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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Relations Beyond Encounters : : Reinterpreting Post- Coloniality in Egyptian and Italian Literatures and Identities between 1826 and 1940 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kv1522r Author Wassef, Nadine Makram Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Relations Beyond Encounters: Reinterpreting Post-Coloniality in Egyptian and Italian Literatures and Identities between 1826 and 1940 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Nadine Makram Wassef Committee in charge: Professor Stephanie Jed, Co-Chair Professor Pasquale Verdicchio, Co-Chair Professor Fatima El-Tayeb Professor Amelia Glaser Professor Pamela B Radcliff 2013 Copyright Nadine Makram Wassef, 2013 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Nadine Makram Wassef is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2013 iii DEDICATION To Carol, Karim, and Ramy, You are my source of love, joy, and wisdom You are my revolution, you are my home iv EPIGRAPH Dall’altra parte del mare non c’è solo ciò che non è ancora sviluppo ma vie che vanno verso i deserti e gli altipiani, altre preghiere, altre chiese, altre lingue che rifiutano la traduzione.[…]. Fino a quando continueremo a ritenere che lo scorrere inevitabile verso Occidente sia l’unico moto possibile del giorno e che il Mediterraneo sia solo un mare del passato, avremo puntato gli occhi nella direzione sbagliata e il degrado che ci circonda non cesserà mai di crescere. Franco Cassano Parlare del Mediterraneo è parlare non solo della nostra storia o delle relazioni in dimensione euromediterranea, ma della storia dell’umanità. Ripercorrendo un immaginario itinerario di luoghi, miti e leggende, da Atene a Smirne, da Palermo a Cartagine, da Lepanto ad Alessandria fino ad Itaca, appare chiaro come il “Mare Nostrum” conservi intatta una tradizione che è testimonianza della nostra civiltà e cultura. Massimo D’Alema Non possono esistere i solamente uomini, gli estranei alla città. Chi vive veramente non può non essere cittadino, e partigiano. Indifferenza è abulia, è parassitismo, è vigliaccheria, non è vita. Perciò odio gli indifferenti. Antonio Gramsci P.S.: Il dialogo continua attraverso il Mediterraneo che è Mare Omnibus. Nadine Wassef v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ……………………………………………...…………………… iii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………….. iv Epigraph …………………………………………………………………………. v Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………... vi List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… viii Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………...…… ix Vita ……………………………………………………………………...…….… xiii Abstract of the Dissertation.……………………………… …………………..… xv Introduction ……………………………………………………………...……… 1 Chapter 1 ………………………………………………………………………… 24 1.1 ……………………………………………………………..………… 24 1.2 .…………………………………………………………..……...…… 31 1.3 .………………………………………………………..…………...… 38 Chapter 2 ………………………………………………………………………… 51 2.1 ………………………………………………………..……………… 52 2.2 ………………………………………………………..……………… 57 2.3 ………………………………………………………..……………… 65 2.4 ………………………………………………………..……………… 70 2.5 ………………………………………………………..……………… 75 2.6 ……………………………………………………..………………… 80 2.7 …………………………………………………..…………………… 85 Conclusion ……………………………………….……………………… 91 Chapter 3 ………………………………………………………………………… 95 Chapter 4 ………………………………………………………………………… 130 4.1 ………………………………………………..……………………… 132 4.2 ………………………………………………..……………………… 138 4.3 ………………………………………………..……………………… 144 4.4 ………………………………………………..……………………… 150 4.5 ………………………………………………..……………………… 154 4.6 ……………………………………………..………………………… 157 4.7 …………………………………………..…………………………… 166 vi Conclusion ……………………………….……………………………… 168 Chapter 5 ………………………………………………………………………… 171 5.1 ………………………………………...………...…………………… 174 5.2 ……………………………………...……………………...………… 181 5.3 …………………………………..…………………………………… 194 5.4 ………………………………...……………………………...……… 198 5.5 ……………………………...………………………………...……… 206 5.6 …………………………..…………………………………………… 212 Conclusion ……….……………………………………………………… 220 General Conclusion …………………………………………...………………… 222 Works Consulted …………………………………………………...…………… 230 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Manifesto del futurismo word cloud …………………………..……… 85 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would never have come to fruition without the support of many individuals, and it is with pleasure and gratitude that I acknowledge their effort. I would like to acknowledge Professor Stephanie Jed for her support throughout this long process as my advisor and the co-chair of my committee. Since I joined the Literature department her mentorship and generous availability have been a major source of support for me both as a PhD student, as a mother, and as a person. Stephanie, I will always be indebted to you for having taught me how to be a scholar, teacher, and mentor. Thank you for your advice also in matters related to my work as a Teaching Assistant and for all the letters you took the time to write in my support. You always listened to me and attentively read my work even in its earliest draft format and you patiently guided me to better express myself and better shape my argument. You have given me the opportunity to develop my own individuality and self- sufficiency by allowing me to work with such independence while being available whenever I needed guidance. I cannot thank you enough for having encouraged me to not only grow as an Italianist and Comparatist but also as an instructor and an independent thinker. I would also like to acknowledge Professor Pasquale Verdicchio for his invaluable support as the co-chair of my committee. Through multiple drafts, his guidance and comments have proven to be invaluable. Pasquale, your encouragement and mentorship have inspired me to find my way in research. Thank you for believing in my work and for patiently guiding me to shape my project. Thank you for your honesty, integrity, your dedication to your work and students, and most importantly ix your sense of humor. Thank you for professionally pointing to the strong areas of my work and for giving me support when I needed it.Your friendship means a lot to me. I am also grateful to the remaining members of my wonderful and supportive dissertation committee, Pamela Radcliff, Amelia Glaser, and Fatima El-Tayeb. Their academic support and generous input are greatly appreciated. Pamela, Amelia, and Fatima, (in the order you joined my dissertation committee) your dedication to your own work has been an inspiration. I am honored for having had the opportunity to work with you and grateful for every time you made yourself available to listen to my questions and to read my drafts. Chapter 2, in part, has been accepted for publication of the material as it may appear in the Palgrave-MacMillan Mediterranean Series. Publication of the paper is expected in October, 2014 as part of the volume Mediterranean Modernism: Intercultural Exchange and Aesthetic Development, 1880-1945. I would like to thank Adam J. Goldwyn and Renée M. Silverman for their hard work putting this volume together and for including many voices across the Mediterranean in this great volume. My dissertation was financially supported by the Literature department through a final year dissertation fellowship. I would like to thank the Executive Committee for awarding me a Departmental Dissertation Year Fellowship for 2012-13. This fellowship has granted me a productive final year devoted to research and writing. I am grateful to the department for supporting my project and for trusting my promise to complete my dissertation before June 2013. I would also like to thank the Egyptian Cultural and Educational Bureau staff in Washingotn, DC for their continuous support and prompt handling of the x paperwork of my study-leave to keep my teaching position at Ain Shams University while I was working to complete my degree. I would like to take the opportunity to express my immense gratitude to a great mentor and professor that I have lost last October. Professor Moheb Saad Ibrahim was the chair of my Masters Thesis that I completed in 2008 and has been a great mentor and teacher since I was an undergraduate student at the same university. His never failing support whenever I talked to him over the phone until a week before he passed away and his belief in my work and capabilities have continuously inspired me since I was an undergraduate student. Doctor Moheb, as I used to call him, has been a living proof, for my colleagues and me, to the integrity of professors and their dedication to mentorship and research despite the lack of financial resources of which Egyptian Academia has been suffering for decades. I want to thank my friends for their collegiality and friendship. Four friends, in particular, I must mention: Ilaria Tabusso-Marcyan, Ana Grinberg, Milda Zilinskaite, and Ramez Sami Ghobrial. You friendship and support throughout this process had made graduate life more tolerable and even enjoyable. Ilaria, thank you for your constant support and help when I had questions about Italian culture. Thank you for sharing your vegetables from your vegetable garden and for cooking for me when we studied together. Ana, thank you for your constant support, availability, care and friendship. Thank you, Milda, for being present even when you were travelling in another continent. Thank you for teaching me how to enjoy
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