve relatively slowly, the the correct design of the environment to perspective in the present article and tion as well, the measure of success is levels of motivation and the threshold fit an animal's current needs is a power have tried to show that genetic adapta reproduction, considered in this broad values of releasing stimuli are continual ful method for improving animal wel tion of domestic animals can only be a sense. There is no doubt that, on the ly adjusted during evolution, so that be fare. I agree that environmental modifi small part of mankind's overall guidance basis of this criterion, there are poultry havior is appropriate to the environment cation is usually a quicker and more of future evolution. People of goodwill and pigs that are already quite well (Mayr, 1963). The resulting changes in practical solution to a "welfare prob must assume moral responsibility for the adapted to intensive farming. frequency of appearance of behaviors lem" than is genetic adaptation. We future evolution of life on earth, for the are important in the adaptation of ani What Ethical Consequences Follow. From must guard, however, against assuming good of all of life as well as for mankind. mals during domestication. Our Discussion? that the behavioral needs of animals, as But, with Duncan (1980), let us deter Stress symptoms, inappropriate be It is impossible for humans to leave they now exist, should be taken as in mine to make our ethical decisions based havior, resulting injury, and lowered "pro evolution to proceed by itself, i.e., com violable. The needs of present domestic on facts. Since it is life itself that we are duction," particularly as these relate to pletely free of their influence. Thus, animals are different from those of their considering, a thorough understanding survival and reproduction, must be ex there seems only one correct ethical de ancestors- they also differ among of the facts of biology and its unifying pected when animals are first placed in cision: to direct the further evolution of breeds- and there is no evidence that theme of evolution are essential. environments to which they are not adapt life toward "the good" of the creation, they have stopped changing in response ed. A period of adaptation, as discussed i.e., of all of life. What this "good" is will to environmental changes. It seems ra earlier, follows unless we prevent it. The have to be determined, and all men of tional to use genetic change, as well as References environmental change, in our solution to necessary genetic shifts of either moti goodwill should contribute to this defi Anonymous (1978) Exotic diets and the "welfare problems." vation strengths, or threshold levels, or nition of the ideal. I do not claim that infant, Br Med }, 6116, April1, 1978: science is our only tool in this task. Pre both together, will occur. The result is a The undoubted stress entailed in an 804-805. new strain of domestic animal that is ad sumably all modes of human knowledge adaptation period to a defined set of Beilharz, R.G. and K. Zeeb (1981) Applied justed to the new condition. For such an can contribute. My personal belief is conditions may be justified as morally ethology and animal welfare, Appl adjusted animal we should be able to that the use of reason will be a very im appropriate, provided that it is done in Anim Ethol 7:3-10. make the assumption that welfare is guar- portant element in this effort. /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3{2) 1982 123 122 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 R. G. Beilharz Comment Updating the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876: Dawkins, M. (1976) Towards an objective Paper presented at the Meet. Int. Can the Center Hold? method of assessing welfare in do Ces. fur Nutztierhaltung, Basel, mestic fowl, Appl Anim Ethol 2:245- Switzerland, January 22-23, 1981. Tripp, J.H., D.E.M. Francis, J .A. Knight 254. Judith Hampson Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Ox and J.T. Harries (1979) Infant feeding ford University Press, Oxford, U.K. practices: a cause for concern. Br Dobzhansky, T., F.J. Ayala, C.L. Stebbins Med j 6192, September 22, 1979: Long experience with unsuccessful Since 1975 the animal welfare re and J.W. Valentine (1977) Evolution. 707-709. attempts by British animal welfare groups form movement has steadily been gain Freeman, San Francisco. Tschanz, B. (1978) Reaktionsnormen und to promote private members' bills for re ing impetus. Events that were important Duncan, l.J.H. (1980) Can scientific re Adaptation. In Oas Tier im Experi form or rep I a cement of the 1876 Cruelty in this increase in awareness included search help in assessment of animal ment, W.H. Weihe, ed. Hans Huber, to Animals Act (Viet. C. 77, 1876) has the puhlic outcry raised in response to welfare? In Reviews in Rural Science Bern, Switzerland. convinced reformists that achieving this exposure of ICI's "smoking beagles" in IV, M. Wodzicka-Tomaszewska, T.N. Wickler, W. (1980) Sieben Thesen zum kind of change by lobbying Parliament the British Sunday press, the militant ac Edey and J.J. Lynch, eds. Behaviour, Tierschutz, Oer Tierzuchter 32:248. may be impossible. It was for this reason tivities of the newly formed "Animal Lib University of N.E., Armidale, pp. Zeeb, K. and R.C. Beilharz (1980) Ange that a small reformist group- spearhead eration Front," and the publicity focused 169-174. wandte Ethologie und artemasse ed by the ex-chairman of the Labour Par on the subject of animal rights after the EI ton, C.S. (1958) The Ecology of Inva Tierhaltung. Tierarztl Umschau 35: ty, Lord Houghton, and an eminent sur publication of Richard Ryder's popular sion by Animals and Plants. Chap 603-610. geon, the late Lord Platt- was formed book, Victims of Science (1976). man and Hall, London. Zeuner, F. (1963) A History of Domesti and drafted reform proposals in a docu Largely because of this public Lorenz, K. (1978) Vergleichende Verhal cated Animals. Hutchinson, London, ment widely known as the Houghton/Piatt pressure, the more moderate reformist tensforschung. Springer, Vienna. U.K. Memorandum (paper submitted to the group, CRAE, was able to abandon its ef Manning, A. (1979) An Introduction to Home Secretary, 1976). This report called forts to achieve reform through Parlia Animal Behaviour, 3rd ed., Arnold, for a substantial tightening up of con ment and, instead, exerted pressure via London. trols already established under the 1876 the "back door": deliberations were init Mayr, E. (1963) Populations, Species and Act. All of these modifications, the re iated with the senior Home Office offici Evolution. Belknap, Cambridge, port noted, could have been effected by als who administer the 1876 Act. In 1977, Massachusetts. administrative action alone. CRAE members met with the then Home McBride, C. (1980) Adaptation and wel Subsequent to the co-operative ef Secretary, Merlyn Rees, and agreed upon fare at the man-animal interface. In fort made by animal welfare societies a number of reforms that could easily be Reviews in Rural Science IV, M. during Animal Welfare Year (1976) (see effected administratively. Wodzicka-Tomaszewska, T.N. Edey Hollands, 1981), five joint consultative This, the first meeting of its kind and J .J. Lynch, eds. Behaviour, Uni bodies were established to coordinate since World War II, was a historic event versity of N.E., Armidale, pp. 195- the activities of animal welfare societies in the reform movement. No Home Sec 198. in regard to their major areas of concern. retary would ever have agreed to meet Rende I, J.M. (1967) Canalisation and Gene One of these, the Committee for Reform with representatives of any single soci Logos, London. Control. of Animal Experimentation (CRAE) was ety, since this would have opened the Ride, W.D.L. (1970) A Guide to the Native set up to work specifically for reform of door to an endless series of such meet Mammals of Australia. Oxford Uni the 1876 Act. This committee, which in ings. But he was willing to meet with a versity Press, Melbourne, Australia. corporated the earlier Houghton/Piatt joint consultative body that was seeking Shull, M.W., R.B. Reed, I. Valadian, R. Croup, is made up of politicians, scien moderate and practicable reforms. Since Palombo, M. Thorne and J.T. Dwyer tists, and spokespersons from animal wel that time, CRAE has held regular meet (1977) Velocities of growth in vege fare societies who serve on it as individ ings with senior Home Office officials tarian preschool children, Pediatrics ual citizens, not as representative of their and has worked to achieve a productive 60:410-417. respective societies. This policy leaves dialogue. Singer, P. (1975) Animal Liberation. Dis the Committee free to engage in politi But by the late 1970's, it was becom cus, New York. cal lobbying. ing clear that the reformist campaign Teutsch, C.M. (1981) Neuere Entwick lungen in der ethischen Diskussion judith Hampson is Chief Animal Experimentation Research Officer, RSPCA. Author's address: The Cause einer tiergerechten Nutztierhaltung. way, Horsham, W. Sussex, RH12 1HG, U.K.

124 /NT f STUD ANIM PROB 3(2] 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 125 R. G. Beilharz Comment Updating the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876: Dawkins, M. (1976) Towards an objective Paper presented at the Meet. Int. Can the Center Hold? method of assessing welfare in do Ces. fur Nutztierhaltung, Basel, mestic fowl, Appl Anim Ethol 2:245- Switzerland, January 22-23, 1981. Tripp, J.H., D.E.M. Francis, J .A. Knight 254. Judith Hampson Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Ox and J.T. Harries (1979) Infant feeding ford University Press, Oxford, U.K. practices: a cause for concern. Br Dobzhansky, T., F.J. Ayala, C.L. Stebbins Med j 6192, September 22, 1979: Long experience with unsuccessful Since 1975 the animal welfare re and J.W. Valentine (1977) Evolution. 707-709. attempts by British animal welfare groups form movement has steadily been gain Freeman, San Francisco. Tschanz, B. (1978) Reaktionsnormen und to promote private members' bills for re ing impetus. Events that were important Duncan, l.J.H. (1980) Can scientific re Adaptation. In Oas Tier im Experi form or rep I a cement of the 1876 Cruelty in this increase in awareness included search help in assessment of animal ment, W.H. Weihe, ed. Hans Huber, to Animals Act (Viet. C. 77, 1876) has the puhlic outcry raised in response to welfare? In Reviews in Rural Science Bern, Switzerland. convinced reformists that achieving this exposure of ICI's "smoking beagles" in IV, M. Wodzicka-Tomaszewska, T.N. Wickler, W. (1980) Sieben Thesen zum kind of change by lobbying Parliament the British Sunday press, the militant ac Edey and J.J. Lynch, eds. Behaviour, Tierschutz, Oer Tierzuchter 32:248. may be impossible. It was for this reason tivities of the newly formed "Animal Lib University of N.E., Armidale, pp. Zeeb, K. and R.C. Beilharz (1980) Ange that a small reformist group- spearhead eration Front," and the publicity focused 169-174. wandte Ethologie und artemasse ed by the ex-chairman of the Labour Par on the subject of animal rights after the EI ton, C.S. (1958) The Ecology of Inva Tierhaltung. Tierarztl Umschau 35: ty, Lord Houghton, and an eminent sur publication of Richard Ryder's popular sion by Animals and Plants. Chap 603-610. geon, the late Lord Platt- was formed book, Victims of Science (1976). man and Hall, London. Zeuner, F. (1963) A History of Domesti and drafted reform proposals in a docu Largely because of this public Lorenz, K. (1978) Vergleichende Verhal cated Animals. Hutchinson, London, ment widely known as the Houghton/Piatt pressure, the more moderate reformist tensforschung. Springer, Vienna. U.K. Memorandum (paper submitted to the group, CRAE, was able to abandon its ef Manning, A. (1979) An Introduction to Home Secretary, 1976). This report called forts to achieve reform through Parlia Animal Behaviour, 3rd ed., Arnold, for a substantial tightening up of con ment and, instead, exerted pressure via London. trols already established under the 1876 the "back door": deliberations were init Mayr, E. (1963) Populations, Species and Act. All of these modifications, the re iated with the senior Home Office offici Evolution. Belknap, Cambridge, port noted, could have been effected by als who administer the 1876 Act. In 1977, Massachusetts. administrative action alone. CRAE members met with the then Home McBride, C. (1980) Adaptation and wel Subsequent to the co-operative ef Secretary, Merlyn Rees, and agreed upon fare at the man-animal interface. In fort made by animal welfare societies a number of reforms that could easily be Reviews in Rural Science IV, M. during Animal Welfare Year (1976) (see effected administratively. Wodzicka-Tomaszewska, T.N. Edey Hollands, 1981), five joint consultative This, the first meeting of its kind and J .J. Lynch, eds. Behaviour, Uni bodies were established to coordinate since World War II, was a historic event versity of N.E., Armidale, pp. 195- the activities of animal welfare societies in the reform movement. No Home Sec 198. in regard to their major areas of concern. retary would ever have agreed to meet Rende I, J.M. (1967) Canalisation and Gene One of these, the Committee for Reform with representatives of any single soci Logos, London. Control. of Animal Experimentation (CRAE) was ety, since this would have opened the Ride, W.D.L. (1970) A Guide to the Native set up to work specifically for reform of door to an endless series of such meet Mammals of Australia. Oxford Uni the 1876 Act. This committee, which in ings. But he was willing to meet with a versity Press, Melbourne, Australia. corporated the earlier Houghton/Piatt joint consultative body that was seeking Shull, M.W., R.B. Reed, I. Valadian, R. Croup, is made up of politicians, scien moderate and practicable reforms. Since Palombo, M. Thorne and J.T. Dwyer tists, and spokespersons from animal wel that time, CRAE has held regular meet (1977) Velocities of growth in vege fare societies who serve on it as individ ings with senior Home Office officials tarian preschool children, Pediatrics ual citizens, not as representative of their and has worked to achieve a productive 60:410-417. respective societies. This policy leaves dialogue. Singer, P. (1975) Animal Liberation. Dis the Committee free to engage in politi But by the late 1970's, it was becom cus, New York. cal lobbying. ing clear that the reformist campaign Teutsch, C.M. (1981) Neuere Entwick lungen in der ethischen Diskussion judith Hampson is Chief Animal Experimentation Research Officer, RSPCA. Author's address: The Cause einer tiergerechten Nutztierhaltung. way, Horsham, W. Sussex, RH12 1HG, U.K.

124 /NT f STUD ANIM PROB 3(2] 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 125 J.Hampson Comment J. Hampson Comment

was also gaining political influence. How date the 1876 Act, thereby pledging that countries have little or no statutory con existing practices. The scientific com ever, judging by some of the comments the British government would enact new trol over animal experimentation at the munity, on its part, is anxious to diffuse made about its activities in the popular legislation pertaining to regulation of present time, it was never likely that any the public controversy stirred up by mili scientific press (Vines, 1976), the scienti animal experimentation during the cur generally agreed-upon Convention could tant animal rights groups by collaborat fic community was becoming worried rent parliamentary session.' contain animal welfare proposals that ing with the more moderate reformists, about the increasing influence of the cam In its manifesto, the Conservative were even as strong as those that have to achieve what its members feel will be paign and the resultant escalating public Party had also committed itself to re been in force in Great Britain since 1876. a workable Act. These scientists there controversy. Attitudes seemed to be constituting the Home Office Advisory Indeed, from the viewpoint of ani fore hope to convince the public that polarizing in a fashion that was remark Committee on Animal Experimentation, mal welfare, the Committee's document animal experimentation can responsibly ably similar to the pattern noted in 1875, which advises the Home Secretary on has been progressively weakened at every be controlled by humane legislation. just prior to the passage of the Act of the administration of the 1876 Act. In meeting. It now makes only superficial 1876, which had followed discussions May 1980 the party honored this pledge; reference to the promotion of alterna Return to the Tactic of Private before the First Royal Commission on Vi for the first time, two animal welfare tive techniques, an issue that was origi Member Bills visection. representatives became part of the Com nally felt to be of prime importance by As political campaigning stepped mittee (the author, and T.D. Field Fisher). the Parliamentary Committee of Minis In late 1979, disillusionment with up during the run-up before the 1979 In addition the Committee was placed ters that set up the ad hoc Committee. the government's inaction led to the in General Election, polarization increased. under the chairmanship of Mary War Further, a provision for setting up a per troduction of two private members bills, Among other developments, this year nock, an Oxford philosopher. manent Standing Committee to monitor one in the Lords and one in the Com saw the formation of the general elec the implementation of the Convention's mons. Both were aimed at prompting tion co-ordinating Committe Campaign proposals has now been deleted, and the the government to action. The stronger The Government Stalls, While the of the two, from the viewpoint of animal for Animal Protection (GECCAP), whose Council of Europe Deliberates Committee has yet to discuss the central sole purpose was "putting animals into issue of control over pain in experimen protection, was the Protection of Animals politics." GECCAP, a committee drawn However, the government has not tal animals. (Scientific Purposes) Bill introduced by from 65 animal welfare bodies under the been quick to act on its pledge to up Given the fact that this Convention Peter Fry (MP). This bill incorporated Chairmanship of Lord Houghton, sought date the law. It first maintained that it if and when it is finally agreed upon- is provisions suggested by the RSPCA. How to obtain commitments from the three could not take such action until the unlikely to contain provisions that will ever, the bill was largely unworkable, al major political parties that they would finalized version of the draft document, please either the scientific community though it could have been improved in take action on animal welfare issues aft European Convention for the Protection or the reform movement, neither side Committee. But the Committee itself er the election. This was a major shift in of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experi sees any reason why the British govern was constituted such that it was inevit strategy: the reform movement had at mental and Other Scientific Purposes, ment should delay any longer in enact able that the bill would never attain a last recognized that animal welfare leg currently being drawn up by an ad hoc ing its own national legislation. Indeed, truly workable form. The bill was conse islation was too complex and too con committee of experts at the Council of both sides have become impatient. The quently withdrawn by Fry while it was troversial to be left to the hazardous Europe in Strasbourg, had become avail reform movement in particular has be still in the Committee stage. process of the private member's bill. able. This Committee had been set up in come skeptical that the government will A more interesting fate befell the It was, perhaps, not the £104,210 1971, after the failure of radical pro honor its election pledge before the dis Laboratory Animals Protection Bill, spent during the campaign, but rather posals set out in Council of Europe Rec solution of the current Pari iament, given which was introduced into the Lords by the collaborative nature of the effort ommendation 621, which were intended the reality that the European Conven Lord Halsbury, President of the Research that led to its success. All three major to promote the humane treatment of labo tion is unlikely to be finalized by then. Defence Society. The aim of this bill was parties did make the requested commit ratory animals and the development of Meanwhile, the activist element of to diffuse some of the heated emotion ment to animal welfare legislation. The "alternative" techniques. the humane movement has gained sup about animals in experiments, by dem Labour Party, in particular, published a The Convention as it is presently port. One example of their growing in onstrating that the scientific community short book, Living Without Cruelty (1978), worded contains proposals for regulating fluence is the success of the campaign was capable of putting its own house in a comprehensive policy statement on the use of laboratory animals that against the Draize test last year, which order. In its original form, its provisions the major animal welfare issues, which should be a part of the national code of was spearheaded in Britain by the grass would not have satisfied even the most was the first clear statement of animal every member country that ratifies it. roots organization Animal Aid. This moderate animal protectionists, but it welfare policy ever made by a British However, the Council of Europe has no group, along with the larger British anti was totally rewritten in a Select Commit political party. The Conservative Party, power of enforcement over the activiti vivisection societies, will not be satis tee of the Lords. This Committee, under subsequently elected, outlined in its ties of its 21 newer member countries. fied with any less-than-radical legisla the very able and unbiased Chairman manifesto a statement of intent to up- Since the governments of many of these tion that simply tightens controls over ship of Lord Ashby, contained among its 127 126 /NT} STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT} STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 J.Hampson Comment J. Hampson Comment

members representatives of both sides The Primary Issues- Is time. A mere cosmetic tinkering with the pain inflicted upon a laboratory animal of the controversy. It included some Compromise Possible? wording of the law is unlikely to satisfy that the researcher would not be prepared distinguished scientists, as well as some anyone at all. to endure himself (Kerr, 1981 ). In 1876, only about 300 experiments disinterested lay members. Making a Limiting Pain in Animal The RSPCA has taken the view that in animals were conducted in Great Brit strong case for reform was Lord Hough Experimentation an essential first step toward dealing ain. In the main, these involved surgical with the problem is identification of the ton, who was by now acclaimed by many Restriction over pain is the most procedures and addressed fundamental specific areas of research that have a as the "Grand Old Man of the animal crucial of the issues under consideration problems in physiology. Today, some 4.5 high probability of involving appreci welfare reform movement." For the other and one of the most difficult to deal to 5 m iII ion experiments are carried out able animal suffering. The Society is cur side, Lord Halsbury advanced an equally with. All the British Animal Welfare each year, and only a fraction of these rently conducting a fact-finding research strong argument for protecting the inter groups, without exception, are unequi entail surgery. Most of the procedures project toward this objective, in co-opera ests of the research community. vocably opposed to the infliction of pain cannot truly be described as "experi tion with research scientists. At the same upon laboratory animals, and CRAE has mental" at all if considered in the light time, the Home Office Advisory Com submitted a proposal for a "No Pain Compromise in Committee of the 1876 Act. One example of this mittee is also looking into this question. Clause" to be introduced into the new type of use of animals occurs in the vast What seems remarkable, given the law. Those campaigning for reform do, field of toxicological testing. The Ethics of justifying apparently polarized viewpoints of its however, recognize the complications of Thus, the two central issues that Experiments in Animals members, is that this Committee, through the issue. For many years the 1876 Act must be considered now are issues that diligent analysis of the issues, was able has incorporated, as an administrative The other principal area of public were far less important in 1876. First, to reach a general consensus. Accompa feature, a Pain Clause that prohibits the concern is that of the justification of there is the question of how much regu nying the 80-page digest of evidence re infliction of any "severe" pain that is animal experiments, many of which are, lation should be placed on the degree of ceived by the Committee was a 26-page "likely to endure." However, these two in any case, carried out with public suffering that can be inflicted in experi report. explaining the evidence and logic definitions must, of necessity, be subjec money and ostensibly in the name of ments. The second question relates to that lay behind the new bill that the tive, although the Home Office has public protection. In recent years many justification of the purposes for which Committee had drafted. maintained that the clause has been work people have become increasingly con experiments are carried out. These issues The significance of the new ap able in the past. cerned about the ethics of certain areas were addressed by CRAE in its memoran proach that is offered in this bill has not But those in the reform movement of research; one particular example in dum submitted to the Lords Select Com been grasped by many of those who are remain unconvinced. They cite, for ex cludes the sorts of studies carried on in mittee, Proposals for Change in the Legis concerned with animal welfare in Brit ample, certain toxicological tests in which the behavioral sciences. And there is no lation Governing the Use of Live Animals ain, but it is certainly germane to the animals do experience, and even die in, onus upon researchers working under in Research, Experiments and Other Lab current situation. The Select Committee, pain that is both severe and enduring. the 1876 Act to justify the value of their oratory Purposes (1979), which summa incorporating as it did a high level of ex The added complication here is that work; this is a feature that the majority rized the main reform proposals as ex pertise from both sides of the issue, rec many of these tests are actually prescribed of the scientific community would un pressing the need to: ognized the impossibility of laying down in safety testing laws and regulations, doubtedly oppose. • Restrict pain a rigid set of rules in the statute. Not on both nationally and internationally. The Lords Select Committee did, • Ensure a substantial reduction in ly would it be impossible for all interest The RSPCA adopts, as part of its however, feel that this problem should the number of animals used ed parties to agree, at a stroke, about policy statement, a stance of total op be addressed, and it suggested that a • Develop and use humane alterna what the specific rules should be, but it position to painful experiments, while at "chain of accountability be established," tive methods of research was also clear that the rules would have the same time taking a pragmatic ap which would stop at the Home Secre • Ensure public accountability. to be flexible enough to accommodate proach to the definition of pain and suf tary. He or she would be required, in the change as new scientific knowledge (for Some animal rights groups cannot fering. The Society recognizes that any annual Report to Parliament, to "justify" example, relating to alternatives) was accept the idea that experimentation definitions of these sorts of terms must licenses granted under the Act. For pur gained. Indeed, the 1876 Act has remain can be effectively controlled by any leg be subjective, but it does not believe poses of setting precedents, a statutory ed workable for 1 OS years only because islative measures. However, CRAE be that it is impossible to establish mean Advisory Committee would be establish the Home Office, in the course of adminis lieves that any new law that might be ingful benchmarks for assessing severity ed, with Statutory duty to keep under tering it throughout changing circum come acceptable to the general public of pain. One animal ethologist has al continuous review the extent to which stances, has stretched its interpretation should at least consider these four issues ready outlined some useful approaches animals are used for scientific work, the of the language of the Act far beyond very seriously and come as close to to the problem (Dawkins, 1981). At are means whereby their use may be limited, what was originally intended when it achieving the goals set out in its Reform cent symposium, a research scientist de the procedures which should be allowed was first drawn up. document as is possible at the present fined as unacceptable any degree of under the Act, and the state of public

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opinion concerning matters which came experimentation can be achieved if gov under the Act. ernment, scientists and the reform groups continue to work together as they have Who Should Be Responsible for for the last 2 years. But if these attempts Unnecessary Suffering: justifying Experiments? fail, the militants can be expected to be The Current Advisory Committee, come more vociferous, polarization will Definition and Evidence in framing its suggestions to the govern deepen, the productive dialogue of the "middle ground" will die, and the goal ment for new legislation, also felt that Frank Hurnik experiments need to be justified, although of workable new legislation will be lost it did not recommend that the Advisory as the controversy becomes increasingly and Committee should be granted executive heated. Hugh Lehman powers, since this move might be prohib References ited by expense. The Committee did, how Although it is possible to formulate stronger moral principles than "animals should ever, draw heavily on the approach al An Act to Amend the Law Relating to not be made to suffer unnecessarily," there are significant grounds for doubting these ready offered by the Lords Select Com Cruelty, Viet. C. 77 1876. stronger principles. But the principle that underlies the dictum regarding unnecessary mittee and concluded- after consider Advisory Committee on Animal Experi suffering is generally recognized as valid, since denial of it implies that we can do what able debate on the matter- that the ments (1981) Report to the Secretary ever we want with animals, a conclusion that is usually considered unacceptable. A public would not be satisfied with any of State on the Framework of Legis determination of whether any particular instance of suffering is necessary or unneces new law that did not put the onus of jus lation to Replace the Cruelty to Ani sary must be based on an analysis of both the seriousness of the purpose of the act tification firmly on the shoulders of those mals Act 1876. that involves pain in animals, and its relative avoidability, as well as more concrete administering the new Act- ultimately, Animal Welfare Parliamentary Group, concerns like costs and availability of resources for a given community. the Home Secretary (Advisory Committee Animal Experimentation Advisory We can conclude, with reasonable certainty, that animals are suffering, by mak on Animal Experiments, 1981 ). Of course, Committee of the RSPCA, and the ing observations of changes in physiological and behavioral factors that are similar to the Home Office will probably be reluc Chairman of Animal Welfare Year, the changes that tell us other humans are in pain. Further, the conclusion that any ani ant to accept this kind of responsibility 1976 (1976) Experiments on Living mal is suffering is sound, according to scientific methodology, because this hypothe readily, and the scientific community Animals: Cruelty to Animals Act sis is usually the best available explanation for the observed alterations in physiology will certainly oppose this measure on 1876. or behavior. the grounds that it will hamper scientific Departmental Committee on Experi Zusammenfassung freedom. ments in Animals (1965). Report. It is a great pity that the more ex HMSO cmnd. 2641, London. Dieser Artikel behandelt die verschiedenen Auslegungen des Prinzips, dass treme animal activists, in criticizing both Dawkins, M.S. (1981) Animal Suffering. man Tiere nicht unnotig leiden lassen darf. Das Prinzip von "unnotigem Leiden" Committees for not going far enough, House of Lords. Report of the Select wird vornehmlich im Zusammenhang mit der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis behandelt, have failed to recognize the significance Committee on the Laboratory Ani ist aber auch fUr viele andere Sachgebiete, die in diesem Artikel nicht zur Sprache of this new approach, since it does at mals Protection Bill EHL. Vol. 1, kommen, von grosser Bedeutung. last provide a mechanism for attaining para. 55. Tiere nicht unnotig leiden zu lassen ist ein weithin anerkanntes und gultiges what the Royal Commission of 1875 Hollands, C. (1981) Compassion is the Prinzip. Die Verleugnung dieses Grundsatzes brachte unannehmbare Folgen mit sought to achieve in drafting its legisla Bugler. Edinburgh, MacDonald, 1981. sich, so konnte z.B. jedermann mit Tieren machen was er will. Als allgemein aner tion, namely, that "the progress of medi Labour Party (1978) Living Without kanntes Prinzip wurde es auch zur ethischen Grundlage fUr viele Gesetze, welche cal knowledge [be] compatible with the Cruelty: Labour's Charter for Animal das Wohl der Tierwelt sicherstellen (Jackson, 1978; Leavitt, 1968). Ein weiter Person just claims of humanity" (Departmental Protection. The Labour Party, Lon enkreis hat strengere ethische Prinzipien befurwortet, z.B. dass Tiere ein Recht auf Committee on Experiments in Animals, don. Freiheit haben oder dass lnteressen der Tiere denen des Menschen nicht nachstehen 1965). Royal Commission on the Practice of und somit gleichermassen berucksichtigt werden mussen (Rachels, 1976; Singer, CRAE has recognized that this goal Subjecting Live Animals to Experi 1975). Es gibt jedoch bedeutende Grunde, solche Stellungnahmen, die sich uber die can only be attained through administra ments (1876) Report. Parliamentary in diesem Artikel besprochenen Prinzipien hinwegsetzen, anzugreifen. Da jedoch tive means and that, at the same time, Papers, 1978 C1397, vol. xli. das Prinzip, so wie es hier vertreten wird, auf keinen ernsthaften Wiederstand stosst any new law must be flexible enough to Ryder, R.D. (1976) Victims of Science. und die Verleugnung desselben weitherum zu Konflikten mit dem Gesetz fuhrt, permit progressive strengthening of its Davis, Poynter. provisions as the need arises. This objec Vines, R.S. (1976) Letter to New Scientist, Dr. Hurnik is Professor in the Department of Animal Science at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. tive of a balanced view toward animal vol. 588, p. 588. Dr. Lehman is Professor of Philosophy at University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.

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bekennen sich die Autoren zum Prinzip, dass man Tiere nicht unnotig leiden lassen necessary and unnecessary suffering? A determination of whether suffer darf. Kl.. d 2. How do we know when an animal ing can be considered necessary or justi In der Meinung der Autoren muss dieses Bekenntnis auf weiterer arung ~r is suffering? fied is clearly related to an examination Behandlung selbst begrundet sein, denn die verschiedenen Auswirkungen/Folgen fur of the purpose for which the suffering in das Tier konnen allein aufgrund des Prinzips nicht festgelegt werd~n. Ob':ohl das Necessary Versus Unnecessary question is caused. Suffering that is Prinzip bereits als Crundlage fur viele Cesetze verwendet wurde, 1st v:en1~ ge:an Suffering brought about merely to gratify the sa d wor en, de n Begriff des "unnotigen Leidens" klarzustellen. Erforderl1ch.d b 1st d eme· distic pleasures of some human being is What is unnecessary suffering? To klare Unterscheidung zwischen notwendigem und unnotigem Le1 en. _A er ~ 1s_t unjustified. Suffering that is unlikely to answer this question, let us consider the noch ein zweites Problem: diese Klarstellung kann nich jene Komplikat1o~en ell~l add significantly to the well-being of the possible connotations of the term "un nieren die sich auch dann ergeben, wenn man unnotiges Leiden verme1den will. human community or to that of animals necessary." An event might be said to be Denn :'unnotiges Leiden" kann nur mit grundlicher Kenntnis uber das Le1den ~er is, for the most part, unjustified. Further necessary if it is the result of causal fac Tiere und wann Tiere leiden verhindert werden. In diesem Artikel werden be1de more, whether suffering is justified is tors over which people have no control. diese Probleme behandelt: clearly related to the avoidability of the Thus, one possible definition of "unnec suffering. In this respect, one of the def 1. Wie unterscheiden wir notiges und unnotiges Leiden? essary suffering" is: 2. Wie wissen wir, wann ein Tier leidet? initions of unnecessary suffering that we rejected above is, in part, on the right • Suffering is unnecessary if it is track. We should not say that suffering avoidable. Another connotation of the Moral Principles and Animals pie under consideration in this paper. was necessary suffering if the purpose term "unnecessary" relates to purpose: However, since the denial of the princi for which the suffering was brought In this paper, we discuss the various an event is unnecessary if it is done ple under consideration here is clearly about was not sufficiently worthwhile, ramifications of the principle that ani invalid and since this principle is not purposefully. Thus, another p~ss'i'b_le or even if the purpose for which the suf mals ought not to be made to suffer un open to serious objections, such as those definition of "unnecessary suffermg 1s: necessarily. While we are primarily con fering was brought about was sufficient that beset the stronger moral principles, • Suffering is unnecessary if it is cerned here with the implications of this ly worthwhile, if it could have been we believe that this principle is true. brought about purposefully. principle for agricultural practices, what achieved without causing suffering to While it is, we believe, reasonable the same extent. Of course, questions we have to say concerning "unnecessary Is either of these two definitions of to affirm the principle that we ought not can be raised concerning the formula suffering" has relevance to many other "unnecessary suffering" acceptable? The to cause animals to suffer unnecessarily, tion of methods for the determination contexts that are not taken up in this answer to this question is, we believe, such affirmation should be conditional and measurement of the importance of paper. negative. Neither of these definitions of upon further elaboration, since the vari human purposes. These questions raise That animals should not be made to "unnecessary suffering" is fully satisfac ous implications of this principle for ac deep issues in regard to theories of ~al suffer unnecessarily is widely recogniz tory. When we say that we ought not to tual treatment of animals are not self ues- issues that cannot be pursued In a ed as a valid moral principle. That this cause unnecessary suffering, we mean evident. Although the principle has al brief paper. It is our view that certain principle is valid may be demonstrated neither that we ought not to cause suf ready been used as the basis for much purposes, such as the provision of ad by the fact that denial of it carries with it fering on purpose nor that we ought not legislation, little has been done to ex equate nourishing food and sa:e. and _ef unacceptable implications: to wit, that a to cause avoidable suffering. A great plicate the concept of "unnecessary suf fective medicines, are of suff1c1ent Im person can do whatever he or she pleases deal of suffering that is both avoidable fering." What is needed is some clarifi portance. Other purposes, such as those with animals. Because of the evident va and purposefully caused is suffering cation on the distinction between neces relating to personal appearance, are lidity of this principle, it has been used that is necessary suffering. A scientist sary and unnecessary suffering. But there more dubious as to their importance, as the ethical basis for many laws that doing research on the effectiveness of is also a second problem: clarification of while still other purposes such as, for ex are intended to protect the welfare of some treatment for a disease may pur this distinction will not eliminate all of ample, the alleviation of a slight in animals (Jackson, 1978; Leavitt, 1968). posefully bring about avoidable suffer the complications involved in the appli convenience concerned with animal care, Some people have advocated stronger ing in some experimental animals, but cation of the principle that we ought not are of no importance. moral principles, for example, that ani such suffering is necessary suffering. We to cause unnecessary suffering, because mals have a right to liberty or that ani do not agree that the scientist ought not In the last paragraph we argued application of the principle requires a mals are entitled to equal consideration to cause such suffering, unless he can that the necessity of some suffering is knowledge about when animals are suf of interests (Rachels, 1976; Singer, 1975). achieve the same research goals in some relative to both the purpose and the fering. In this paper we shall discuss But there are significant grounds for alternative manner, that is, in some man avoidability of the suffering. It is also both of these problems briefly: doubting these sorts of principles ner that causes less suffering or no suf relative to human knowledge, at any grounds that do not extend to the princi- 1. How do we distinguish between fering at all. particular time. This point can be infer- 132 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 133 II' I i

F. Hurnik and H. Lehman- Unnecessary Suffering Original Article F. Hurnik and H. Lehman- Unnecessary Suffering Original Article

red from the points made in the last par fering should not be accepted. Such ask such a person to tell us how he plained by the hypothesis that the ani agraph. Some suffering may be avoid practices include improper handling and knows that human beings suffer; that is, mal in question is suffering from some able only if human beings know how to care of animals, inadequate nutrition, we might ask him to describe the evi unpleasant stimulus or painful state. take steps to avoid it. Thus, advances in reduction in space to unreasonably dence available to him which supports We have argued above that we ar knowledge or technology may have im small amounts, and failure to allow for his contention that human beings suffer. rive at a determination that animals are plications concerning what kinds and the expression of genetically condition Since we are discussing the ways by suffering pain because this hypothesis is degrees of suffering are necessary. Even ed behavioral propensities. which he comes to know that humans essential for formulating the best avail though suffering of farm animals from We might summarize this part of other than himself do sometimes suffer, able explanation for observable animal certain diseases was unavoidable in ear our discussion in the following way: he cannot say that he has this knowl behavior. We have essentially the same lier times, such suffering is, in many edge because he himself can feel the ac type of evidence for the existence of Suffering of animals is unnecessary cases, avoidable today. Some people tual pain of others. other psychological states in animals. suffering if it is not essential for pur may try to justify the suffering of farm At this point there are several For example, observations of escape re poses of sufficient importance or if animals in modern times under certain courses of argument that he might adopt, actions are evidence of fear. Now, it is it could be avoided by adopting al conditions by asserting that such ani and a full discussion of this issue would most important to note that our evi ternative practices that would achieve mals have always suffered under those require a lengthy treatise and is there dence for such psychological states as the same important purposes, but conditions. But this proffered justifica fore inappropriate in this context. In our fear, boredom, or pain is not fallacious would result in less suffering, pro tion is often unacceptable. view, the consequence of such a discus anthropomorphic reasoning. The evi viding that such alternative prac sion would be that we know that human dence that we have that an animal is Suffering and the Cost of tices were not too expensive for the beings are sometimes in pain, because afraid or in pain does not consist of dub Alleviating It community in question to bear. the hypothesis that they are in pain is ious analogies to human behavior. For It is, perhaps, less apparent that Identifying Suffering in Animals the best explanation that we can offer example, what grounds are available to whether or not suffering is necessary, it for certain kinds of behavior that we ob support the contention that a sheep is related to costs and available re Let us now turn to the other prob serve. For example, in most cases, the which sees or smells a wolf feels afraid? sources. Nonetheless, this is in fact the lem that arises if we try to apply the best explanation that we have of limping We do not say that we know that the case. Even in instances in which the moral principle under consideration. If behavior in a human being is that the sheep is afraid because when human be knowledge required to alleviate animal we are to avoid unnecessary suffering, person who is limping has a pain in his ings are in contact with wolves they feel suffering is available to a community, it we must know what conditions lead to leg or foot. afraid. Such reasoning would be fallaci may be too expensive for the people in animal suffering. How do we know when Furthermore, we can make the same ous and might lead to absurd conclu that community to apply such knowl animals are suffering? Some people may types of observations on other animals sions. Rather, the evidence that the edge and thereby reduce animal suffer maintain that we don't know that farm in pain as we do in the case of other sheep feels fear in the vicinity of the ing. In a poor society, where the people animals ever suffer. While this is an ex human beings. For example, if we see an wolf includes observations of physiolog have barely enough resources to pro treme position to which few people ac animal standing on three legs, the best ical and behavioral factors, as well as duce what is necessary for food, cloth tually subscribe, it may be instructive to explanation we may have of this behav the consideration that fear appears to ing, and shelter, any expense to reduce consider what steps one might take in ior is that the animal is doing this to make a significant contribution to the suffering of farm animals that is not ful the attempt to persuade such a person avoid the pain that it feels when it puts animal's chance of survival. While it ly compensated by increases in produc that his position is mistaken. With this in some weight on its fourth limb. Our might be suggested that we don't need tivity of food would be too costly to mind, one might start by asking such a theory that there is pain in the animal's the hypothesis that the animal feels fear bear. By contrast, for a community that person whether he believes that human limb rests essentially on the same type in order to explain the animal's behavior produces surplus food relatively inex beings other than himself can suffer? If of evidence as our knowledge of the in the presence of the wolf- that such pensively, certain increases in cost pro he answers this question in the negative, pain in another person's leg. According an explanation can be given without ref duction can be accepted, even though then we can dismiss his view as absurd. to circumstances and the type of animal erence to the animal's mental state, we such increases do not yield increased Possibly there is nothing that we can do in question, observations of such behav believe that this suggestion is superfici productivity, providing that such in to convince him that his view is mistak iors as rigid posture, limited use of a part al. To see that this is so, we ask the read creases really do reflect a reduction in en, but there is I ittle danger that very of the body, changed level of alertness, er to try to describe and explain the suffering in animals. In modern in many other people will ever agree with alteration of such factors as respiratory sheep's behavior in a useful way without dustrialized societies, where the cost of him. Let us assume, then, that we are rate, heart rate or body temperature, dis using terminology that carries some im food represents a relatively small frac conversing with a person who agrees organized behavior, vocalization, in plications concerning the sheep's men tion of the income of the community, that other human beings suffer, but tense homotopic investigation, etc., are tal state. We believe that reference to certain practices that cause animal suf- doubts that animals suffer. We might observable behaviors that are best ex- the animal's fear is warranted because

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the best available descriptions and ex We have good scientific evidence that producer is an insensitive person. Some References planations of the sheep's observable be injured or diseased animals suffer pain animal welfarists have made such criti Jackson, W.T. (1978) Laws and other meas havior make reference to its fear. Rea and, similarly, we have, in some cases, cisms, but we do not believe such char ures for protection and humane soning in this way is in accord with good scientific evidence that animals acter assassination of those engaged in treatment of livestock. In Proceed sound canons of scientific method; it is suffer fear or boredom. Such evidence animal agriculture is justified. However, ings of the World Congress on Etholo not anthropomorphic. may not amount to absolute certainty, agriculturists are incorrect if they be gy Applied to Zootechnics, Madrid. We have argued that we have me but that sort of certainty is rarely, if lieve that there can be no legitimate crit Leavitt, E. (1968) Animals and Their Legal thodologically sound scientific evidence ever, attained in scientific studies. icisms of agricultural practices from a Rights. Animal Welfare Institute. for the existence of mental states in ani moral point of view, or that the critics of The Issue of Intensive Agriculture Rachels, J. (1976) Do animals have a mals. This point may be illustrated fur agricultural practices are doing nothing ther with another example. Let us ask, Prior to concluding this paper, we more than making unfounded vicious at right to liberty? In Animal Rights What grounds support the contention wish to raise two further points. First, it tacks against the character of those who and Human Obligations. Edited by Tom Regan and Peter Singer. Pren that a pregnant sow that is denied the is fashionable these days to direct criti are engaged in production of food. opportunity to make some sort of nest cism toward intensive methods of ani tice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. with straw or some other material suf mal agriculture. But the type of question Singer, P. (1975) Animal Liberation: A fers to some degree from the frustration we have been considering, namely, wheth New Ethics for Our Treatment of An of what is, for pigs, a natural instinct. er some agricultural practices cause un imals. Jonathan Cape, London. Again, no support for this contention is necessary suffering, is of much broader derived from alleged similarities with relevance, because criticisms based on human behavior. Rather, we observe the the principle of avoiding such suffering sow's behavior. Such observation will are also applicable to non-intensive Striving for Common Ground: support the above contention: Many sows methods of animal agriculture. For ex that are close to parturition and lack ample, one might consider chickens raised Humane and Scientific nest-building material will investigate in "free-range" conditions. In such con the floor and engage in what may be de ditions, the birds might regularly suffer Considerations in Contemporary scribed as "vacuum" nest building with from harsh weather, predators, high inci their heads, that is to say, they engage in dence of parasites, infections transfer Wildlife Management a sort of pantomime of nest building. red from wild animals, etc. Also, in free Some pigs in that condition also show in range conditions, disease prevention and creased stereotypy and bar-biting. Such precise medication are difficult to at Stephen R. Kellert behavior may be a consequence of labor tain. Given our capability to reduce or pain, but may also be indicative of a eliminate such forms of suffering, we Although there is a diversity of opinion about how to view the relationship be state of frustration associated with the may well ask whether animals raised in tween humans and wildlife, recent political pressures from the current administration absence of nesting material. free-range conditions are suffering un make it mandatory that these diverse groups coalesce to use their combined leverage Someone may criticize the remarks necessarily. It is not at all clear that the to halt the planned incursions into the remaining habitats of wildlife. It is also impor that we have made here by claiming that extent or intensity of suffering of birds tant to begin to see nature as a complex and interrelated whole, and to respect the in the evidence that we have concerning the raised on a "free range" is less than any tegrity of that whole, rather than simply select individual species for affection and suffering of the sow, etc., does not con discomfort that the birds suffer when protection. stitute proof that the animals in question raised in cages. Zusammenfassung are suffering. This objection reflects a Second, in raising the issue of wheth type of skepticism that is legitimate in er some agricultural practices cause un Obwohl verschiedene Meinungen Uber die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und many cases. We must be ready to admit, necessary suffering, we are not impugn wilder Fauna bestehen, wird es durch den jUngsten, von der gegenwartigen US Re with respect to many claims such as ing the motives of the producer who has gierung ausgehenden politischen Druck unumganglich, dass sich aile noch so ver those illustrated above, that we may be employed such practices- he or she is schiedenen Gruppen zusammenschliessen, um gemeinsam den Hebel anzusetzen, mistaken; to be rigidly dogmatic about not deliberately cruel. In saying that a our contention would be unscientific. particular practice causes unnecessary Dr. Kellert is Associate Professor in The School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New But, to deny or doubt conclusions that suffering, we are not saying that the Haven, CT. The following are the opening remarks at a symposium on "Wildlife Management in the United are supported by good scientific reason practice was introduced merely to cause States: Scientific and Humane Issues in Conservation Programs," The Institute for the Study of Animal Prob ing is also faulty scientific methodology. suffering and we are not saying that the lems, St. Louis, MO, October 14, 1981.

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der die geplanten Eingriffe in den fi.ir wilde Tiere verbleibenden Lebensraum aufhal front the increasingly polarizing and in considerations. However, we will need ten kann. Es ist auch dringend notwendig, die Naturals ein komplexes und in sich sidious tendencies of the current admin to move beyond simple affection for an verkni.ipftes Ganzes zu betrachten und die Integritat dieser Einheit zu respektieren, istration. It is clearly the moment for imals to a broader ecological apprecia bevor man einzelne auserwahlte Tiergattungen zum Schatzen und Schi.itzen heraus coordinating scarce resources, energies tion of species in relation to their land greift. and enthusiasms, rather than dissipating base. As Joseph Wood Krutch (1970) once them on internal quarreling and bitter remarked, "Love is not enough." Instead, dramatic illustration of what could be The Mixed Bag of Opinions About divisiveness. Together, humanitarians, we will have to promote an empathy, accomplished when differences from Wildlife Conservation scientists, managers, sportsmen, bird not just for individual animals, but also within were set aside in the interest of It has been said some people can watchers and other wildlife groups can for species and their interconnectedness. meaningfully confronting much larger find more to disagree about on the head begin the uphill struggle to defend and As Roger Tory Peterson (1981) once and more ominous forces from without. of a pin than in the entire knitting bas preserve our common and precarious remarked, people once thought of the In his excellent doctoral dissertation, ket, let alone in the garment being knit natural heritage. universe as an intricate, delicate clock "The Struggle for Wildlife Protection in ted. This expression may describe the Fortunately, there are a number of work, the handiwork of a loving God. In the United States: Attitudes and Events field of wildlife conservation and man areas of mutal concern where the per such an analogy, the living species were Leading to the Lacey Act," Theodore agement today. One need not look far spectives and interests of these diverse the component parts of the system. Love Whalley Cart (1971) described a time before division, disagreement, and dis constituencies can converge. Among the for animals was not the essential ingre when scientists, humanitarians and sension become all too apparent. We most important of these is the "non dient in this understanding but rather, sportsmen worked in successful concert are a field marked by a dissipation of game" area, where all wildlife- game respect, awe, and an affinity for the to halt the butchery and profligacy in energies and purpose, by controversy, and non-game, vertebrate and inverte whole as something as precious as its volved in market hunting and the mass and by misleading and counterproduc brate, native and exotic- can become constituent parts. Similarly, a sense of killing of birds for the millinery trade tive stereotypes and dis! ikes. Despite the focus of concern as components of the ~eauty and the aesthetic qualities of during the latter nineteenth century. The this divisiveness, the context in which the overall ecosystem. Perhaps the most animals was considered not so impor slaughter of the buffalo and decimation we operate is characterized by two obvi critical addition to such an expanded tant as a feeling for the immense com of song, shore, and seabird populations ous facts. First, as a proportion of the wildlife program is the most imperiled plexity and intricacy of the overall galvanized these disparate wildlife con American population, relatively few part of the system, the threatened and system. Most of all, an appreciation of stituencies, whose combined efforts re the need to save the various functioning people care deeply about the welfare of endangered species. Relatedly, increased sulted in America's first Federal legisla elements was based not just on an ethic wildlife and the well-being of our natu attention will have to be aimed at there tion to protect wildlife. As Cart noted, tention and acquisition of critical habi of short-term self-interest, but on a ral environment. Second, we are faced, "the factors that caused natural scien tat basic to the continued vitality of visceral knowledge that the well-being as perhaps at no time since the nine tists, sportsmen and [humanitarians] to wildlife populations. of animals was in some way ultimately teenth century, with obstacles and forces join in supporting the Lacey bill stemmed, Concerning the issue of harvest and related to the long-run survival of man. bent on setting back the apparatus and in part, from the distinct interests of control of animals, inevitable differ In our time, Aldo Leopold (1968) best ar public support that have been erected each group. [Nevertheless,] common to ences will arise among the views of man ticulated this perspective, a glimmer of to protect, preserve and intelligently all was the mounting and fearful realiza agers and humanitarians. Nevertheless, which he provided us in his classic, Sand manage wildlife and the natural world. tion that further indulgence of pioneer all can strive toward the practice of hu County Almanac. He remarked: In other words, we are confronted with a attitudes toward the use of wild animals mane and compassionate treatment of situation demanding now, more than in would lead shortly to the extinction of animals. In this regard, managers, hu Our ability to perceive quality in na recent memory, the need for coopera many species- wildlife was in danger." manitarians, and scientists can seek to ture begins, as in art, with the pretty. tion, common ground, and mutuality of define norms and establish procedures It expands through successive stages purpose. Political Pressures Aimed Against of the beautiful to values as yet un For those who suggest that varia for less painful capture devices, for sen Wildlife sibly and kindly removing excess ani captured by language. The quality tions in ideals and intentions among re mals, and for instituting animal control of cranes, Iies, I think, in this higher source managers and humanitarians make And, in my opinion, given the pres practices that focus on the offending an gamut .... When we hear his call we cooperative interaction impossible, I ent sociopolitical and economic cli imal, rather than on the entire species. hear no mere bird. We hear the trum would suggest that a closer look at the mate, wildlife is again in danger. More pet in the orchestra of evolution. He historical record indicates otherwise. In than at any time since that period, it be Certainly, the bottom line in this at is the symbol of our untamable past, deed, the origin of natural wildlife pro hooves us to set aside erroneous charac tempt to find common ground will be of that incredible sweep of millenia tection- marked by the passage of the terizations of managers, nature lovers, the fundamental search for an ethic of which underlies and conditions the Lacey Act in 1900- provided us with a humanitarians, and sportsmen to con- the land and its living components that embraces both scientific and humane daily affairs of birds [as well as] men. /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 138 /NT 1 STUD ANJM PROB 3(2) 1982 139 S.R. Kellert- Wildlife Management Review Article S.R. Kellert- Wildlife Management Review Article

S.R. Kellert- Wildlife Management Review Article E.E. Langenau-Bureaucracy and Wildlife Review Article

References Books, New York, NY. Introduction county, township, and city programs for Leopold, A. (1968) Sand County Alma wildlife conservation, allow us to esti Cart, T.W. (1971) The Struggle for Wild In order to engage in any meaning nac. Oxford University Press, New mate that nearly $1 billion is spent each life Protection in the United States, ful discussion about wildlife issues in York, NY. year by Government on wildlife programs 1870-1900: Attitudes and Events Lead the United States, it is helpful to have Peterson, R.T. (1981) New wildlife unit in the United States. ing to the Lacey Act. University Mi some understanding of the history of Gov faces many obstacles, New York The purpose of this paper is to trace crofilms, Ann Arbor, MI. ernment's role in wildlife matters. This is Times, September 27, 1981. the historical development of this size Krutch, J.W. (1970) The Best Nature Writ because wildlife conservation in this able bureaucracy, to examine the relation ing of joseph Wood Krutch. Pocket country has been strongly affected by ship between public behavior and Govern governmental policy and action. Wild ment response, and to analyze the essen life in the United States is considered as tial nature of wildlife-related bureaucracy a public matter (or "good"), like national in relation to theories of public adminis defense and public education. Wildlife tration. This analysis should provide us benefits and conservation programs are Bureaucracy and Wildlife: with a better appreciation of the tension distributed throughout the political sys between the biological and political di tem by legislative mandate in accor A Historical Overview mensions of current wildlife conservation dance with the demands of voters and decisions. It will also be helpful in under interest groups. As a result, a bald eagle standing the inherent dilemma of Govern nesting in a Michigan white pine belongs ment in trying to, on the one hand, re Edward E. Langenau, Jr. equally as well to a textile worker in spond to the will of the people while at South Carolina, a Senator in Oregon, the same time ensuring sufficient con and an automaker in Detroit. This paper provides a framework for understanding the Government's position tinuity of policy regarding the enhance However, wildlife is considered a on many wildlife topics, including humane ethics. The historical role of Government ment of wildlife resources. This perspec private good in many nations; govern in wildlife conservation is traced in relation to pertinent theories of bureaucracy. It is ive should also be useful in identifying ment in these countries assumes quite shown that Government involvement in wildlife conservation increased through suc the channels that have been used success different roles in this regard. Discussion cessive stages of change because of interest group activity. fully throughout history to create social These periods of increased Government involvement in wildlife matters are of wildlife issues in these nations there change. fore requires less knowledge of govern shown to have followed periods of resource exploitation. Recurrent cycles of exploita Colonial Customs tion, accompanied by economic prosperity, have then been followed by attitudes fav ment and history. Wildlife benefits are orable to conservation and political activism. This, in turn, has produced periods of distributed throughout their economic The early explorers and colonists backlash when the public rejected Government regulation, which has then caused an systems according to the laws of supply who arrived in this country found wild other period of exploitation. and demand, and wildlife, like timber life to be abundant. Their initial period However, the process of Government regulation works such that the losses dur and livestock, is assumed to belong to of hardship and starvation here has been ing the periods of backlash have been of far lesser magnitude than the amount of per private landowners. attributed to a lack of knowledge rather manent change introduced during major increments in growth of regulation. This paper The public nature of policy toward than to a shortage of available game shows that most of the permanent change in Government has been institutionalized wildlife in the United States has created (Graham, 1947). Many of the English and through the creation of new staff within agencies who represent the position of in the need for a sizeable bureaucracy. The Dutch commoners had no experience in terest groups on various issues. Direct communication between these internal staffs Wildlife Management Institute reported hunting and fishing, since these were and their associated interest groups, special-purpose legislative appropriation, and that in 1979, wildlife budgets were $40 privileges of the ruling classes in Europe. advisory commissions, have given these organizations the appearance of indepen million for the U.S. Forest Service, $17 With experience, and with assistance of dent regulatory agencies. This system has tended to produce a tension between the million for the Bureau of Land Manage the Indians, the colonists soon developed old and new roles of Government in wildlife conservation and has increased agency ment, and $289.5 million for the U.S. Fish a number of customs regarding the prop reliance on regulatory rules for making decisions. and Wildlife Service. Hunting license er relationship of humans to wildlife. revenues totaled $199 million for the 50 Not all of these customs reflected States, and $94 million was available to Dr. Langenau is a wildlife research biologist at the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Rose Lake much sophistication about biological Wildlife Research Center, 8562 East Stoll Road, East Lansing, Ml 48823. Portions of this paper were pre the States from Federal excise taxes on facts. For example, Trefethen (1964) dis sented at a symposium entitled "Wildlife Management in the United States: Scientific and Humane Issues ammunition and firearms. These dollar cussed colonial attitudes toward preda in Conservation Programs." This symposium was held in St. Louis, MO at the Annual Meeting of The Hu amounts, in addition to those that are tors. He argued that the English settlers, mane Society of the United States on October 14, 1981. not reported for other Federal, State, unlike the French in Canada who adapted

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their society to wilderness conditions, statements of consensus about values of furs in Europe. After considerable tween Indians and settlers, and colonial tried instead to replace the wilderness concerning wildlife that reflected cer controversy, the Proclamation of 1696 domination by European powers. Unlike the earlier period, a significant amount with a village "landscape of spired towns tain elements in the Puritan ethic. called for the withdrawal of western of public resentment and resistance was and cleared land filled with cattle and posts back to the area around the St. associated with this new legislation. sheep." At that time, many colonial laws Western Exploration Lawrence, a recall of all soldiers and set tlers back from the West, and severe re Some of this resentment coalesced into and customs were based on reducing the Expansion westward was motivated, threat of predators, especially the timber strictions on the fur trade of the coureurs the fervor for independence that even in part, by a search for water routes and de bois. However, part of the rationale tually led to the American Revolution. wolf. Bounties were paid for the scalps precious metals, political conflict over behind this proclamation can be attrib of predators, as early as 1629 (Kellert Eastern Exploitation American land among several interested uted to an oversupply of beaver pelts, and Westervelt, 1981 ). Colonists were European powers, and by missionary at which had seriously depressed prices. One of the first jobs of the new Fed often required to tend wolf pits, set out tempts to convert the Indians. However, The fur market gradually recovered eral Government after the end of the Re poison, and participate in wolf-killing the primary motive was interest in furs. from the French attempts at control of volutionary War was to decide upon the drives. Virginia established a tax on In The history of colonization has shown exports from America. As it did, the Brit disposition of land claims in the West dian tribes, calculated according to the that most development involved the ex ish expanded south and west from their that had been made by the original col number of available hunters, which was port of luxury items for waiting markets former center of trade, the Hudson Bay onies. Six of the original States, led by to be paid in wolf scalps to the colonial in Europe. In a sense, then, it was aristo area. Vast areas of land in the West were Maryland, had no western land claims Government (Trefethen, 1964). crats in Europe who created a significant conveyed to the British colonies by char and refused to ratify the 1778 Articles of Although many rules were passed be demand for western exploration in Ameri ter from the Crown of England. This Confederation, unless the other States fore 1677, this year is normally cited as ca. Pelts of bear, elk, deer, martin, rac caused a series of intense wars between relinquished their rights to western land. the date when the first game law was coon, mink, muskrat, opossum, lynx, wolf, the French and British for control of the Various proposals were debated; it was passed (Palmer, 1912). At that time, Con and fox were shipped to Europe in great interior fur trade. The British were vic finally resolved that these lands would necticut limited the number of months quantity. But the most important fur was torious; at the Peace of Paris in 1763 remain as a public domain that was owned during which deer could be taken and the beaver pelt, which was used for the they received all of the former French by the United States as a whole. Accord also prohibited the export of game meat broad-brimmed hats that were fashion territory east of the Mississippi. Spain ing to the subsequent land ordinance of and hides. Certain methods of hunting able in the late 1600's and early 1700's. was given New Orleans, as well as all 1785, these lands would be surveyed and were also prohibited, first by Maryland Beaver and otter pelts were shipped from former French land west of the Mississippi. sold to the public with the revenue used in 1730: it was made illegal to hunt deer the colonies to Europe as early as 1621 British policy after the wars was for to support the activities of the Federal by firelight. Many colonies prohibited (Trefethen, 1964). mulated to keep the Indians contented: Government. hunting on Sunday. Uniform fines were Much of the fur trade had a direct like the French, an attempt was made by This concept about the role of the also passed for violations; for example, a economic impact on the governments of the English to restrict western encroach early Government is consistent with the fine of 5 British pounds was associated Europe. It was common practice at the ment of white settlers onto Indian lands. thinking of our founding fathers (Fiader, with violating the 1646 law in Portsmouth. time for rulers to sell monopolistic fur Therefore, the Proclamation of 1763 re 1976). They saw land management as an Half of this fine went to the person making rights to trading companies, in exchange stricted settlers from going west of the enterprise for private citizens, not as an the arrest and half to the town treasury. for flat payments of substantial size. In Alleghenies, and British officials were appropriate function of government. By 1720, nearly all of the colonies turn, the fur companies established trad appointed to regulate fur prices to make Policies related to the transfer of land had some type of game law in force. Ac ing posts in their assigned regions, to buy sure that Indians were not cheated. Ali previously held in the public domain to cording to British mandate, each town pelts from Indians and from unlicensed censing system was imposed on fur trad individuals reflected John Locke's posi was to appoint local individuals as "in fur dealers, the "coureurs de bois." ers, and the Proclamation nullified many tion that government should work to se formers of the deer." These were later These white men often lived with the In cure human rights and Thomas Jeffer denoted as "deer wardens" in 1739 in land claims of the colonies in the West. dians, had Indian wives, and blatantly ig Government activities, as these re son's concept that government should Massachusetts, and then as "deer reeves" nored the assignments of monopolistic lated to wildlife matters during western foster the pursuit of individual happi in 1764. These early laws were passed trapping rights to trading companies. exploration, were rarely concerned about ness. Land was seen as a means of ensur with little political initiative and were the conservation of resources or social ing both individual self-sufficiency and met with limited resistance from the Government intervention during values, in contrast to the wildlife protec personal freedom. The assumption behind public, since they were designed to re these times was quite complex. French tionist measures introduced in early col this policy was that husbandry of re strict only the most flagrant of outcasts, policies vacillated between westward sources could be accomplished by ap who were thought to pose a threat to the expansion of fur trading posts and pro onial times. Wildlife legislation was now plying discernible natural laws to manip food supply of early settlements. But tection of permanent settlements along based on competition for profits, control ulation of the environment. more important, these laws constituted the St. Lawrence, depending on the price of economic prices, relationships be- tNT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 143 142 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 !II II

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These attitudes had three immediate resources in the several eastern States when railroads reached the West and pop ed (Trefethen, 1964; Allen, 1954). consequences. First, there was serious were introduced. Many laws were passed ulation increased, game prices rose and The passenger pigeon and bison were concern over the exact description of to restrict the length of hunting seasons attracted eastern hunters and entrepren not the only species to be affected by natural laws, because Jefferson, Madi (Palmer, 1912). For example, Massachu eurs. In the late 1880's, railroads going market hunting. In the early 1890's, rail son, Franklin, and others were actively setts established hunting seasons for east carried large amounts of game meat road stations in North Dakota were I ined involved in interpreting the results of snipe in 1818, New Jersey for rabbits in and hides. with ducks, and it was not unusual to see their own formal experiments on logging, 1820, and New Hampshire (in 1821) for The effects of this market hunting carloads of spoiled birds dumped in warm plowing, fertilizing, and crop rotation to beaver, mink, and otter. Maine established industry, and the corresponding public weather (Gustafson eta/., 1940). In addi maintain soil values. Next, there was a a moose hunting season in 1830, Penn feeling that wildlife supplies were vir tion to waterfowl, there was a significant rapid acquisition of land in the West; sylvania set a season on squirrels in tually unlimited, are now legendary. The market for deer, rabbits, antelope, and this land was subsequently transferred 1841, and the hunting of screech owls passenger pigeon, whose population had elk. A large trade in women's millinery to individuals. The Government also ac was regulated in New Jersey in 1850. been estimated at 10 billion in 1840, was also developed a market for the nuptial quired a vast amount of land between This trend toward protection was exterminated. Hunters shot indiscrimi plume feathers of herons, and ornamen 1803 and 1853 by the Lou is ian a Purchase, associated with an increased public con nately into flocks so large they darkened tal quills and breast feathers of pelicans, the conquest of Mexico, the treaty with cern about natural resources. It also co the sky- in one case, a single flock con gulls, egrets, and grebes. These "plume England, and by accessions from Spain, incided with the advent of special-inter tained over 2 million birds. A more ef birds" nested in colonies, and large num Texas, and Mexico. The U.S. Government est groups. During the 1840's, a wave of fective method for market hunters was bers were killed on their breeding grounds. had wanted much of this land because of reforming zeal swept across the United to build smudge fires in the birds' roosts. certain ancillary goals, such as control States. This was influenced by "Jackson Nestlings, prized as squab, were thereby Public Involvement of harbors and ports, railroad construc ian Democracy," which called for greater suffocated; blinded adults were driven tion, and protection of the fur trade. The public participation in Government. As out of roosts and caught in large nets. By The early sportsmen's groups, formed Government attached no great value to pects of this new fervor included the 1890 the species was nearly extinct. To a during the 1840's, expanded in size and the land itself and only promoted west movement to abolish slavery, an anti-Cath great extent, the demise of this species number as a response to the growth in ern expansion because it had an excess olic movement, the Temperance crusade, was caused by overhunting, but extensive market hunting. By 1900, there were 374 of land- which might as well be sold and a concern about women's rights. depletion of the hardwoods, on which it of these groups in the United States. Sci and a shortage of cash. The third effect About this time, wildlife issues also depended for acorns, also contributed entists concerned with the effects of ex was that the emphasis on productivity began to receive attention. The earliest to its inability to survive. The last pas ploitation also organized into groups, and manipulation of land encouraged un wildlife group, the New York Associa senger pigeon in existence died on Sep for example, the American Fish Culturist's checked exploitation of natural resources tion for the Protection of Game, was tember 1, 1914 in the Cincinnati Zoo Association (1870) and the American Or (Fiader, 1976). organized in 1844. This, and other wild logical Garden (Trefethen, 1964; nithological Union (1883). The American The eastern states were the first to life interest groups, assumed "quasi Schoger, 1955). Humane Association, a national federa suffer serious abuses of natural resources. police powers" (Trefethen, 1961) and made The bison is another well-known tion of humane societies, was formed in There was overgrazing of ranges, indis legislative recommendations directly to victim of resource exploitation. It was 1877 and supported the protection of criminate exploitation of minerals, high the States. doomed by the advent of the railroad, plume birds that was then being pro grading of timber, and various practices which effectively divided the total herd moted by actress Minnie M. Fiske, the that led to soil erosion. No controls on Western Exploitation into two populations, northern and south AOU, and the New York Zoological Soci exploitation of this type had been part ern, and also provided ready access for ety. Many Audubon societies, preserva During the mid-1800's, there were tion groups, and horticulture associa of the colonial customs (as compared with bison products to distant markets. Buf conflicting trends: resources were begin falo were slaughtered by the millions by tions were also formed during this peri concerns about wildlife, as noted above); ning to be protected in the East, while men who considered a take of 50 a day od; the American Forestry Association nor had settlement laws been used to exploitation continued in the West. This appeared in 1875 and the Sierra Club control the fur take or fur prices during to be a poor average. Often, only the resulted in the advent of a major indus was established in 1892. the periods of French and British rule. tongues and hide were actually used. In try- market hunting- which began in 1872 and 1873 the railroads originating In addition to the appeals by such 1850 and peaked in the 1880's. Game Eastern Protectionism in Kansas shipped 1,250,000 hides to east formal organizations for regulation of re meat taken by professional hunters who ern tanneries; in 1882 the Northern Paci source abuse, the general public was be Soon, however, citizens began to ·had given up farming and ranching was fic Railroad alone shipped 200,000 buf coming aware of some of the scientific realize the effects of abuse of resources sold in western markets. The Civil War falo hides. By 1880 the huge herds had and esthetic issues entailed in wildlife and reduction of wildlife population, helped the industry by creating a market essentially disappeared and the prairie conservation. Henry William Herbert, writ and new measures for protection of these for game meat to feed both armies. Then, landscape of the bison was forever alter- ing under the pen name of Frank Foster,

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reached millions of Americans with the landowner's property had proportionately ganized during the same time period as activity by interest groups after the crea message that wildlife should be used for less public land at the time when their the wildlife agencies. It proposes that tion of new agencies. As a result, the recreation and not for commerce. The wildlife legislation was first being for there is a series of stages through which market hunting industry was virtually public was also becoming acquainted mulated. regulatory agencies pass until they destroyed. The interest groups, and not with the works of Audubon. Wilson. and The first professional officials for reach their final end-point- obsoles industry, had captured the agencies. The public discontent that resulted enforcing wildlife legislation appeared cence. Initially, there is some sort of This was best evidenced by the appoint from these new ideas produced a flurry during this period. Before this time, ear publicly expressed disagreement with an ment of Major W.A. Wadsworth, presi of Government activity. The game pro ly game laws had been enforced by local industry. People then become organized dent of the Boone and Crockett Club, as tection trend moved westward: Wiscon police officers, who received part of and present their concerns about the director of New York Fish and Game sin established a hunting season for their salaries from fines, or by political problem to legislators. The usual legis Commission. The subsequent "wedding" prairie chickens in 1851, California for appointees, such as the deer wardens in lative response is to create an indepen of Government and sportsmen in 1900, elk in 1852, and Idaho for bison in 1864. Massachusetts (1739). These new profes dent agency, outside the executive when Teddy Roosevelt became govern The first law on a bag limit, which re sionals were first seen in 1887, when branch of Government, to deal with the or of New York, laid the foundation for stricts the number of animals taken per Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin problem. After the agency has been set control of Government by interest groups day, was passed by Iowa in 1878. Some created full-time salaried positions. The up, public interest in the issues tends to (Trefethen, 1961 ). legislation was also enacted at the State appropriate State agencies were corre become less intense. The legislature Stigler (1971 ), in arguing against Bern level concerning non-game birds (Palmer, spondingly structured so as to provide then reduces the amount of financial stein's theory on the independence of 1902). In 1850, both Connecticut and enforcement powers for regulation. support given the agency, in accordance regulatory agencies, suggested that in New Jersey passed laws making it illegal Public involvement in the politics with waning public interest. At the same dustry actively seeks Government regu to kill insectivorous birds. Other States of resource management also made a time, the regulated industry will have lation for four basic reasons: (1) to con followed, with laws aimed at protection significant impact on the Federal Gov spent a considerable sum to influence trol entry of new firms, (2) to reduce ef of "songbirds" or "harmless" birds. ernment. In 1871, Congress created the the newly created agency. In the pro fects of market substitutes, (3) to gene Plume birds and seabirds were first pro U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries. cess, the agency comes to depend upon rate direct subsidies, and (4) to have tected by Florida in 1877, and in 1897 The Timber Culture Act of 1873 gave the industry it was created to regulate price controls enforced by coercive California made it illegal to possess, or homestead owners an additional 160 and thereby becomes "captured." With power. Applying Stigler's approach to wear, the plumage or skin of several birds. acres, if they agreed to plant and cul time, the industry finds that it no longer the area of wildlife concerns, and as State governments also responded tivate 40 acres of trees over a period of needs the agency and reduces its sup suming that interest groups also seek to this new public demand by establish 10 years. The combined efforts of wild port; soon, the regulatory agency is regulation, four parallel effects can be ing special agencies to consider fish and life-oriented humanists, scientists, hunt dissolved. generated. Interest groups would desire game matters. The first State Fish and ing groups, legislators, and Government The historical development of wild regulation so that the entry of other in Game Commissions were created in New officials culminated in the Lacey Act of life management agencies fits only the terest groups into the political arena Hampshire and California during 1878. 1900, which prohibited interstate traffic first part of this model. A large number could be controlled by the agency. Sub The right of the States to enact their own in birds killed in violation of State law. of interest groups were attempting to re stitute land-use products, like timber separate legislation on wildlife, how Many States had by that time passed duce the volume of market hunting, which and agricultural goods, would have re ever, did not go unchallenged. But in laws for protection of wildlife, but these was a powerful industry in the 1880's. duced value. Regulation might also be 1896, a U.S. Supreme Court case, Geer were being openly violated by market Disagreement on this specific issue was sought so that non-wildlife interests vs. Connecticut (161 U.S. 569), upheld hunting industries. The Lacey Act brought expressed to legislators as one element would subsidize wildlife agencies. Final the authority of States in this area. The an end to this era, destroyed the market in this era of widespread reformation, ly, game laws would be enforced by principle that wildlife is a public good, hunting industry, and demonstrated the and new agencies, which received little police-like agencies. implied in the Magna Carta of 1215, had power that is inherent in the political administrative control from State gov This modification of Stigler's theory been legally upheld by the highest court process when groups with different in ernors, were created. Funding of these seems to fit quite well with the actual in the United States. The idea that gov terests unite to press for a common agencies was subsequently linked to practice of wildlife agencies in the early ernment should assume control over wild cause (Cart, 1971 ). hunting interests when several States, 1900's. At that time, interest groups ac beginning with North Dakota, required tively sought regulation and initiated a life management, even on private land, Regulatory Theory might not have evolved if we had not hunting licenses in 1895. It is at this considerable amount of legislation: a had such great quantities of publicly Bernstein's (1955) theory has been point that the broad pattern in the his total of 1,324 game laws were passed in held land in the United States. By con used to explain the creation of formal torical evolution of wildlife regulation the United States, between 1900 and 1910 trast, countries where wildlife is treated regulatory agencies, like the Interstate departs from the model, for this action (Pal mer, 1912). Many of these I aws appear as a private good and considered as the Commerce Commission, which were or- induced increased, rather than reduced to relate to the above-mentioned rea- /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 147 146 INTI STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 E. E. 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reached millions of Americans with the landowner's property had proportionately ganized during the same time period as activity by interest groups after the crea message that wildlife should be used for less public land at the time when their the wildlife agencies. It proposes that tion of new agencies. As a result, the recreation and not for commerce. The wildlife legislation was first being for there is a series of stages through which market hunting industry was virtually public was also becoming acquainted mulated. regulatory agencies pass until they destroyed. The interest groups, and not with the works of Audubon. Wilson. and The first professional officials for reach their final end-point- obsoles industry, had captured the agencies. The public discontent that resulted enforcing wildlife legislation appeared cence. Initially, there is some sort of This was best evidenced by the appoint from these new ideas produced a flurry during this period. Before this time, ear publicly expressed disagreement with an ment of Major W.A. Wadsworth, presi of Government activity. The game pro ly game laws had been enforced by local industry. People then become organized dent of the Boone and Crockett Club, as tection trend moved westward: Wiscon police officers, who received part of and present their concerns about the director of New York Fish and Game sin established a hunting season for their salaries from fines, or by political problem to legislators. The usual legis Commission. The subsequent "wedding" prairie chickens in 1851, California for appointees, such as the deer wardens in lative response is to create an indepen of Government and sportsmen in 1900, elk in 1852, and Idaho for bison in 1864. Massachusetts (1739). These new profes dent agency, outside the executive when Teddy Roosevelt became govern The first law on a bag limit, which re sionals were first seen in 1887, when branch of Government, to deal with the or of New York, laid the foundation for stricts the number of animals taken per Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin problem. After the agency has been set control of Government by interest groups day, was passed by Iowa in 1878. Some created full-time salaried positions. The up, public interest in the issues tends to (Trefethen, 1961 ). legislation was also enacted at the State appropriate State agencies were corre become less intense. The legislature Stigler (1971 ), in arguing against Bern level concerning non-game birds (Palmer, spondingly structured so as to provide then reduces the amount of financial stein's theory on the independence of 1902). In 1850, both Connecticut and enforcement powers for regulation. support given the agency, in accordance regulatory agencies, suggested that in New Jersey passed laws making it illegal Public involvement in the politics with waning public interest. At the same dustry actively seeks Government regu to kill insectivorous birds. Other States of resource management also made a time, the regulated industry will have lation for four basic reasons: (1) to con followed, with laws aimed at protection significant impact on the Federal Gov spent a considerable sum to influence trol entry of new firms, (2) to reduce ef of "songbirds" or "harmless" birds. ernment. In 1871, Congress created the the newly created agency. In the pro fects of market substitutes, (3) to gene Plume birds and seabirds were first pro U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries. cess, the agency comes to depend upon rate direct subsidies, and (4) to have tected by Florida in 1877, and in 1897 The Timber Culture Act of 1873 gave the industry it was created to regulate price controls enforced by coercive California made it illegal to possess, or homestead owners an additional 160 and thereby becomes "captured." With power. Applying Stigler's approach to wear, the plumage or skin of several birds. acres, if they agreed to plant and cul time, the industry finds that it no longer the area of wildlife concerns, and as State governments also responded tivate 40 acres of trees over a period of needs the agency and reduces its sup suming that interest groups also seek to this new public demand by establish 10 years. The combined efforts of wild port; soon, the regulatory agency is regulation, four parallel effects can be ing special agencies to consider fish and life-oriented humanists, scientists, hunt dissolved. generated. Interest groups would desire game matters. The first State Fish and ing groups, legislators, and Government The historical development of wild regulation so that the entry of other in Game Commissions were created in New officials culminated in the Lacey Act of life management agencies fits only the terest groups into the political arena Hampshire and California during 1878. 1900, which prohibited interstate traffic first part of this model. A large number could be controlled by the agency. Sub The right of the States to enact their own in birds killed in violation of State law. of interest groups were attempting to re stitute land-use products, like timber separate legislation on wildlife, how Many States had by that time passed duce the volume of market hunting, which and agricultural goods, would have re ever, did not go unchallenged. But in laws for protection of wildlife, but these was a powerful industry in the 1880's. duced value. Regulation might also be 1896, a U.S. Supreme Court case, Geer were being openly violated by market Disagreement on this specific issue was sought so that non-wildlife interests vs. Connecticut (161 U.S. 569), upheld hunting industries. The Lacey Act brought expressed to legislators as one element would subsidize wildlife agencies. Final the authority of States in this area. The an end to this era, destroyed the market in this era of widespread reformation, ly, game laws would be enforced by principle that wildlife is a public good, hunting industry, and demonstrated the and new agencies, which received little police-like agencies. implied in the Magna Carta of 1215, had power that is inherent in the political administrative control from State gov This modification of Stigler's theory been legally upheld by the highest court process when groups with different in ernors, were created. Funding of these seems to fit quite well with the actual in the United States. The idea that gov terests unite to press for a common agencies was subsequently linked to practice of wildlife agencies in the early ernment should assume control over wild cause (Cart, 1971 ). hunting interests when several States, 1900's. At that time, interest groups ac beginning with North Dakota, required tively sought regulation and initiated a life management, even on private land, Regulatory Theory might not have evolved if we had not hunting licenses in 1895. It is at this considerable amount of legislation: a had such great quantities of publicly Bernstein's (1955) theory has been point that the broad pattern in the his total of 1,324 game laws were passed in held land in the United States. By con used to explain the creation of formal torical evolution of wildlife regulation the United States, between 1900 and 1910 trast, countries where wildlife is treated regulatory agencies, like the Interstate departs from the model, for this action (Pal mer, 1912). Many of these I aws appear as a private good and considered as the Commerce Commission, which were or- induced increased, rather than reduced to relate to the above-mentioned rea- /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 147 146 INTI STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 E.E. 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sons why wildlife interest groups might as a forest preserve in 1892 and then de Roosevelt administration, and its intel during the 1920's. They attributed this to actively seek regulation. signated as a salmon preserve by the lectual leaders like Pinchot, Powell (of a variety of factors, including the auto U.S. Bureau of Fisheries; finally, it was the U.S. Geological Survey), and McGee mobile, which suddenly made the wilder Progressivism established as a Wildlife Refuge for sea (from the Inland Waterways Commission), ness accessible to many people. But lions and sea otters. President Roosevelt have been given too much credit for the there was also a boom in wheat prices, Wildlife conservation became a ser continued this policy of placing land conservation movement that evolved at leading to increased production at the ious part of the machinery of the Fede within the public domain. In 1903 the the turn of the century. She has stated expense of soil, timber, and wildlife. In ral Government during the administra first National Wildlife Refuge was that citizens themselves had petitioned addition, industrial growth had reduced tion of Teddy Roosevelt. This man, well created on Pelican Island, Florida, to the Government to preserve pristine the number of farms and increased the known for his adventures in war and wil protect plume birds. During the rest of areas, for recreational opportunities and need for recreational use of land. Fur~ derness, was more than just a big-game his administration, vast holdings of land for resource protection, and that this ther, the major growth of wildlife agen hunter. He was also a perceptive natural were transferred to the national forest sentiment was later "co-opted" by ad cies within Government had begun to ist and a talented organizer. In 1888 he reserve, national wildlife refuge system, ministrators who sought to formulate a show a real decline from the rampant in founded the Boone and Crockett Club and national park system. rational framework for managing land creases seen during the Progressive Era. with 100 members, many of whom were One of the most significant events production systems on behalf of the pub influential in business, politics, and the of the Roosevelt administration was the lic benefit. This view is consistent with The New Deal military. All of the members were big White House Conference of Governors some of the theories of government reg game hunters who had an ingrained re The Great Depression, and the New in 1908. This represented one aspect of a ulation previously discussed. spect for the natural environments of Deal policy of Government control to broad alliance that was built up between the grizzly bear, elk, deer, caribou, and remedy economic problems, gave power the Federal and State governments during Renewed Exploitation moose. It was only natural that many of back to the conservation agencies. The the early 1900's. The chief idea to these hunting friends would be placed in Difficulties in generating congres basic pre-war trends in conservation emerge from this meeting was that natu high positions when Roosevelt was elect sional support for progressive reform were therefore re-activated in the 1930's. ral resources could be utilized under a ed in 1901. Immediate changes were began to appear during the latter part of Agencies were structured bureaucrati system of management, rather than sim made. The Biological Su·rvey was posi Roosevelt's term. Congress failed to ap cally by division of labor, authority was ply be preserved or protected. After the tioned at a higher administrative level. propriate money for the National Con allocated according to rank and exper meeting, a list of resolutions was enacted, In 1905, the United States Forest Service servation Commission and also stopped tise, and employees were given expanded 41 State conservation commissions were was created and given to Pinchot, a the scientific bureaus from doing any civil service protection. New agencies, formed, and 50 commissions of national member of Roosevelt's club and the commission work. This trend continued like the Soil Conservation Service, were organizations were organized. The first father of American forestry. The term under Wilson's administration, although created, as wer~ public works projects North American Conservation Conference "conservation" was coined by Pinchot the major setback for natural resource like the Civilian Conservation Corps. was held in 1909 (Graham, 1947). or his assistant, Prince, in 1907 and be management came with World War I. Many laws were passed at the Federal came the cornerstone of policy in the The Roosevelt and Wilson adminis Not only was national attention diverted and State levels involving forestry, graz Roosevelt administration. The original trations operated under a philosophy of from conservation, but conflict also leg ing, parks, fisheries, and soil conserva definition of conservation, "wise use, progressivism, in which the powers of itimized exploitation under the guise of tion. The most notable measure involving without waste," became the slogan of Government were used to counteract or support for war-related industrial activi wildlife was the Pittman-Robertson Act Government bureaus, as well as many control the growing concentration of pri ty. Some legislation was passed, despite of 1937- excise taxes on firearms and interest groups. vate power. The immediate effect of this the war, such as the bill that created the ammunition were to be collected at the The policy on land in the public do effort was an increase in the strength of National Park Service in 1916 and the Federal level and then returned to the main also changed during these years. the public interest groups that had been Migratory Bird Treaty in 1918, which States for restoration of wildlife. Yellowstone National Park had been de created after the era of Jacksonian Dem made it illegal to shoot waterfowl during Kellert and Westervelt (1981) found signated in 1872 as an area where hunt ocracy in the 1840's. This policy also spring. a second peak of interest in wildlife dur ing and timber cutting were prohibited. facilitated expansion of the bureaucracy After the war, exploitation of re ing the 1930's. They attributed this trend Often, these restrictions were ignored organized to handle conservation issues, sources continued and became one ele to a renewed demand for, and interest in, until the Yellowstone Park Protection as the Federal Government withdrew large ment in the great burst of economic pros protectionism. Major drainage of wet Act was passed in 1894. President Har tracts of land from private hands and perity during the 1920's. Kellert and Wes lands in the early 1900's, which was fol rison had designated 13 million acres of placed them once again in the public tervelt (1981) noted a peak of interest in lowed by drought and dustbowls, and land as a public forest reserve in 1891. domain. wildlife, as measured by the number of overhunting during the 1920's, aroused Afognak Island, Alaska, was declassified Flader (1976) has argued that the animal-related articles in newspapers, the concern of a broad spectrum of peo-

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pie: recreation ists, protectionists, scien again promoted resource abuse. Corres game law violations. Attitude surveys mental conscience. Stuart L. Udall, a de tists, and humanists. In response, consid pondingly, agencies in Government again were begun to determine public senti dicated conservationist, was appointed erable Federal and State legislation was began to expand as the war ended and ment on controversial issues and the rel as Secretary of the Interior. In 1962 enacted to arrest the deterioriation of the results of exploitation were recog ative positions of the various interest Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring wildlife habitats and other natural re nized. At the same time, the number of wa~ groups on significant topics. Much of pub! ished, became a best-seller, and had sources. hunters increased and fees paid by them this effort can be understood as necessa a major impact on public attitudes. The 1930's also saw the emergence provided a strong economic foundation ry for providing information to agencies There were also a number of dramatic of a closer union between scientists and for wildlife management programs in concerning changing organizational and well-publicized environmental trag Government decision-makers. This new Government. Agencies began to hire re environments and for including public edies in the 1960's, inc! ud ing oi I spi lis collaboration had been inspired by Frank source managers who had taken advan input in decision-making. It might be from the wreck of the Torrey Canyon lin Roosevelt's concept of a "brain trust" tage of the Gl Bill to attain specialized concluded that the best way to under and from an off-shore drilling accident of academics who would be available for training in this area. stand a Government organization, dur in the Santa Barbara Channel. Government consultation. The idea that This professional specialization fos ing this period, was to look at its Federal legislation enacted during Government programs might sometimes tered in educational centers, combined monitoring data. And the best way to this period reflected this public concern be considered as social experiments, a with knowledge about the working of change the agency was to request that it over broad issues related to natural re concept explicit in the New Deal Philo division of labor gained in the military, collect new kinds of monitoring data. source management. Major new efforts sophy, also had an impact on wildlife caused agencies to develop sub-units to included the Sikes Act (1960), the Refuge agencies. Some began formal experi enhance efficiency. Special sections The Ecological Revolution Recreation Act (1962), the Wilderness ments. Universities responded appropri were established at State and Federal The events of the 1960's and 1970's Act (1964), the Water Resources Planning ately, as evidenced by the publication of levels to manage big game, waterfowl, jarred the complacency of the old wild Act (1965), the Land and Water Conser Leopold's classical text Game Manage upland game, and other groups of hunted life conservation agencies. They became vation Fund Act (1965), the Federal Wa ment in 1933 and by his title- the first species. Research, laboratory, field, and reflective about their proper role, as new, ter Quality Act (1967), and the Wild and professor of wildlife management. administrative functions were assigned broad environmental legislation created Scenic Rivers Act (1968). During this era, agencies began to to assist different groups of agency em rapid growth in all of the agencies re Wildlife conservation agencies soon realize that regulation of the numbers of ployees. Separation of fish, forestry, sponsible for natural resource functions became painfully aware of the growth in animals taken by hunters was not alone parks, wildlife, and enforcement duties other than wildlife conservation. At the competing Government bureaus. It was sufficient for effective wildlife manage occurred in many agencies. same time, powerful public interest groups in this context that such agencies admit ment. Land with special wildlife value The division of labor within agen appeared in the political arena to pro ted during the 1970's that their program was therefore purchased by agencies, cies and the presence of multiple inter mote complex and confusing demands matic emphasis to date had been on hunt game-farming and stocking programs est groups influenced the method by concerning the environment. Hunter ing programs, and that they had failed to were initiated, and attempts to control which wildlife conservation decisions populations also changed with the advent serve the larger public. Certain policy wildlife habitats began. This period also were made. The pre-war agency could of a new group of recreationists, who changes therefore resulted. In response marked the point in the history of con develop long-range plans because its came from urban and suburban areas to public demand, many States develop servation when regulation began to be organizational environment was simple and who had had no family tradition in ed systems for collecting wildlife reve based on principle. This two-part princi and predictable. However, the uncertain hunting. New biologists were hired by nues from recreationists who did not ple held that Government efficiency in environment created by conflict and agencies and some communication probe hunt. The Federal Government develop wildlife programs depended on adherence competition among sub-units, as well as !ems developed because of the differ ed an Endangered Species Program to to basic biological laws and that equity by outside power coalitions, made this ences in training and attitudes between provide aid to the States, and the in these programs depended on an equal kind of simple, rational decision-making these individuals and the more senior Wildlife Management Institute pro distribution of benefits among all of the impossible in agencies reorganized after biologists who had been recruited right moted a Federal aid program for non World War II. interest groups involved in financing the after World War II. game species. Most important, the idea agency. Whenever agencies faced a new As a consequence of this uncertainty, Kellert and Westervelt (1981) found that wildlife conservation agencies problem, this principle was utilized in agencies developed rigorous data col an increase in the number of animal should be involved in the management making critical decisions. lection systems so they could monitor related newspaper articles during the of biological communities, rather than the changing environment. Statistical Post-War Specialization Within 1960's. They considered a wide diversity simply be concerned about selected data banks were created to monitor the Government of antecedents for this trend, including populations of species, gained accep harvest of animals, license sales, pro the influence of President john F. Ken tance at this time. In fact, though, this Developments in conservation were gram effects, budgetary expenses, hunt nedy, who criticized the Eisenhower ad idea had been around for some time. arrested by World War II, which once ing accidents, and the various types of ministration for its lack of an environ- The legitimacy of hunting was also 150 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 tNT 1 STUD AN/M PROB 3(2) 1982 151 E.E. Langenau-Bureaucracy and Wildlife Review Article E.E. Langenau-Bureaucracy and Wildlife Review Article

seriously challenged during this period. ues underlying the issues were rarely ad duce any taxable good, they do not have pendent from the processes of the exec Anti-hunting groups began to make them dressed, because there was only a small the funds to provide direct support for utive, judicial, and legislative branches selves heard at legislative hearings and constituency among these groups who the Government work entailed in clean of Government. to use the courts to challenge existing were able to discriminate between cause ing up the effects of pollution. Rather, Special-purpose funding also allowed legislation and policy. The U.S. Fish and and effect. It is not unusual, then, for us success in getting funds for the requisite the concerns of outside interest groups Wildlife Service was taken to court over to remember the 1970's in terms of much agency work has come about through to gain representation within the agen its failure to develop an Environmental publicized issues like the Grand Canyon the interest group's ability to coalesce cies. Interest groups could then commu Impact Statement on waterfowl hunting. burros, the snail darter, and de-classifi voting power to pressure the agency. In nicate directly with a staff of Govern The Pittman-Robertson Act was chal cation of the timber wolf, along with a response, the agency charges fees to the ment workers who would be responsive lenged on the basis that non-game re variety of other case studies that tended industries, in accordance with the new to their particular cause, since these sponses to game management programs to obscure broader policy questions. costs of cleaning up which were not previ workers' salaries were being paid by the were not being assessed. In response to ously included in the price of goods. The group. However, at the same time, com these challenges, agencies added train The New Regulation Government is thereby provided with petitive interests were often making dif ing in wildlife biology and sportsmanship sufficient funds to undertake pollution ferent sorts of appeals from the outside, to hunter education courses. National The behavior of wildlife agencies control and clean-up programs. through the courts and the legislatures. conferences on hunting ethics were held during this period cannot be explained In reviewing the application of These other kinds of effects, because in Charleston, North Carolina, in 1977 by Bernstein's model, nor by the modifi Weaver's model to the actions taken by they lacked the economic mechanisms and in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1980 to pro cation of Stigler's model discussed prev agencies in the 1970's, there is clear for establishing internal representation mote appropriate agency action, guide iously in this paper. Rather, Weaver's evidence of the emergence of new and within the appropriate agencies, were the drafting and proper enforcement of (1978) idea of "new regulation" seems to different interest groups into the political generally unsuccessful in the 1970's. legislation, and increase citizen aware provide a better fit for the events that arena, the evolution of new issues, re occurred. Weaver felt that a different ness about the role of hunting in wildlife formation of policy and programs based The Dominance of Economic kind of regulation process was being management. Research was initiated on on the application of ethical values, and Concerns non-game and endangered species and utilized in newer agencies, such as the corresponding attempts to reduce the on the effects of habitat manipulation Environmental Protection Agency. In power of traditional interest groups. In the 1980's the major wildlife is of biological communities. this model, new interest groups promote There is considerable evidence that revi sues have all involved economic consid But perhaps the most important devel reform and thereby revitalize a particu talization of agencies occurred as one erations. Voters in the United States, by opment during the 1960's and 1970's was lar Government agency by forcing a pro consequence of this process. However, their demonstrated preferences in the the renewed emphasis on single-issue portionate reduction in the influence of there was no evidence of internalization 1980 election, were expressing a concern politics. The organization of interest the more traditional groups. The evalua of externalities seen in the wildlife poli about the costs entailed in regulation, groups during this time was based on the tion of new issues, in this model of regu tics of the 1970's. about the possible effects of deficit existence of an astute group of leaders lation, most often involves the transfer Rather, revitalization occurred Government spending on inflation, and who focused on systems of ethical val of power from those who produce material through a system of "user-pay" Govern about the cost of environmental protec ues, combined with memberships who products to groups of intellectual reform ment financing. Traditional interest tion and natural resource management. had strong emotional involvements re ers who promote abstract values, new groups, threatened by the advent of Secretary Watt, Department of the In lated to somewhat isolated issues. This concepts, and higher ethical standards .. newer competitive demands, requested terior, announced a new trend in policy combination caused these interest groups Weaver also indicated that success further regulation, just as they had done in his speech at the 46th North American to search for new issues to broaden and in this new climate of regulation has in former times. Therefore, many wild Wildlife and Natural Resource Confer increase their memberships. But this pro been achieved primarily through "inter life bills passed in the 1970's included ence: agencies must begin to consider cess also caused some loss of control nalizing the externalities." This proced special-purpose funding; in many States, the economic tradeoffs involved in the over members, as the diversity of issues ure involves forcing manufacturers and fixed percentages of funds from hunting various policies related to regulation. proliferated. The types of legislation en consumers to pay for the social costs in license revenues were earmarked for State and Federal wildlife agencies acted, agency growth, and interest-group volved in upgrading the processes entail specific purposes. Special fees, such as entered the 1980's in a state of fiscal cri activity continued to foster this issue ed in providing goods and services. The those obtained from issuing State water sis. Hundreds of agency positions went orientation, often at the expense of con usual example of this policy that is cited fowl hunting stamps, upland game bird unfilled throughout the Nation because siderations about broader issues related in the literature concerns industries that stamps, public access stamps, and others of shortages in funds. New and impor to policy or value guidelines. When many pollute (Kneese and Schultze, 1975). Since were assessed for individual user groups. tant programs were postponed or re of these single-issue cases came to be interest groups promoting the value of This targeting of funds allowed wildlife duced in scope. Others were initiated debated in the courts, fundamental val- clean air and water do not themselves pro- agencies to become increasingly inde- without any expectation of general fund-

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ing revenues sufficient to supplement G i I bert (1971) proposed that the dif After new programs are created, sions: conservation practices ought to anticipated recreational revenues. Ener ferent eras in the historical development one consequence is often an increased be based on biological facts; but also, gy development, agriculture, and urban of thinking about natural resource man level of activity among interest groups. opportunities for wildlife benefits should development were given precedence in agement coincided with changes in so Younger professionals are added to the be equally distributed among all who land management- doves, woodpeckers, cial theory. He proposed that an Era of agency staff to represent these new in finance the agency. These two principles and rabbits were assumed to be worth Abundance existed until 1850, because terests. The resulting change in agency have been used by agencies to make de less per acre than oil, corn, or subdivi there was little worry about supply dur thinking about new and old problems is, cisions, defend their positions, propose sions. Internal audit procedures reinforced ing that period. This period was followed in turn, communicated back to the com innovation, and perceive newly emerging this trend, since it was easier to show by the Era of Exploitation (1850-1900) peting interest groups. Due to the nature issues. Due to the regulatory nature of economic progress from activities that when resource destruction occurred, of the regulatory process, concerns that these organizations, it appears that the destroyed wild I ife habitats than from ac but, at the same time, restrictions to are not represented internally in the dimension of equal distribution takes tivities that restored the amount of living counter preceived destruction were initi agency only enter into the decision precedence in the event of conflict, un space available to wild animals. ated. The next era, Preservation and Pro making process inasmuch as they affect less there is some specific legislative in However, if we are correct in apply duction, lasted from 1900-1935 and was general public relations. External activi tervention. Thus, if a given wildlife issue ing Weaver's model to the evolution of characterized by the advent of many of ty, as attempted through the courts, leg primarily involves questions of equity, wildlife management agencies, Govern our basic principles about conservation. islatures, or other natural-resource bu then the scientific facts pertinent to the ment can expect continued revitaliza During 1935-1970, the Era of Harvest reaus, has had I ittle impact on the inter issue will take a back seat. Conversely, if tion by interest groups which request and Habitat predominated. Multiple-use nal behavior of the agency. Rather, deci the issue does not primarily involve that the social costs involved in enhanc philosophies arose at this time: land was sions tend to be influenced by legis equity, then the scientific basis for de ing the environment (and wildlife in par to provide the "greatest good for the lative hearings with communicators who cisions comes to be emphasized. How ticular) be incorporated into the prices greatest number in the long run." Gilbert are already known to the agencies, and ever, since these two dimensions are of goods and services. In some parts of denoted the next stage as the Era of through exposure to issues brought direct simultaneously present in most deci the United States, this trend has already Technology, Sophistication, and Human ly to independent advisory commissions. sions, the scientific aspect of the prob begun to appear. In Michigan there has Management in which the users of re Because of the special quality of this lem is often used to justify a decision been a longstanding controversy over sources, as well as the resources them process, agency growth between the ma that is based primarily on the goal of in exploration and drilling for oil and gas in selves, became the focus of attention by jor steps has been slow; most changes creased equity. At other times, an agen the Pigeon River Country State Forest managers. He speculated that we were have occurred only when new interest cy may appear to contradict itself by ar because this area has one of the only about to enter another Era of Exploita group concerns come to be internalized guing against scientific fact in the name two populations of elk east of the Mis tion, due to shortcomings in the results within an appropriate agency. of a perceived threat to equity. This or sissippi River. The court decision on this achieved by the policies in force during The differences in agency mission ganizational behavior has evolved chief issue was that (1) drilling should be per this last stage. and interest group sentiment that we ly because of the basic economic fact mitted in the southern part of the forest Although there are some important have seen evolve through time should that an increase in efficiency will reduce only and (2) that biologists should work differences between Gilbert's "eras" not obscure our vision of several impor equity, and vice versa (Okun, 1975). with the oil industry to minimize the nega and the stages of growth discussed in tant elements of continuity. Wildlife The regulatory nature of the wild tive effects on the elk herd. Also, legisla this paper, the similarities are neverthe conservation, during all historical phases, life conservation agencies also explains tion was passed to earmark part of the less clear and merit more discussion. It has been essentially a regulatory pro the close relationship between the hunt royalties gained from profits on the drill has been shown that agency growth has cess. The relevant agencies have shown ing interest groups and Government. It ing operations for the purchase of lands been principally achieved in large steps. certain characteristics in their decision has been shown that this trend originat for wildlife elsewhere in Michigan. In ad These stepwise increments have been making; these include a dependence on !i ed during the 1840's under the influence I dition, the oil company was ordered by achieved by the efforts of particular in principle, independence from other of the philosophy of jacksonian Demo the courts to support agency research terest groups, through direct communi branches of Government, and protection cracy, and that it became institutionaliz on enhancement of wildlife values in the cation with the responsible agencies. of regulated interests. ed under the influence of Teddy Roose 'I State Forest. Resolutions like the above, Major changes in legislative appropria The first of these characteristics ex velt in the early 1900's .. lt is a cliche in based on the principle that the cost of tion for wildlife conservation have oc .i plains why wildlife policy so often be both the wildlife conservation and pub externalities be included in the price of curred most often when interest groups i comes a political issue, despite the pres lic administration literature to argue I oil, may represent a glimpse of things to and agencies have presented a unified ence of a scientific basis for making de that the regulatory process excludes sig come. front in terms of policy, in conjunction with a plan for deriving independent cisions. As discussed above, two separate nificant segments of the public from Conclusions revenue. regulatory principles guide agency deci- participating in Government. According

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to our modification of Stigler's theory, titude that requires modification. A Comments from H. McGiffin, Symposium in 20th Century America. U.S. Fish this is exactly what regulated interests more acceptable attitude would be one Coordinator of the Institute for the and Wild/ Serv Nat/ Tech Serv USDA, Springfield, VA. desire. Government's solution to this prob that emphasizes the wise use of these Study of Animal Problems, broadened lem is to attempt to ensure that the ac resources, and a superior national stan the perspectives of this paper. This arti Kneese, A.W. and C.L. Schultze (1975) tions entailed in the regulatory process dard would concentrate on responsible cle is a contribution of Federal Aid in Pollution, Prices, and Public Policy. The Brookings Institution, Washing be consistent with traditional or emerg and wise use. Wildlife Restoration, Michigan Pittman ton, DC. ing values and customs. This solution The effectiveness of the wildlife Robertson Project W-117-R. should result in greater compliance with related bureaucracy should not be un Leopold, A. (1933) Game Management. References regulation, greater satisfaction arising derestimated. The agencies involved Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, from the increased freedom to utilize have been very successful in doing what Allen, D.L. (1954) Our Wildlife Legacy. NY. natural resources, and greater potential has been mandated to them by citizens Funk and Wagnalls, New York, NY. Okun, A.M. (1975) Equality and Efficiency: for internalizing the demands of old and who vote for legislators, pay tax money Bernstein, M.H. (1955) Regulating Busi The Big Tradeoff. The Brookings In new interest groups. to Government, and provide testimony to ness by Independent Commissions. stitution, Washington, DC. Although this is the correct form of courthouses. For example, there are Princeton University Press, Prince Palmer, T.S. (1902) Legislation for the pro Government behavior for a capitalistic twice as many deer in Michigan alone ton, NJ. tection of birds other than game democracy, questions arise when the ex than the 500,000 found in all of North Cart, T.W. (1971) The struggle for wildlife birds. USDA Bioi Surv Bull, No. 12. pressed will of the people is distorted, America in the early 1900's. Pronghorns, protection in the United States. Palmer, T.S. (1912) Chronology and index juvenile, or potentially destructive. Reg which came close to facing the fate of Thesis, University of Michigan. Uni of American game protection, 1776- ulatory agencies typically have evolved the bison, are now frequently sighted on versity Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. 1911. USDA Bioi Surv Bull, No. 41. Schoger, A.W. (1955) The Passenger Pigeon. amid precisely these kinds of conditions western ranges. Many raptor populations Flader, S.L. (1976) Scientific resource and thereby serve to mediate, educate, have been successfully saved from deci management: an historical perspec University of Wisconsin Press, Ma punish, and guide the development of mation by pesticides, and several endan tive. Trans N Am Wild/ Nat Resour dison, WI. human behavior. But there may be a gered species have been restored, and Conf 41:17-30. Stigler, G.J. (1971) The theory of economic regulation. Bell j Econ, Spring, pp. new problem, created by the use of reg even declassified from the endangered Gilbert, D.L. (1971) Natural Resources and 3-21. ulatory tools, i.e., an effect on ethical species list through scientific man Public Relations. The Wildlife Trefethen, J.B. (1961) Crusade for Wildlife: values. Individuals who operate at the agement. Society, Washington, DC. Highlights in Conservation Progress. highest levels of ethical behavior tend to Also, Government's capacity for Graham, E.H. (1947) The Land and Wild The Stackpole Company, Harris make moral decisions on the basis of change in responding to changing public life. Oxford University Press, New burg, PA. their own internal guidelines. In con attitudes should not be underestimated. York, NY. Trefethen, J.B. (1964) Wildlife Manage trast, regulation emphasizes external We have seen that cycles of resource ex Gustafson, A.F., H. Ries, C.H. Guise, and ment and Conservation. D.C. Heath rules, signals, and punishments. So, it is ploitation have been followed by politi W.J. Hamilton, Jr. (1940) Conserva and Company, Boston, MA. possible that individuals may lose- or cal activism, bureau action, a subse tion in the United States. Comstock Weaver, P.H. (1978) Regulation, social never develop- a capacity for making quent backlash reaction, and then more Publishing Co., Inc., Cornell Heights, policy, and class conflict. Pub lnt, internal value judgments under the strict exploitation. These cycles have made Ithaca, NY. Winter, pp. 45-63. control of a regulatory system. change in Government the rule rather Kellert, S.R. and M.O. Westervelt (1981) This dilemma is not simply a prob than the exception. Trends in animal use and perception lem that relates to administrative theo Acknowledgments ry. The research of Kellert and Wester velt (1981) clearly shows that there may The initial ideas for this article be a real conflict between the will of the arose from conversations with M. Bratton people and the appropriate ethical rela of Michigan State University. Suggestions tionships between Americans and wildlife. were contributed by L. Jahn and L. Wil This article has shown that the national liamson of the Wildlife Management In attitude toward wildlife is basically one stitute and J. Berryman of the Interna of uti I itarian ism, and that this attitude tional Association of Fish and Wildlife has been prevalent for the past 75 years. Agencies. I am indebted to P. Friedrich This national norm, that animals are on of the Michigan Department of Natural ly of value if they can be used to fill Resources, and T. Moe of Stanford Uni human needs, is an underlying public at- versity for insights provided in review.

756 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 157 E.E. Langenau-Bureaucracy and Wildlife Review Article E.E. Langenau-Bureaucracy and Wildlife Review Article

756 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 157 Concerning animals in experiments, Council of Europe LeBislation & Regulation reduction in number of animals used In January, 1971, the Council of Eu and humaneness of procedures are cov rope, a loose union of 21 of the Western ered in the Directives under the heading European States, adopted Recommenda "Licencing obligations for animal experi tion 621. This document instructed the The Swiss Animal Protection Law and their behavior are not disturbed and ments." In both instances, cantonal com Council's Committee of Ministers toes Promise and Compromise their adaptability is not being strained." missions have been designated as the au tablish an ad hoc expert committee to Hailed by some as a "standard work" This is hardly a practical guideline; nor thorities who will determine "whether a study the problems arising from animal and by others as a "farce," the Animal can this requirement be subjected to licence is required." The law requires li experimentation, and to draft a Conven Protection Law of the Swiss Confedera control. This provision of the Directives censing for all "animal experiments that tion setting out the conditions under tion entered into force on July 1, 1981. should have been expressed more clear cause pain to and grave fear in laborato which animal experimentation would be Coupled with it are Directives (Verord ly in order to serve its intended purpose. ry animals or seriously affect their gene allowed. The Recommendation also con nungen) which provide guidelines for the ral well-being." The law also stipulates tained a strong endorsement for the con implementation of the law. The law es The same problem obtains for Article that "animal experiments for which li cept of alternatives, including a pro tablishes the principles and guidelines 3.2 of the law: "The freedom of movement cencing is obligatory be kept to an indis posal to establish a documentation cen that govern the ideal treatment of ani required for an animal should not be pensible minimum." The objections raised ter on the topic. mals; however, the Directives consist of permanently or unnecessarily restricted to these passages are specifically con A Committee of Experts on the Pro detailed provisions and prohibitions that if the animal, thereby, incurs pain, suf cerned with questions about the compe tection of Animals was formed, but the cannot ensure the comprehensive protec fering, or injury." In the chapters on the tence of the cantonal authorities. Rather, Committee focused its attention on oth tion of animals in all cases. After all, the various animal species, the Directives one should be able to call upon a central er topics first. The results of their labors text of the Directives represents a com are equally vague in the formulation of agency, which could hand down decisions include three Conventions covering the promise achieved through 176 hearings this basic requirement when they prescribe, within a short period of time. This func transport of animals, the raising of farm by legislative bodies, with many interest for example, for cattle and pigs (which tion could be exercised by the Federal animals in intensive systems, and slaugh groups represented- among others, there are, as a rule, tied down or kept in stalls) Office for Veterinary Affairs. Moreover, ter methods. They then took up the ques were spokesmen for small farmers, agri "that they should be able to move tem all data pertaining to animal experiments tion of animal experimentation and have outside their stands" [emphasis business concerns, veterinarians, and the porarily inside Switzerland (as well as from abroad) been struggling to develop some form of humane movement. added]. In newly constructed barns, suf should be made available to users at a consensus for the past 3 years. The Com While the basic tenets of the law- a ficient area will still have to be provided designated documentation center. mittee (now known as the ad hoc Commit so-called "skeleton law"- are kept for this kind of temporary exercise. Another weak point in the Directives tee of Experts for the Protection of Ani quite general, especially in regard to In some instances, the Directives concerns the provisions of Article 20, mals-CAHPA) had achieved consensus farm and laboratory animals, it might even contradict the law. While the law which addresses slaughter and the pre on almost every point when they ran up have been expected that the provisions prescribes that "nobody should inflict paratory stunning of food animals. A against the issue of the "pain clause." of the Directives would spell out, in more unjustified pain, suffering, or injury on prohibition of carbon dioxide stunning A report in New Scientist (93:495, concrete terms, how the principles of an animal or arouse fear in it" (Article was considered, but has not as yet been 1982) notes that Britain's Home Office is the law were to be applied to actual con 2.3), the Directives still permit wire-mesh included in the Directives. fighting a lone battle, with the support ditions, which could then be subjected and slatted floors for food animals, al Once the criticisms of the humane of European animal welfare organizations, to controls. But the Directives do not al though such flooring is apt to cause in movement have been given considera to keep a restrictive clause that would ways do this. In fact, they sometimes juries. Other vague terminology abounds tion and incorporated into an improved forbid the infliction of severe and endur serve to "water down" the law, and al in the Directives, such as "sufficient version of the Directives, the new Swiss ing pain on an animal. However, the oth ready petitions are being submitted by place" or "suitable climate." Animal Protection Law will stand as a er participants in the debate, including the humane movement to have certain The keeping of laying hens in bat unique and exemplary standard for ani the British Department of Health and So Articles of the Directives revised. tery cages will be forbidden and these mal protective legislation, not only na cial Security, want to inspect the provi The formulation chosen in the Di kinds of cages will be banned, but not tionally but also internationally. sion that would permit exemptions from rectives is often as vague and general as until1992. This 10-year phase-out period Copies of the Swiss Animal Protec the pain clause. The arguments in favor the principal statements in the law. for battery cages is considered unduly tion Law and the Directives (available in of the exemption provision include the Thus, when Article 3.1 of the law states long by the Swiss animal welfare move German, French, or Italian) can be ob fact that it would ease the burden of tox that "Whoever keeps an animal and at ment. The Swiss Animal Protection Leag tained by writing to Eidgeni::issisches icity testing institutions, if they were ex tends to it, must feed it adequately, care ue (Schweitzer Tierschutzverband) is Yeterinaramt, Thunstrasse 17, CH-3005 empt in law as well as in practice. for it, and provide shelter as far as is already petitioning to have this period Bern, Switzerland. The draft convention includes the necessary," the Directives in Article 1.1 reduced to 6 years; in addition, they are Dr. Karl Frucht following basic elements: merely reiterate the law by stating, in requesting that the minimum floor area Regional Director for Europe 2 different words, that the" Animals are to per animal measure 700 cm , instead of World Society for the 1. The general principles section 2 be kept so that their physical functions 500 cm , within 2 years. Protection of Animals notes that the Convention applies to all

158 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 159 Concerning animals in experiments, Council of Europe LeBislation & Regulation reduction in number of animals used In January, 1971, the Council of Eu and humaneness of procedures are cov rope, a loose union of 21 of the Western ered in the Directives under the heading European States, adopted Recommenda "Licencing obligations for animal experi tion 621. This document instructed the The Swiss Animal Protection Law and their behavior are not disturbed and ments." In both instances, cantonal com Council's Committee of Ministers toes Promise and Compromise their adaptability is not being strained." missions have been designated as the au tablish an ad hoc expert committee to Hailed by some as a "standard work" This is hardly a practical guideline; nor thorities who will determine "whether a study the problems arising from animal and by others as a "farce," the Animal can this requirement be subjected to licence is required." The law requires li experimentation, and to draft a Conven Protection Law of the Swiss Confedera control. This provision of the Directives censing for all "animal experiments that tion setting out the conditions under tion entered into force on July 1, 1981. should have been expressed more clear cause pain to and grave fear in laborato which animal experimentation would be Coupled with it are Directives (Verord ly in order to serve its intended purpose. ry animals or seriously affect their gene allowed. The Recommendation also con nungen) which provide guidelines for the ral well-being." The law also stipulates tained a strong endorsement for the con implementation of the law. The law es The same problem obtains for Article that "animal experiments for which li cept of alternatives, including a pro tablishes the principles and guidelines 3.2 of the law: "The freedom of movement cencing is obligatory be kept to an indis posal to establish a documentation cen that govern the ideal treatment of ani required for an animal should not be pensible minimum." The objections raised ter on the topic. mals; however, the Directives consist of permanently or unnecessarily restricted to these passages are specifically con A Committee of Experts on the Pro detailed provisions and prohibitions that if the animal, thereby, incurs pain, suf cerned with questions about the compe tection of Animals was formed, but the cannot ensure the comprehensive protec fering, or injury." In the chapters on the tence of the cantonal authorities. Rather, Committee focused its attention on oth tion of animals in all cases. After all, the various animal species, the Directives one should be able to call upon a central er topics first. The results of their labors text of the Directives represents a com are equally vague in the formulation of agency, which could hand down decisions include three Conventions covering the promise achieved through 176 hearings this basic requirement when they prescribe, within a short period of time. This func transport of animals, the raising of farm by legislative bodies, with many interest for example, for cattle and pigs (which tion could be exercised by the Federal animals in intensive systems, and slaugh groups represented- among others, there are, as a rule, tied down or kept in stalls) Office for Veterinary Affairs. Moreover, ter methods. They then took up the ques were spokesmen for small farmers, agri "that they should be able to move tem all data pertaining to animal experiments tion of animal experimentation and have outside their stands" [emphasis business concerns, veterinarians, and the porarily inside Switzerland (as well as from abroad) been struggling to develop some form of humane movement. added]. In newly constructed barns, suf should be made available to users at a consensus for the past 3 years. The Com While the basic tenets of the law- a ficient area will still have to be provided designated documentation center. mittee (now known as the ad hoc Commit so-called "skeleton law"- are kept for this kind of temporary exercise. Another weak point in the Directives tee of Experts for the Protection of Ani quite general, especially in regard to In some instances, the Directives concerns the provisions of Article 20, mals-CAHPA) had achieved consensus farm and laboratory animals, it might even contradict the law. While the law which addresses slaughter and the pre on almost every point when they ran up have been expected that the provisions prescribes that "nobody should inflict paratory stunning of food animals. A against the issue of the "pain clause." of the Directives would spell out, in more unjustified pain, suffering, or injury on prohibition of carbon dioxide stunning A report in New Scientist (93:495, concrete terms, how the principles of an animal or arouse fear in it" (Article was considered, but has not as yet been 1982) notes that Britain's Home Office is the law were to be applied to actual con 2.3), the Directives still permit wire-mesh included in the Directives. fighting a lone battle, with the support ditions, which could then be subjected and slatted floors for food animals, al Once the criticisms of the humane of European animal welfare organizations, to controls. But the Directives do not al though such flooring is apt to cause in movement have been given considera to keep a restrictive clause that would ways do this. In fact, they sometimes juries. Other vague terminology abounds tion and incorporated into an improved forbid the infliction of severe and endur serve to "water down" the law, and al in the Directives, such as "sufficient version of the Directives, the new Swiss ing pain on an animal. However, the oth ready petitions are being submitted by place" or "suitable climate." Animal Protection Law will stand as a er participants in the debate, including the humane movement to have certain The keeping of laying hens in bat unique and exemplary standard for ani the British Department of Health and So Articles of the Directives revised. tery cages will be forbidden and these mal protective legislation, not only na cial Security, want to inspect the provi The formulation chosen in the Di kinds of cages will be banned, but not tionally but also internationally. sion that would permit exemptions from rectives is often as vague and general as until1992. This 10-year phase-out period Copies of the Swiss Animal Protec the pain clause. The arguments in favor the principal statements in the law. for battery cages is considered unduly tion Law and the Directives (available in of the exemption provision include the Thus, when Article 3.1 of the law states long by the Swiss animal welfare move German, French, or Italian) can be ob fact that it would ease the burden of tox that "Whoever keeps an animal and at ment. The Swiss Animal Protection Leag tained by writing to Eidgeni::issisches icity testing institutions, if they were ex tends to it, must feed it adequately, care ue (Schweitzer Tierschutzverband) is Yeterinaramt, Thunstrasse 17, CH-3005 empt in law as well as in practice. for it, and provide shelter as far as is already petitioning to have this period Bern, Switzerland. The draft convention includes the necessary," the Directives in Article 1.1 reduced to 6 years; in addition, they are Dr. Karl Frucht following basic elements: merely reiterate the law by stating, in requesting that the minimum floor area Regional Director for Europe 2 different words, that the" Animals are to per animal measure 700 cm , instead of World Society for the 1. The general principles section 2 be kept so that their physical functions 500 cm , within 2 years. Protection of Animals notes that the Convention applies to all

158 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 159 1"- 1

nonhuman vertebrates used, or intended The meeting was designed to take an ob genicity. He concluded that such in vitro 1964, rinderpest was wiped out in the for use, for a wide variety of scientific jective view of recent developments in test systems provide the best method for Serengeti as well. As a consequence, buf procedures. animal replacements. performing primary assays, although a falo and wildebeest populations have 2. Animals should be housed and fed During the morning session, the re second assay, usually a non-animal test, doubled between 1961 and 1971. These under conditions appropriate for both sults were reported from a multi-center should be used as a check on the results animals are unprotected against rinder their physiological and ethological needs. project carried out in London, Glasgow, of the primary assay. pest, and the possibility of another mas 3. There is a fairly detailed outline Sheffield, Paris, Stockholm, Belgrade, Dr. P.O. Minor, National Institute of sive epidemic remains. Plowright advo of procedural requirements, including and Rome. This investigation involves Biological Standards and Control, Lon cates that epidemiologists begin careful the above-mentioned pain clause, a re the use of human placenta as a replace don, described his research on the char planning to ensure that this possibility quirement that animals should not be ment for the LD50 for predicting the tox acterization of polio viruses. If his inves does not become a reality. used in a procedure if another satisfac icity level of new drugs and industrial tigation is successful in this early phase, F. Steck of the Bacteriological Vet tory method is available (the alterna chemicals. Placenta costs nothing, since it could produce a reliable replacement erinary Institute at the University of tives issue will be discussed in an explan it is usually discarded. Also, its use as a for the current method of assessing the Bern reported on experimental use of an atory report), and general directives on test material may help circumvent the virulence of polio viruses- tests in attenuated virus to immunize foxes how animals used should be disposed of. problem that so often compromises the monkeys. against rabies. The oral-vaccine virus is 4. Six articles deal with the registra LD50: differences in toxic levels found Finally, Dr. John G. Petricciani of administered to the foxes from chicken tion of breeding establishments and re among the various species. Because of George Washington University in Wash head baits and, so far, shows no signs of cording requirements. Mice, rats, guinea these differences, data extrapolated ington, DC, described his work with tis reversion to the virulent form. Immuni pigs, rabbits, cats, and dogs must be ob from results in animal tests are often vir sue culture systems for testing the can zation by this procedure may provide an tained only from registered breeders. tually worthless for estimating toxicity cerous potential of human cells. This alternative to controlling rabies by kill 5. User institutions must also be reg in humans. test medium can be used as a replace ing off foxes, a method that is currently istered and must have adequate facili Another alternative to the LD50 ment for immunologically deficient mice, used because the presence of the dis ties. Only persons authorized as compe was described by Dr. Bjorn Ekwall from the most widely used test animal at pres ease is dependent upon the density of tent are to be allowed to conduct ani the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Dr. ent. His most recent investigations have the population: at densities of less than 2 mal experiments. Ekwall showed that doses poisonous to involved a human muscle organ culture 0.3 per km , the disease disappears. 6. Statistical information on labo a human tissue-derived cell line, the system, which remains viable for 15 days M. Kaplan, from the Pugwash Con ratory animal use must be collected, in HeLa cell, approximated the estimated and may offer a quick and inexpensive ferences on Science and World Affairs, cluding data on the number of animals human lethal doses 75 to 80 percent of way of screening anti-cancer drugs for reported on the biomechanisms of inter used in toto, the number used in medical the time. efficacy and toxicity. species infections. Apparently, these research, and the number used for toxi An alternative to the Draize test is kinds of infections happen only when city testing. being investigated by Dr. W.H.J. Douglas specific mutations and recombinations Infectious Diseases and Wildlife 7. Finally, the contracting parties from Tufts University in Boston. He is us occur in the virus which make it possible must accept toxicity data generated in ing human eye tissue that has been de for them to multiply in a new species. In The mechanisms by which diseases the territory of another contracting party, termined as unsuitable for transplanta wild birds, influenza infections are com of humans and domestic animals affect so as to avoid unnecessary repetition of tion as a test material for eye irritancy. mon, but these infections are generally wildlife populations are poorly under procedures. Again, an ancillary benefit of using hu confined to the intestine and do not pro man tissue would be the alleviation of stood. The complexities of the epidemi duce any symptoms. Therefore, this re inter-specific differences in test results. ology of infectious illness in wild ani servoir of virus particles, which tend to A second possible alternative to test mals were discussed at a symposium held have high rates of recombination and mu Current ing for irritancy in live rabbits was re on November 26-27, 1981, by the Zoo tation, constitutes a permament threat ported by Dr. Joseph Leighton of the logical Society of London. to humans and other animals. Medical School of Pennsylvania in Phila W, Plowright, of the ARC Institute Botulism in waterfowl was dis Events delphia. Dr. Leighton's test medium is for Research on Animal Diseases, de cussed by G. R. Smith, of the Institute of the chorioallantoic membrance, which scribed an epidemic of rinderpest that Zoology at the Zoological Society of is discarded during development of the swept through Africa between 1889 and London. The mud from certain sites hen's egg. The membrane contains no 1898. Devastating losses occurred somehow works to inhibit the growth of MEETING REPORTS sensory never fibers, yet can be used for among both domestic cattle and wild the bacterium that causes botulism. measuring the extent of inflammation ungulate species. Although the disease More research into how this mechanism london Symposium on Alternatives caused bv irritants. was finally eliminated from southern functions might make large-scale con Dr. I.F. Purchase, from ICI's Central Africa, a small area of mild, permanent trol of the disease possible. A 1-day symposium on alternatives Toxicology Laboratories at Alderly Park, infection remained in the Serengeti re Sir William M. Henderson detailed to animal research was sponsored by the reviewed results of international studies gion. However, an attenuated tissue cul the evidence behind the assumed con Air Chief Lord Dowding Fund for Humane on the efficacy of the Ames and other ture vaccine for the disease was intro nection between tuberculosis in badgers Research in London on November 5, 1981. similar tests as predictors of carceno- duced in the area in the early 1960's; by and in cattle. To stop the transmission of

160 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 161 1"- 1

160 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 161 the organism between the two species, Genetic and Environmental I nterac tions. Contact Pets in Society, Congress research. Contact CFBS-CCAC Seminar badgers have been gassed in the South tions, Animal Care, and Meeting Govern Canada, Box 183, Station D, Toronto, On Chairman, University of Alberta, Edmon west of England. Henderson concluded mental Regulations in Animal Housing tario, M6P 3]8, Canada. ton, Alberta, Canada. that there was no real alternative to this Systems. Contact Cathy Burg, Meetings method of control, since it is not possi Secretary, American Society of Agricul Zoological Society of Philadelphia and Canadian Association for Laboratory An ble to separate the two species physical tural Engineers, P.O. Box 410, St. Joseph, the Institute for Cancer Research: Sym imal Science: 21st Annual Convention, ly, or to provide them with adequate Ml 49085. posium on Animal Counterparts of Hu June 21-24, 1982. Contact Dr. Ernest G. protection through vaccination. man Disease, With Particular Reference Olfert, Director, Animal Resources Cen Federation of American Societies to Hepatitis B-like Viruses, May 16-20, ter, University of Saskatchewan, Saska for Experimental Biology: "Symposium Mobilization for Animal Rights 1982, Franklin Plaza Hotel, Philadelphia, toon, Saskatchewan S7N OWO, Canada. on Pain Perception in Animals," April Pennsylvania. Contact Theresa Mu liar 21-22, 1982, New Orleans. This 1 Y2-day In Ocean City, MD, a conference on key, Philadelphia Zoological Garden, American Veterinary Medical Association meeting is being jointly sponsored by how to implement direct action on 34th St. and Gerard Ave., Philadelphia, and the Association of American Veter the American Veterinary Medical Asso behalf of animals was held on October PA 19104. inary Medical Colleges: 8th "Symposium ciation's Council on Research, the Amer 10-12, 1981. The work of Alex Pacheco on Veterinary Medical Education," June ican Physiology Society, and the Ameri (People for the Ethical Treatment of Ani Secretary General of the Council of 28-30, 1982, Knoxville, TN. The objective can Society for Pharmacology and Ex mals), who was responsible for alerting Europe: 2nd European Conference on of this conference is to provide a forum perimental Therapeutics. The first day's authorities about the atrocities to mon the Protection of Farm Animals, May 25- for veterinary educators to develop an sessions will concentrate on research keys occurring at the Institute for Be 26, 1982, Strasbourg, France. The 2-day awareness of the need to. teach value findings concerning pain in animals, havioral Research, was featured in a conference will cover the role of the dimensions, bioethical considerations, while the last half day will be devoted to slide presentation. Commission in the protection of ani and the tools for making moral judg the control and prevention of pain. Clive Hollands, head of the Scottish mals, the work of the Council of Europe's ments within the veterinary medical cur More information is available from the Society for the Prevention of Vivisection, Standing Committee on Farm Animal Pro ricula. In considering these ideas, many Office of Scientific Meetings, Federa judith Hampson of the Royal Society for tection, a long-range study of trends in kinds of human/animal relationships will tion of American Societies for Experi the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, animal husbandry, and transportation of be explored. Contact Charles F. Reed, Col mental Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Be George Trapp, director of the National animals, including discussions of log lege of Veterinary Medicine, University Anti-Vivisection Society, and Peter Ha thesda, MD 20814. istics, economic factors, and physiologi of Tennessee, P.O. Box 1071, Knoxville, milton of Lifeforce (Vancouver, B.C.) led cal effects. Contact Philip Brown, Chair TN 37901. workshops on the use of animals in re man of the Steering Group, The Manor Humane Research Trust: The Role of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: House, The Causeway, Horsham, Sussex, search. Activist-oriented workshops in Animals in Scientific Research and their Symposium on "The Use of Animals in RH12 1 HG, U.K. cluded the issues of factory farming, vege Effectiveness as Substitute Models for Veterinary Medical Colleges in Canada," tarianism, domestic animals/wildlife, hu Man, April 21-23, 1982, Manchester Uni Veterinary Management Ideas: 2-day july 11, 1982. Topics covered will in mane education, publications/communi versity, Manchester, U.K. Scheduled speak program on "Managing the Group Prac clude a historic review, current events, cations/media, and demonstrations and ers: Dr. H. Muir, Prof. G. Marsden, Prof. tice," June 12-13, Anaheim, CA, and animal rights and human morality, and rallies. M. Panigel, Mr. R.N. T.-W.-Fiennes, Air June 18-19, Washington, DC. Contact animal welfare in veterinary education. Conference members voted to hold Commodore J. Malcolm, Mrs. R. Clay Linda Ribordy, Veterinary Management Contact Canadian Veterinary Medical As massive demonstrations at three key pri ton, Dr. E. Carson, Prof. D. Davies, Prof. Ideas, 4170 Gross Road, Suite 6, Capitola, sociation, 360 Bronson Avenue, Ottawa, mate research centers across the country. D. Parke, Prof. P. Turner, Dr. J. Fry, Dr. S. CA 95010. Ontario, Canada, K1 R 6]3. Vine, Prof.]. Bridges, Dr. T. Connors, Dr. J. Parry, Dr. M. Dawson. Registration fee Canadian Federation of Biological Sci International Council for Laboratory An is £50, including accommodation and entists and Canadian Council on Animal imal Science: "The Contribution of Lab FORTHCOMING meals. Contact the Conference Organ Care: Seminar on "The Use of Animals in oratory Animals to the Welfare of Man MEETINGS izer, Humane Research Trust, Brook Research and Teaching," June 16, 1982, and Animals: Past, Present, and Future," House, 24 Bramhall Lane South, Bram Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The topics July 31-August 5, 1982. Contact Mr. D. American Society of Agricultural Engine hall, Stockport, Cheshire SK7 2DN, U.K. covered will include an overview of leg Jol, ICLAS/CALAS 1983, Box 286,810 W. i ~ ers: 2nd International Livestock Environ islation on animal care, the relative Broadway, Vancouver, BC VSZ 1 ]8, 'i Pet Food Manufacturers Association of Canada. II ment Symposium, April 20-23, 1982, Iowa value of the pound as opposed to the :'! State University, Ames, Iowa. Topics in Canada: 3rd Symposium on "Pets in So purpose-bred animal, the effect of the ! clude Environmental Effects on Produc ciety," April 28-30, 1982, Toronto, Cana quality of the experimental animal on International Primatological Society: tion, Environmental Effects on Health da. The focus of this conference will be research results, selection of the correct IXth Congress, August 8-13, 1982, Atlan and Reproduction, Environmental Ef on the interaction between pets and the animal model, alternative methods, and ta, GA. The annual meeting of the Amer fects on Physiology, Environmental and aged: medical aspects, personal aspects, the viewpoints of a lawyer and a con ican Society of Primatologists will be System Design and Animal Comfort, practical examples, and community op- cerned citizen on the use of animals in held jointly with the Congress. Contact

162 JNT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2] 1982 163 the organism between the two species, Genetic and Environmental I nterac tions. Contact Pets in Society, Congress research. Contact CFBS-CCAC Seminar badgers have been gassed in the South tions, Animal Care, and Meeting Govern Canada, Box 183, Station D, Toronto, On Chairman, University of Alberta, Edmon west of England. Henderson concluded mental Regulations in Animal Housing tario, M6P 3]8, Canada. ton, Alberta, Canada. that there was no real alternative to this Systems. Contact Cathy Burg, Meetings method of control, since it is not possi Secretary, American Society of Agricul Zoological Society of Philadelphia and Canadian Association for Laboratory An ble to separate the two species physical tural Engineers, P.O. Box 410, St. Joseph, the Institute for Cancer Research: Sym imal Science: 21st Annual Convention, ly, or to provide them with adequate Ml 49085. posium on Animal Counterparts of Hu June 21-24, 1982. Contact Dr. Ernest G. protection through vaccination. man Disease, With Particular Reference Olfert, Director, Animal Resources Cen Federation of American Societies to Hepatitis B-like Viruses, May 16-20, ter, University of Saskatchewan, Saska for Experimental Biology: "Symposium Mobilization for Animal Rights 1982, Franklin Plaza Hotel, Philadelphia, toon, Saskatchewan S7N OWO, Canada. on Pain Perception in Animals," April Pennsylvania. Contact Theresa Mu liar 21-22, 1982, New Orleans. This 1 Y2-day In Ocean City, MD, a conference on key, Philadelphia Zoological Garden, American Veterinary Medical Association meeting is being jointly sponsored by how to implement direct action on 34th St. and Gerard Ave., Philadelphia, and the Association of American Veter the American Veterinary Medical Asso behalf of animals was held on October PA 19104. inary Medical Colleges: 8th "Symposium ciation's Council on Research, the Amer 10-12, 1981. The work of Alex Pacheco on Veterinary Medical Education," June ican Physiology Society, and the Ameri (People for the Ethical Treatment of Ani Secretary General of the Council of 28-30, 1982, Knoxville, TN. The objective can Society for Pharmacology and Ex mals), who was responsible for alerting Europe: 2nd European Conference on of this conference is to provide a forum perimental Therapeutics. The first day's authorities about the atrocities to mon the Protection of Farm Animals, May 25- for veterinary educators to develop an sessions will concentrate on research keys occurring at the Institute for Be 26, 1982, Strasbourg, France. The 2-day awareness of the need to. teach value findings concerning pain in animals, havioral Research, was featured in a conference will cover the role of the dimensions, bioethical considerations, while the last half day will be devoted to slide presentation. Commission in the protection of ani and the tools for making moral judg the control and prevention of pain. Clive Hollands, head of the Scottish mals, the work of the Council of Europe's ments within the veterinary medical cur More information is available from the Society for the Prevention of Vivisection, Standing Committee on Farm Animal Pro ricula. In considering these ideas, many Office of Scientific Meetings, Federa judith Hampson of the Royal Society for tection, a long-range study of trends in kinds of human/animal relationships will tion of American Societies for Experi the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, animal husbandry, and transportation of be explored. Contact Charles F. Reed, Col mental Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Be George Trapp, director of the National animals, including discussions of log lege of Veterinary Medicine, University Anti-Vivisection Society, and Peter Ha thesda, MD 20814. istics, economic factors, and physiologi of Tennessee, P.O. Box 1071, Knoxville, milton of Lifeforce (Vancouver, B.C.) led cal effects. Contact Philip Brown, Chair TN 37901. workshops on the use of animals in re man of the Steering Group, The Manor Humane Research Trust: The Role of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: House, The Causeway, Horsham, Sussex, search. Activist-oriented workshops in Animals in Scientific Research and their Symposium on "The Use of Animals in RH12 1 HG, U.K. cluded the issues of factory farming, vege Effectiveness as Substitute Models for Veterinary Medical Colleges in Canada," tarianism, domestic animals/wildlife, hu Man, April 21-23, 1982, Manchester Uni Veterinary Management Ideas: 2-day july 11, 1982. Topics covered will in mane education, publications/communi versity, Manchester, U.K. Scheduled speak program on "Managing the Group Prac clude a historic review, current events, cations/media, and demonstrations and ers: Dr. H. Muir, Prof. G. Marsden, Prof. tice," June 12-13, Anaheim, CA, and animal rights and human morality, and rallies. M. Panigel, Mr. R.N. T.-W.-Fiennes, Air June 18-19, Washington, DC. Contact animal welfare in veterinary education. Conference members voted to hold Commodore J. Malcolm, Mrs. R. Clay Linda Ribordy, Veterinary Management Contact Canadian Veterinary Medical As massive demonstrations at three key pri ton, Dr. E. Carson, Prof. D. Davies, Prof. Ideas, 4170 Gross Road, Suite 6, Capitola, sociation, 360 Bronson Avenue, Ottawa, mate research centers across the country. D. Parke, Prof. P. Turner, Dr. J. Fry, Dr. S. CA 95010. Ontario, Canada, K1 R 6]3. Vine, Prof.]. Bridges, Dr. T. Connors, Dr. J. Parry, Dr. M. Dawson. Registration fee Canadian Federation of Biological Sci International Council for Laboratory An is £50, including accommodation and entists and Canadian Council on Animal imal Science: "The Contribution of Lab FORTHCOMING meals. Contact the Conference Organ Care: Seminar on "The Use of Animals in oratory Animals to the Welfare of Man MEETINGS izer, Humane Research Trust, Brook Research and Teaching," June 16, 1982, and Animals: Past, Present, and Future," House, 24 Bramhall Lane South, Bram Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The topics July 31-August 5, 1982. Contact Mr. D. American Society of Agricultural Engine hall, Stockport, Cheshire SK7 2DN, U.K. covered will include an overview of leg Jol, ICLAS/CALAS 1983, Box 286,810 W. i ~ ers: 2nd International Livestock Environ islation on animal care, the relative Broadway, Vancouver, BC VSZ 1 ]8, 'i Pet Food Manufacturers Association of Canada. II ment Symposium, April 20-23, 1982, Iowa value of the pound as opposed to the :'! State University, Ames, Iowa. Topics in Canada: 3rd Symposium on "Pets in So purpose-bred animal, the effect of the ! clude Environmental Effects on Produc ciety," April 28-30, 1982, Toronto, Cana quality of the experimental animal on International Primatological Society: tion, Environmental Effects on Health da. The focus of this conference will be research results, selection of the correct IXth Congress, August 8-13, 1982, Atlan and Reproduction, Environmental Ef on the interaction between pets and the animal model, alternative methods, and ta, GA. The annual meeting of the Amer fects on Physiology, Environmental and aged: medical aspects, personal aspects, the viewpoints of a lawyer and a con ican Society of Primatologists will be System Design and Animal Comfort, practical examples, and community op- cerned citizen on the use of animals in held jointly with the Congress. Contact

162 JNT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2] 1982 163 Dr. Frederick A. King, Director, Yerkes Re ANNOUNCEMENTS the cultural, social, and psychological area and an assessment of the efficacy gional Primate Research Center, Emory aspects of wildlife management and for of Government regulations established University, Atlanta, GA 30322. SCA W Sponsors Lab Animal Column estry. for control of the problem. Four issues of the newsletter cost The meeting also included a panel $5.00. Checks made out to the Human Shipping World & Shipbuilder and Ani The magazine Lab Animal plans to discussion on animal welfare, which fo services International: "An itrans '82," Dimensions Study Group should be sent begin a new column on noninvasive or cused on the economics and ethics of October 21-22, 1982, London. Various to: Tom Heberlein, Department of Rural less stressful animal research techniques. factory farming. Dennis White of the aspects of animal transport will be cov Sociology, 240 Agriculture Hall, Univer The columns will be sponsored by the American Humane Society (a member ered, including the extent of the trade, sity of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Scientists Center for Animal Welfare in organization of LCI) stressed the inevita financial implications, international Washington, DC. The types of techniques bility of the trend toward intensive farm laws and regulations, transport of ani to be discussed can be new or old- ex Veterinarians and Animal Rights ing conditions, given limited acreage, in mals to and from the ship, experiences amples include substitution of telemetry creased consumer demand, and increasing of an animal carrier, insurance, the World for chronic cannulation to measure cer Dr. Neil Wolff, a veterinarian, has costs. He asserted that animals neverthe Wildlife Federation's point of view, the tain internal states, or using training in recently formed a new organization, the less have basic rights, such as sufficient animals' welfare, case studies, ship de stead of chemical or chronic restraint to Association of Veterinarians for Animal space to perm it freedom of movement. sign and operation, animal condition mon get blood samples from monkeys. In Rights. During its first year, the Associa However, he denounced the concept of itoring, and loading/unloading and port quiries or papers should be sent to Dr. tion will focus mainly on organizing, shar animal rights as too extreme and there practice. Contact G.B. Taylor, 6 Rosedale Richard Simmonds, Scientists Center for ing ideas, and collecting and exchanging fore likely to result in a paralyzing polar Close, North Hykeham, Lincoln, U.K. Animal Welfare, P.O. Box 3750, Washing current-event items and educational ma ization of opinion between producers ton, DC 20007. terials. Issues that will receive special at and animal welfare organizations. SCAW also wishes to announce that Australian Society for the Study of Ani tention include hunting and trapping, fac john Herrick of Iowa State Univer the competition for its second journal mal Behavior and the Australian Academy tory farming, mutilation in companion sity stressed the neccessity of human ism award is open, for articles on the of Sciences: 18th International Ethologi animals, and racetrack malpractices. The stewardship and argued that human rather humane treatment of animals used in cal Conference, August 29-September 6, Association will also try to place Animal than animal welfare should be our main scientific research or education. Both 1983, Brisbane, Australia. Potential par Rights Information Centers within animal concern. In many coutries, massive pop i i previously published articles and papers ulations live in a state of chronic malnu I I ticipants are being given early notifica hospitals for dissemination of informa i' I in preparation for publication will be tion for this conference, since this is the tion on these kinds of issues to clients trition, which represents a constant source !'. considered. Deadline for receipt of ap first time an International Ethological and the general public. For a packet of of human suffering; therefore, he argued, plications is November1,1982. For more Conference has been open to all behavi materials on the organization, contact: we should concentrate on increasing pro information, contact Marcia R. Feinleib, oral scientists, and therefore no chan Neil Wolff, D.V.M., Association of Vet duction and place less emphasis on con SCAW, Suite 221, 11325 Seven Locks nels of communication have been estab erinarians for Animal Rights, 69-40 229th cern about the animals. Road, Potomac, MD 20854. lished to reach all those who might be Street, Bayside, NY 11364. Michael Fox of The Humane Society interested in attending. The content of of the U.S. noted his amazement that the plenary sessions has not yet been de Human Dimensions in Wildlife Study Proceedings of Livestock Conservation U.S. farmers were still defending the sta termined, and the committee sponsoring Group Launches Newsletter Institute Meeting Available tus quo, while their European counter the conference would welcome any sug parts were already engaged in consider gestions on possible session topics. Plen Steven Kellert and a group of like The Proceedings of the Annual able research to study, for example, the ary sessions will be strongly didactic, minded colleagues published the first is Meeting of the LCI, held in St. Louis, MO behavioral effects of the battery cage on but will also provide a general overview sue of their Human Dimensions Newslet in May 1981, have been published. LCI poultry. While recognizing that the eco of recent developments and highlight ter in October 1981. Four issues will be itself is a research and educational in~ nomics of agriculture have virtually com any problems or controversies. Contact published each year. Regular features will stitution that is supported by national pelled producers to introduce factory Conference Secretary, Animal Behavior include brief original articles (the first and State agricultural organizations, mar conditions, he asked whether the bene Unit, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, issue reported on "The 1980 Survey of keting and packing concerns, suppliers, fits gained from economies of scale jus Australia 4067. Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated shippers, and several humane groups. tify the continued victimization of farm Recreation"); a list of available working In essence, the Proceedings consists ers and their livestock, given the fact Alternatives in Toxicology: An interna papers on the various factors and methods of a series of reports by the LCI's several that productivity under these conditions tional meeting which will include exten associated with long-term planning; a list National Standing Committees, which can sometimes be achieved only by prac sive discussion of the above topic will of upcoming meetings; synopses of re keep track of recent developments in tices (like debeaking) that violate animal be held at the Royal Society in London, search in progress; and profiles of par continuing problem areas such as ab welfare. November 1-3, 1982. It is suggested that ticipants. scess, brucellosis, chemicals/additives/ For more information about the Pro those who are interested contact FRAME, The expressed purpose of the publi residues, parasites, and pseudorabies. ceedings, write to: Livestock Conserva 56 The Poultry, Bank Place, St. Peter's cation is to provide a vehicle for sharing The reports, then, are basically review tion Institute, 239 Livestock Exchange Gate, Nottingham, NG1 2j R. new knowledge and techniques related to articles on recent research in a particular Building, South St. Paul, MN 55075.

164 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 165 Dr. Frederick A. King, Director, Yerkes Re ANNOUNCEMENTS the cultural, social, and psychological area and an assessment of the efficacy gional Primate Research Center, Emory aspects of wildlife management and for of Government regulations established University, Atlanta, GA 30322. SCA W Sponsors Lab Animal Column estry. for control of the problem. Four issues of the newsletter cost The meeting also included a panel $5.00. Checks made out to the Human Shipping World & Shipbuilder and Ani The magazine Lab Animal plans to discussion on animal welfare, which fo services International: "An itrans '82," Dimensions Study Group should be sent begin a new column on noninvasive or cused on the economics and ethics of October 21-22, 1982, London. Various to: Tom Heberlein, Department of Rural less stressful animal research techniques. factory farming. Dennis White of the aspects of animal transport will be cov Sociology, 240 Agriculture Hall, Univer The columns will be sponsored by the American Humane Society (a member ered, including the extent of the trade, sity of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Scientists Center for Animal Welfare in organization of LCI) stressed the inevita financial implications, international Washington, DC. The types of techniques bility of the trend toward intensive farm laws and regulations, transport of ani to be discussed can be new or old- ex Veterinarians and Animal Rights ing conditions, given limited acreage, in mals to and from the ship, experiences amples include substitution of telemetry creased consumer demand, and increasing of an animal carrier, insurance, the World for chronic cannulation to measure cer Dr. Neil Wolff, a veterinarian, has costs. He asserted that animals neverthe Wildlife Federation's point of view, the tain internal states, or using training in recently formed a new organization, the less have basic rights, such as sufficient animals' welfare, case studies, ship de stead of chemical or chronic restraint to Association of Veterinarians for Animal space to perm it freedom of movement. sign and operation, animal condition mon get blood samples from monkeys. In Rights. During its first year, the Associa However, he denounced the concept of itoring, and loading/unloading and port quiries or papers should be sent to Dr. tion will focus mainly on organizing, shar animal rights as too extreme and there practice. Contact G.B. Taylor, 6 Rosedale Richard Simmonds, Scientists Center for ing ideas, and collecting and exchanging fore likely to result in a paralyzing polar Close, North Hykeham, Lincoln, U.K. Animal Welfare, P.O. Box 3750, Washing current-event items and educational ma ization of opinion between producers ton, DC 20007. terials. Issues that will receive special at and animal welfare organizations. SCAW also wishes to announce that Australian Society for the Study of Ani tention include hunting and trapping, fac john Herrick of Iowa State Univer the competition for its second journal mal Behavior and the Australian Academy tory farming, mutilation in companion sity stressed the neccessity of human ism award is open, for articles on the of Sciences: 18th International Ethologi animals, and racetrack malpractices. The stewardship and argued that human rather humane treatment of animals used in cal Conference, August 29-September 6, Association will also try to place Animal than animal welfare should be our main scientific research or education. Both 1983, Brisbane, Australia. Potential par Rights Information Centers within animal concern. In many coutries, massive pop i i previously published articles and papers ulations live in a state of chronic malnu I I ticipants are being given early notifica hospitals for dissemination of informa i' I in preparation for publication will be tion for this conference, since this is the tion on these kinds of issues to clients trition, which represents a constant source !'. considered. Deadline for receipt of ap first time an International Ethological and the general public. For a packet of of human suffering; therefore, he argued, plications is November1,1982. For more Conference has been open to all behavi materials on the organization, contact: we should concentrate on increasing pro information, contact Marcia R. Feinleib, oral scientists, and therefore no chan Neil Wolff, D.V.M., Association of Vet duction and place less emphasis on con SCAW, Suite 221, 11325 Seven Locks nels of communication have been estab erinarians for Animal Rights, 69-40 229th cern about the animals. Road, Potomac, MD 20854. lished to reach all those who might be Street, Bayside, NY 11364. Michael Fox of The Humane Society interested in attending. The content of of the U.S. noted his amazement that the plenary sessions has not yet been de Human Dimensions in Wildlife Study Proceedings of Livestock Conservation U.S. farmers were still defending the sta termined, and the committee sponsoring Group Launches Newsletter Institute Meeting Available tus quo, while their European counter the conference would welcome any sug parts were already engaged in consider gestions on possible session topics. Plen Steven Kellert and a group of like The Proceedings of the Annual able research to study, for example, the ary sessions will be strongly didactic, minded colleagues published the first is Meeting of the LCI, held in St. Louis, MO behavioral effects of the battery cage on but will also provide a general overview sue of their Human Dimensions Newslet in May 1981, have been published. LCI poultry. While recognizing that the eco of recent developments and highlight ter in October 1981. Four issues will be itself is a research and educational in~ nomics of agriculture have virtually com any problems or controversies. Contact published each year. Regular features will stitution that is supported by national pelled producers to introduce factory Conference Secretary, Animal Behavior include brief original articles (the first and State agricultural organizations, mar conditions, he asked whether the bene Unit, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, issue reported on "The 1980 Survey of keting and packing concerns, suppliers, fits gained from economies of scale jus Australia 4067. Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated shippers, and several humane groups. tify the continued victimization of farm Recreation"); a list of available working In essence, the Proceedings consists ers and their livestock, given the fact Alternatives in Toxicology: An interna papers on the various factors and methods of a series of reports by the LCI's several that productivity under these conditions tional meeting which will include exten associated with long-term planning; a list National Standing Committees, which can sometimes be achieved only by prac sive discussion of the above topic will of upcoming meetings; synopses of re keep track of recent developments in tices (like debeaking) that violate animal be held at the Royal Society in London, search in progress; and profiles of par continuing problem areas such as ab welfare. November 1-3, 1982. It is suggested that ticipants. scess, brucellosis, chemicals/additives/ For more information about the Pro those who are interested contact FRAME, The expressed purpose of the publi residues, parasites, and pseudorabies. ceedings, write to: Livestock Conserva 56 The Poultry, Bank Place, St. Peter's cation is to provide a vehicle for sharing The reports, then, are basically review tion Institute, 239 Livestock Exchange Gate, Nottingham, NG1 2j R. new knowledge and techniques related to articles on recent research in a particular Building, South St. Paul, MN 55075.

164 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 /NT/ STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 165 Churchill Fellows Selected this is especially true of the figures and Technology Report #91 entitled AVMA Committee on Animal Welfare which are of very high quality. The book "The Scientific Basis for Food Animal Holds First Meeting The 1982 Winston Churchill Memo has also been rearranged to some extent Welfare." rial Trust Fellows have been announced and new sections have been added. ' Set up in July of 1981 by the AVMA's 7. The Committee will review pres recently by the Trust. Of the 11 catego In the first part of the book, Fraser Executive Board, the Committee on Ani ent AVMA positions and consider the ries of general topics fellows will work pays great attention to the internal fac mal Welfare held its initial organization development of others in opposition to on, one, Animal Welfare Legislation, in tors that govern animal behavior and to al meeting on October 27-28, 1981. The cruelty and in favor of improved animal cludes the following nominees: the physiological origins of the different group decided upon its work for the next welfare. behaviors. In this section, Fraser intro 8. The Committee will recommend 1. Mr. Peter Jackson, who will study 2 years: duces the theories about the neurologi that AVMA assume a leadership role in animal welfare legislation as applied to • Review and cataloging of publi cal production of behavior that he ad response to certain key issues of primary veterinary obstetrics. Address: 6 The cations on animal rights, factory farming, vanced at a meeting in the summer of importance. Brambles, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 and the use of live animals in research 1978 and his thoughts about homeosta 2L Y, Cambridgeshire. and drug testing In a letter reported in February 1, tic regulation in the nervous system of 2. Ms. Judy MacArthur, who will • Gathering of more background 1982 edition of the AVMA journal, C.D. the animals. work on legislation and specialist train materials on the more than 30 issues iden Van Houweling of the National Pork Pro The development of behavior during I i ing in laboratory animal welfare. Ad I' tified in a special workshop ducers Council had urged that the pork the ontogenetic process has been treated dress: 6 Saxon Leas, Winterslow, Salis • Attendance at the national meet industry be represented on the Animal in a separate section in the book. Here, bury SPS 1 RW, Wiltshire. ings of animal welfare groups Welfare Committee. While denying this fetal behavior is discussed thoroughly. 3. Mr. Alistair Mews, who will in • Identification of new issues and specific request, the Board stated that vestigate legislation affecting the The term "maintenance" is used drafting of position papers in specific the Committee will be encouraged to welfare of livestock at slaughter. Ad more and more in applied ethology. Be areas where the AVMA may wish to be consult swine specialists, including dress: Quarrs Farm, Chewton Mendip, Nr cause more or less everything that an an come involved. NPPC members. Bath BA3 4N E, Somerset. imal does is covered by this term, it can have no very precise meaning. Therefore, The Committee also formulated a Draize Test Alternative 4. Ms. Jenifer Remfry, who will series of statements for the Executive study codes of practice for improved in a comprehensive chapter, "The Be haviour of Maintenance," many differ Board that summarize its basic point of The American Fund for Alternatives comfort and well-being of laboratory an ent aspects of animal behavior are dis view toward animal welfare issues. The to Animal Research (AFAAR), together imals. Address: 19 Moxon Street, Barnet cussed, both individually and socially. fu II text of the statements is quoted with several other animal welfare groups ENS STS, Hertfordshire. Through his choice of illustrations, here. and individual supporters, has awarded S. Mr. John Shaw, who will investi Fraser has remembered to point out how a grant of $176,000 to Dr. Joseph Leigh gate ways of dealing with the urban 1. AVMA should maintain positive important it was for humans, even in ton of the Medical College of Pennsylva stray dog problem. Address: S Rawlings positions and attitudes in relation to is primitive cultures, to pay close attention nia to research an alternative to the Road, Smethwick, Warley B67 SAD, sues, emphasizing the profession's many to the behavior of domestic animals. Draize test. Dr. Leighton will use the West Midlands. contributions to animal welfare. A valuable chapter deals with the chick chorioallantoic membrane as his 6. Mr. John Watson, who will look 2. AVMA should use scientific bases specific behavior of horses, cattle, test system to assess irritant potential. into assessing universal progress in legis wherever available rather than philoso sheep, swine, and poultry. Especially The award covers a 3-year project. For lation for animal protection. Address: phical positions in evaluating issues and concerning horses, cattle, and sheep, further information, contact Dr. Ethel Pannett's, Shipley, Horsham RH13 8PP, developing AVMA positions. Fraser reveals, often in few, well-chosen Thurston, AFAAR, 17S West 12th Street, West Sussex. 3. AVMA recognizes the need for words, a thorough knowledge of the field. New York, NY 10011. more research in some areas. The $380,000 "Reproductive Behaviour" is discus of USDA funding in 1981 for studies on sed in a separate chapter. This section food animal confinement and behavior Anitrans Consu It ants provides a lot of valuable knowledge, issues is an example. Book News presented in a very readable text. 4. The Animal Welfare Committee Anitrans Consultants is a new com In the last chapter, "Abnormalities will develop a proposed position paper mercial group, with headquarters in Brit in Behaviour," Fraser discusses the symp on biomedical research issues at an early ain, which is specializing in animal trans FARM ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, A.F. Fra toms of physiological stress that, unfor date due to the priority of imminent pend port problems and services. One of the ser, 2nd ed. (Bailliere Tindall, London tunately, have become common in mod founders of Anitrans is veterinarian ing legislation. 1980). This second edition of Fraser's text ern animal environments. Fraser under S. AVMA should advocate adequate George Taylor who had a long associa book on domestic animal behavior is es lines the importance of relating behavior and timely veterinary care on behalf of tion with with the International Society sentially a revision of the first, which to physiological mechanisms and, con the welfare of animals. for the Protection of Animals (now WSPA). was published in 1974. However, in this versely, relates abnormal behavior to For further information, contact George 6. The Committee acknowledges and edition the layout and typography have bodily malfunction. Fraser emphasizes Taylor at 6 Rosedale Close, North Hyke recommends the value and usefulness undergone a conspicuous improvement; that a veterinarian should be able to give of the Council for Agricultural Science ham, Lincoln LN6 8JN, U.K. /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 167 166 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 Churchill Fellows Selected this is especially true of the figures and Technology Report #91 entitled AVMA Committee on Animal Welfare which are of very high quality. The book "The Scientific Basis for Food Animal Holds First Meeting The 1982 Winston Churchill Memo has also been rearranged to some extent Welfare." rial Trust Fellows have been announced and new sections have been added. ' Set up in July of 1981 by the AVMA's 7. The Committee will review pres recently by the Trust. Of the 11 catego In the first part of the book, Fraser Executive Board, the Committee on Ani ent AVMA positions and consider the ries of general topics fellows will work pays great attention to the internal fac mal Welfare held its initial organization development of others in opposition to on, one, Animal Welfare Legislation, in tors that govern animal behavior and to al meeting on October 27-28, 1981. The cruelty and in favor of improved animal cludes the following nominees: the physiological origins of the different group decided upon its work for the next welfare. behaviors. In this section, Fraser intro 8. The Committee will recommend 1. Mr. Peter Jackson, who will study 2 years: duces the theories about the neurologi that AVMA assume a leadership role in animal welfare legislation as applied to • Review and cataloging of publi cal production of behavior that he ad response to certain key issues of primary veterinary obstetrics. Address: 6 The cations on animal rights, factory farming, vanced at a meeting in the summer of importance. Brambles, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 and the use of live animals in research 1978 and his thoughts about homeosta 2L Y, Cambridgeshire. and drug testing In a letter reported in February 1, tic regulation in the nervous system of 2. Ms. Judy MacArthur, who will • Gathering of more background 1982 edition of the AVMA journal, C.D. the animals. work on legislation and specialist train materials on the more than 30 issues iden Van Houweling of the National Pork Pro The development of behavior during I i ing in laboratory animal welfare. Ad I' tified in a special workshop ducers Council had urged that the pork the ontogenetic process has been treated dress: 6 Saxon Leas, Winterslow, Salis • Attendance at the national meet industry be represented on the Animal in a separate section in the book. Here, bury SPS 1 RW, Wiltshire. ings of animal welfare groups Welfare Committee. While denying this fetal behavior is discussed thoroughly. 3. Mr. Alistair Mews, who will in • Identification of new issues and specific request, the Board stated that vestigate legislation affecting the The term "maintenance" is used drafting of position papers in specific the Committee will be encouraged to welfare of livestock at slaughter. Ad more and more in applied ethology. Be areas where the AVMA may wish to be consult swine specialists, including dress: Quarrs Farm, Chewton Mendip, Nr cause more or less everything that an an come involved. NPPC members. Bath BA3 4N E, Somerset. imal does is covered by this term, it can have no very precise meaning. Therefore, The Committee also formulated a Draize Test Alternative 4. Ms. Jenifer Remfry, who will series of statements for the Executive study codes of practice for improved in a comprehensive chapter, "The Be haviour of Maintenance," many differ Board that summarize its basic point of The American Fund for Alternatives comfort and well-being of laboratory an ent aspects of animal behavior are dis view toward animal welfare issues. The to Animal Research (AFAAR), together imals. Address: 19 Moxon Street, Barnet cussed, both individually and socially. fu II text of the statements is quoted with several other animal welfare groups ENS STS, Hertfordshire. Through his choice of illustrations, here. and individual supporters, has awarded S. Mr. John Shaw, who will investi Fraser has remembered to point out how a grant of $176,000 to Dr. Joseph Leigh gate ways of dealing with the urban 1. AVMA should maintain positive important it was for humans, even in ton of the Medical College of Pennsylva stray dog problem. Address: S Rawlings positions and attitudes in relation to is primitive cultures, to pay close attention nia to research an alternative to the Road, Smethwick, Warley B67 SAD, sues, emphasizing the profession's many to the behavior of domestic animals. Draize test. Dr. Leighton will use the West Midlands. contributions to animal welfare. A valuable chapter deals with the chick chorioallantoic membrane as his 6. Mr. John Watson, who will look 2. AVMA should use scientific bases specific behavior of horses, cattle, test system to assess irritant potential. into assessing universal progress in legis wherever available rather than philoso sheep, swine, and poultry. Especially The award covers a 3-year project. For lation for animal protection. Address: phical positions in evaluating issues and concerning horses, cattle, and sheep, further information, contact Dr. Ethel Pannett's, Shipley, Horsham RH13 8PP, developing AVMA positions. Fraser reveals, often in few, well-chosen Thurston, AFAAR, 17S West 12th Street, West Sussex. 3. AVMA recognizes the need for words, a thorough knowledge of the field. New York, NY 10011. more research in some areas. The $380,000 "Reproductive Behaviour" is discus of USDA funding in 1981 for studies on sed in a separate chapter. This section food animal confinement and behavior Anitrans Consu It ants provides a lot of valuable knowledge, issues is an example. Book News presented in a very readable text. 4. The Animal Welfare Committee Anitrans Consultants is a new com In the last chapter, "Abnormalities will develop a proposed position paper mercial group, with headquarters in Brit in Behaviour," Fraser discusses the symp on biomedical research issues at an early ain, which is specializing in animal trans FARM ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, A.F. Fra toms of physiological stress that, unfor date due to the priority of imminent pend port problems and services. One of the ser, 2nd ed. (Bailliere Tindall, London tunately, have become common in mod founders of Anitrans is veterinarian ing legislation. 1980). This second edition of Fraser's text ern animal environments. Fraser under S. AVMA should advocate adequate George Taylor who had a long associa book on domestic animal behavior is es lines the importance of relating behavior and timely veterinary care on behalf of tion with with the International Society sentially a revision of the first, which to physiological mechanisms and, con the welfare of animals. for the Protection of Animals (now WSPA). was published in 1974. However, in this versely, relates abnormal behavior to For further information, contact George 6. The Committee acknowledges and edition the layout and typography have bodily malfunction. Fraser emphasizes Taylor at 6 Rosedale Close, North Hyke recommends the value and usefulness undergone a conspicuous improvement; that a veterinarian should be able to give of the Council for Agricultural Science ham, Lincoln LN6 8JN, U.K. /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 167 166 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 11~1 'i'l ii':l accurate measurements and descriptions erinarians whose work involves the un of both the temporal and spatial para derstanding of the animal behavior. meters of abnormal behavior in his or ''i her patients. This is an important point /. Ekesbo I to make. Editorial Advisory Board Unfortunately, within applied ethol ogy, it is common that only one aspect of an animal's behavior is discussed, i.e., BOOKS RECEIVED how the behavior is governed by purely physiological mechanisms. Two other LD50 SYMPOSIUM: ACUTE TOXI critically important aspects, i.e, which AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL DEDICATED TO THE CITY TESTS: POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS biological functions are governed by the (Landelijke Werkgroep Diergebriuk, c/o behavior and how the behavior increases Postbox 439, 2260 AK Leidschendam, RECENT ISSUES the animal's chances of survival, are not Netherlands, 1981 ). This volume is the specifically discussed in any work on the SPRING 1981 proceedings of a symposium on acute behavior of domestic animals, nor are Kenneth Sayre: Morality, Energy, and the Environment toxicity testing sponsored by two Dutch Tom Regan: The Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethic they dealt with specifically in Fraser's lqtidar H. Zaidi: On the Ethics of Man's Interaction with the Environment: An Islamic government departments, the Dutch So Approach book. This is a pity, since knowledge ciety of Toxicology, and various Dutch Rita K. Hessley: Should Government Regulate Procreation? about the functional aspect of behavior MichaelS. Pritchard and WadeL. Robison: Justice and the Treatment of Animals: A Critique animal welfare groups. As with all such of Rawls increases our chances of learning how proceedings, the contents are mixed Charles Tolman: Karl Marx, Alienation, and the Mastery of Nature animal environments should be designed with a long, rambling paper on the "ethi SUMMER 1981 so as to enable the animals to engage in cal dose- 50" and three scientific con Lilly-Marlene Russow: Why Do Species Matter? normal behavior. For this reason, Holmes Rolston, Ill: Values in Nature tributions on the Draize test (A.N. Rowan, Scott Lehmann: Do Wildernesses Have Rights? Fraser's book would have been even U.S.A.), on acute sublethal toxicity (D. Thomasine Kushner: Interpretations of Life and Prohibitions against Killing more valuable if he had allotted more Russ Manning: Environmental Ethics and Rawls' Theory of justice Walker, U.K.) and on the work of the Dale Jamieson: Rational Egoism and Animal Rights space to descriptions of the behavior of FRAME toxicity committee (A.M. Sin FALL1981 the wild-type species, and the effects on cock, U.K.). Paul W. Taylor: The Ethics of Respect for Nature that behavior caused by domestication John Lemons: Cooperation and Stability as a Basis for Environmental Ethics (although this subject is touched upon in Milton H. Snoeyenbos: A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment Val Routley: On Karl Marx as an Environmental Hero some sections of the book). Barbara Currier Bell: Humanity in Nature: Toward a Fresh Approach Kenneth H. Simonsen: The Value of Wildness Fraser attaches great importance to Edward johnson: Animal Liberation versus the Land Ethic imitative learning in domestic animals. WINTER 1981 However, there are different opinions Mark Sagoff: Do We Need a Land Use Ethic? about the value of this kind of learning. Ellen Frankel Paul: The just Takings Issue Hwa Yol jung: The Orphic Voice and Ecology The way in which Fraser combines the Clifton Perry: We Are What We Eat conceptions, learning and intelligence, john Tallmadge: Saying You to the Land

into the term "noesis" might lead to Subscription price per volume (four issues) anywhere in the world: Individuals, $18; Institutions, uncertainty about a precise understand Libraries, Private Organizations, International, Federal, State, and Local Offices and Agencies, $24; Single Copies, $6. For air printed matter add $9 per volume. All checks and money orders ing of the mental capacity of the various must be in U.S. Dollars and payable at a U.S. bank. Prepayment is required at the individual rate. domestic animals. Send Remittance to: All other criticisms aside, with this ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, Department of Philosophy and Religion, edition Fraser's book has become one of University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 the best fundamental textbooks on do mestic animal ethology. It is clear, well BACK ISSUES AVAILABLE AT CURRENT SUBSCRIPTION PRICES arranged, and easy to read. The sections, ISSN 0163-4275 "Supplementary Reading" and "Glossa ry of Terms," increase the usefulness of the book for readers with different levels of knowledge about the subject. The book is valuable for both students and researchers, as well as for teachers in the field of domestic animal ethology. It will also be of great value to practicing vet-

168 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 11~1 'i'l ii':l accurate measurements and descriptions erinarians whose work involves the un of both the temporal and spatial para derstanding of the animal behavior. meters of abnormal behavior in his or ''i her patients. This is an important point /. Ekesbo I to make. Editorial Advisory Board Unfortunately, within applied ethol ogy, it is common that only one aspect of an animal's behavior is discussed, i.e., BOOKS RECEIVED how the behavior is governed by purely physiological mechanisms. Two other LD50 SYMPOSIUM: ACUTE TOXI critically important aspects, i.e, which AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL DEDICATED TO THE CITY TESTS: POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS biological functions are governed by the (Landelijke Werkgroep Diergebriuk, c/o behavior and how the behavior increases Postbox 439, 2260 AK Leidschendam, RECENT ISSUES the animal's chances of survival, are not Netherlands, 1981 ). This volume is the specifically discussed in any work on the SPRING 1981 proceedings of a symposium on acute behavior of domestic animals, nor are Kenneth Sayre: Morality, Energy, and the Environment toxicity testing sponsored by two Dutch Tom Regan: The Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethic they dealt with specifically in Fraser's lqtidar H. Zaidi: On the Ethics of Man's Interaction with the Environment: An Islamic government departments, the Dutch So Approach book. This is a pity, since knowledge ciety of Toxicology, and various Dutch Rita K. Hessley: Should Government Regulate Procreation? about the functional aspect of behavior MichaelS. Pritchard and WadeL. Robison: Justice and the Treatment of Animals: A Critique animal welfare groups. As with all such of Rawls increases our chances of learning how proceedings, the contents are mixed Charles Tolman: Karl Marx, Alienation, and the Mastery of Nature animal environments should be designed with a long, rambling paper on the "ethi SUMMER 1981 so as to enable the animals to engage in cal dose- 50" and three scientific con Lilly-Marlene Russow: Why Do Species Matter? normal behavior. For this reason, Holmes Rolston, Ill: Values in Nature tributions on the Draize test (A.N. Rowan, Scott Lehmann: Do Wildernesses Have Rights? Fraser's book would have been even U.S.A.), on acute sublethal toxicity (D. Thomasine Kushner: Interpretations of Life and Prohibitions against Killing more valuable if he had allotted more Russ Manning: Environmental Ethics and Rawls' Theory of justice Walker, U.K.) and on the work of the Dale Jamieson: Rational Egoism and Animal Rights space to descriptions of the behavior of FRAME toxicity committee (A.M. Sin FALL1981 the wild-type species, and the effects on cock, U.K.). Paul W. Taylor: The Ethics of Respect for Nature that behavior caused by domestication John Lemons: Cooperation and Stability as a Basis for Environmental Ethics (although this subject is touched upon in Milton H. Snoeyenbos: A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment Val Routley: On Karl Marx as an Environmental Hero some sections of the book). Barbara Currier Bell: Humanity in Nature: Toward a Fresh Approach Kenneth H. Simonsen: The Value of Wildness Fraser attaches great importance to Edward johnson: Animal Liberation versus the Land Ethic imitative learning in domestic animals. WINTER 1981 However, there are different opinions Mark Sagoff: Do We Need a Land Use Ethic? about the value of this kind of learning. Ellen Frankel Paul: The just Takings Issue Hwa Yol jung: The Orphic Voice and Ecology The way in which Fraser combines the Clifton Perry: We Are What We Eat conceptions, learning and intelligence, john Tallmadge: Saying You to the Land

168 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982 Do animals have legal and moral rights? Or does their nature differ from that of human beings in such morally relevant ways that animals can be ef fectively excluded from moral concern and legal protection? With exceptional skill and insight, Professor Rollin draws upon his philosophical experience and his knowledge of biological science to develop a rigorous yet lively theory THE USE OF ANIMALS IN HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY CLASSES of animal rights. Animal Rights and Human Morality bridges the gap between AND SCIENCE FAIRS theory and practice while remaining sensitive to conflicting social values. It is a unique blend of reflective reasoning and policy alternatives which will illuminate the basic issues for professionals and laypersons alike.

Bernard E. Rollin is professor of philosophy at Colorado State University, where he holds a joint appointment as professor of physiology and biophysics in the College of Veterinary Medicine. He is also director of bioethical plan A ning at the university. He has published three books in the area of philosophy and contributed scholarly articles to a wide variety of NEW journals including: "The Journal of the History of Ideas," "The Modern Schoolman," "Man and Medicine," and "The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical RESOURCE Association." As a nationally known lecturer, Professor ~ffm@)) Rollin has traveled throughout the country speaking to FOR professional scientists and animal welfare groups on the !!?1ffS!}jjff~ subject of animal rights. He is currently engaged in and Human Morality drafting a federal bill to ensure the proper treatment of BIOLOGY animals in scientific research. EDUCATION Now available from the Institute for the Study of Animal Problems, 2100 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037 at a cost of $9.95 (P) + $1 postage. ANIMALS IN EDUCATION explores the scien • What approach to live animal projects tific validity and ethical issues of studies con for science fairs balances intellectual Bernard E. Rollin ducted by secondary school students that in growth and scientific knowledge with volve pain, stress or death to sentient animals. the humane treatment of animals? This collection of sixteen articles provides the insights of internationally respected educators, ANIMALS IN EDUCATION does not prescribe psychologists, biologists and veterinarians in a set of cut-and-dried rules for the classroom. examining a series of questions on the com Rather, it draws on the professional and scien prehensive effects of human adolescents' tific experience of its contributors to examine dealings with other species. why and how live animals are used in high school biology programs, in light of a growing • What are the positive effects to awareness of the moral issues involved in U.S. Postal Service. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP. MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION: (Required by Act of August 12. 1970: Section 3685. students on nurturing and observing animal experimentation. Title 39, United States Code). (1) Title of Publication: International Journal far the Study of Animal Problems. (1 A) Publication No. 558-290. (2) animals? Date of filing: September 11, 1981. {3) Frequency of issue: quarterly. (3A) No. of issues published annually: four. {3B) Annual subscription rates: $45,$25,$17.50. {4) Location of known office of publication: 2100 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. {5) Location of the headquar • What negative impact does killing or in ters or general business offices of the publishers: 2100 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. (6) Publisher: The Humane Society of the United States and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Editorial offices: 2100 l Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. Editor: flicting pain/stress on live animals have -ORDER TODAY- Dana H. Murphy, 2100 l Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. Production Manager: Christine Zimmermann, 2100 l Street, NW, Washington, on adolescents' attitudes and psycho DC 20037. {7) Owner: The Humane Society of the United States, 2100 l Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. (8) Known bondholders, mortgag· logical growth? ees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities: None. {9) For completion by non-profit organizations authorized to mail at special rates (Section 132.122, PSM): The purpose, function and nonprofit sta ANIMALS IN EDUCATION tus of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding 12 months. (10) Extent • How do the ethical considerations of and nature of publication: (I) Average no. copies of each issue during the preceding 12 months. {10A) Total no. copies printed (Net Press Run) live animal experimentation in the high 160 pages $6.95 1,500. (10B) Paid Circulation (1) Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales: None. (2) Mail subscriptions: 625. (10C) school classroom vary from those appli Total paid circulation (Sum of 10B1 and 1062): 625. (100) Free distribution by mail, carrier, or other means, samples, complimentary and Make check payable to 'HSUS for ISAP' other free copies: 44. (10E} Total distribution (Sum of C and 0): 669. {10F) Copies not distributed (1) Office use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled cable in the biomedical research after printing: 618. (2) Returns from news agents: Not applicable. (10C) Total (Sum of E, F1, and F2 should equal net press run shown in (A}: laboratory? 1,500. {II) Actual no. copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: (10A) Total no. copies printed {Net Press Run}: 1 ,500. (10B) Paid Cir The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems culation (1) Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales: None. {2) Mail subscriptions: 832. (10C} Total paid circulation (Sum of 1061 and 1062): 832. (100) Free distribution by mail. carrier, or other means, samples, complimentary, and other free copies: SO. (10E) • To what extent can animal intervention 2100 L Street, N.W. Total distribution (Sum of C and D): 882. (10F) Copies not distributed {1) Office use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing: 618. (2) studies be adequately replaced by alter Washington, D.C. 20037 USA Returns from news agents: Not applicable. (10G) Total {Sum of E, F1, and F2 should equal net press run shown in (A): 1,500. native teaching methods? (A Division of The Humane Society of the United State~) (11) I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. Christine Zimmermann. Production Manager.

170 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3{2) 1982 Do animals have legal and moral rights? Or does their nature differ from that of human beings in such morally relevant ways that animals can be ef fectively excluded from moral concern and legal protection? With exceptional skill and insight, Professor Rollin draws upon his philosophical experience and his knowledge of biological science to develop a rigorous yet lively theory THE USE OF ANIMALS IN HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY CLASSES of animal rights. Animal Rights and Human Morality bridges the gap between AND SCIENCE FAIRS theory and practice while remaining sensitive to conflicting social values. It is a unique blend of reflective reasoning and policy alternatives which will illuminate the basic issues for professionals and laypersons alike.

170 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3{2) 1982 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Exclusive publication: Unsolicited articles are accepted with the understanding that they are not being submitted for publication elsewhere. Material accepted for publication im plies transfer of copyright to the journal. Solicited articles will be dealt with on an individual basis.

Manuscripts: -including footnotes, references, tables and figure legends- must be typewritten, double-spaced on 8 Y2 x 11 inch bond paper leaving generous margins. Manu scripts must be in English using the preferred spelling in the Webster's Third International Dic tionary. Submit original and two (2) copies. Manuscript organization: Title page (pg. 1) containing title of the article (maximum of 48 characters), author(s), affiliation, present address, address where proofs should be sent; Ab stract (pg. 2); Text (begin pg. 3), which includes introduction, methods/procedures, results, dis cussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, references, tables, and figure legends. Special instruc tions for the copy editor or printer should be affixed on the original copy. Abbreviations and units: Standard dictionary abbreviations are generally accepted. Other abbreviations should be explained when first mentioned. 51 units are preferred. References: The Harvard System, not a numbering system, should be used for the citation of references in the text, e.g., Jones (1971) or (Jones and Smith, 1971) or (Jones eta/., 1971). Where more than one paper by the same author(s) has appeared in one year, the reference should be distinguished by "a," "b," "c," etc. (e.g., 1971a). The list of references should bear ranged alphabetically by authors' names and chronologically per author. References cited with "eta/." in the text should include a// authors' names in the reference list. Titles: Journals should be abbreviated in accordance with the Chemical Abstract Service Source Index. References to books/monographs should include editors, edition/volume num ber, publisher, city and state/country where published and relevant page numbers. A paper in press may be referenced if it has been accepted for publication. References to personal communications and unpublished work are permitted in the text only. Sample references Smith, J. (1970) The effect of stress in swine on meat quality. j Appl Etho/ 5:125-127. Smith, J. and jones, S. (1970) Animals, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 8-14. Tables: These should be concise and typed double-spaced throughout. Figures: Submit 3 sets of glossy prints (no negatives) with identifying arrows and letters contrasting sharply with the background. Indicate on the back the author's name, figure num ber and "top." Figure Legends: Captions should contain sufficient information allowing the figure to be clearly understood without reference to the text.

Types of articles: The following requirements are given as a guide only; one double spaced, typed page contains approximately 250 words. News and Comment Articles: 1000-2000 words and where necessary, brief references cited, e.g., (App/ Ethol 10:111, 1979) in the text. Review Articles: 5000-8000 words with a comprehensive list of references to be used as source material. Original Articles: Up to 5000 words or long enough to provide an adequate introduction (stating the objective of the study and why it is considered necessary], description of methods (including an outline on the treatment of the research animals and the number of animals used), and combined results/discussion section.

Refereeing: Major articles will be subject to refereeing by members of Editorial Advisory Board and/or other selected experts. Insofar as is possible, both manuscripts and referees re ports will be anonymous.

Reprints: Authors of all articles will only receive reprints if specifically requested and a charge will be levied to cover the cost. Send manuscripts to: The Editors, journal Division, Institute for the Study of Animal Prob lems, 2100 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.

172 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(2) 1982