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The Reconfiguration of Downtown Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, 1980-2006: a Case Study of Kelowna's Neoliberal Downtown Tr

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The Reconfiguration of Downtown Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, 1980-2006: a Case Study of Kelowna's Neoliberal Downtown Tr THE RECONFIGURATION OF DOWNTOWN KELOWNA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, 1980-2006: A CASE STUDY OF KELOWNA’S NEOLIBERAL DOWNTOWN TRANSFORMATION by Tina Inez Lissa Marten B.A., Okanagan University College, Kelowna, BC, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in The College of Graduate Studies (Interdisciplinary Studies) [Sociology and Geography] THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) JULY 2009 © Tina Inez Lissa Marten, 2009 ABSTRACT During the last twenty-five years, the City of Kelowna, located in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia, has been experiencing rapid urban growth. The city has transformed from a mostly rural agricultural area with a resource-based economy into an urbanized neoliberal Census Metropolitan Area with a post-Fordist economy. This thesis examines the neoliberal urban reconfiguration of Kelowna’s downtown, where one area, Ellis Street, has been transformed due to an economic stimulus, whereas another area, Leon and Lawrence Avenues have been starved, devoid of investment. Kelowna’s population has changed due to in-migration. The city is now hailed as a retirement Mecca in BC, and as a paradise to live, play and work, but this growth has affected Kelowna’s residents in different ways. On the one hand, the city attracts retirees, labour and capital, but at the same time, there has been an increase in poverty and homelessness. Subsequently, the changes to the city’s urban fabric have been quick and profound through gentrification, development and redevelopment, gated and walled communities, and the building of highrises. Some of the most drastic transformations framing this contradictory change have been in the downtown core, where redevelopment has manifested itself through gentrification of old homes, urban infill and luxury highrises. The population of the downtown has also changed with the wealthy taking up residence and in doing so pushing out the poor. This thesis investigates the neoliberal transformation of Kelowna’s downtown, studying the impacts of these changes on the city’s social, economic, political and spatial realm. It further investigates the agents who have been instrumental to prepare Kelowna for neoliberalism. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. II TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................III LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.....................................................................................................VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................VIII DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................IX CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO: THEORY ...................................................................................................... 5 2.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 5 2.1 NEOLIBERALISM ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2 URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF CITY SPACE......................... 31 2.3 THE LOCAL GROWTH MACHINE, PLACE ENTREPENURIALISM, GROWTH COALITIONS AND RESISTANCE ..................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER THREE: METHOD ............................................................................................... 44 3.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 44 3.1 RESEARCHING NEOLIBERALISM IN THE CITY OF KELOWNA ...................... 44 3.2 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER FOUR: KELOWNA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA ................................. 59 4.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 59 4 .1 KELOWNA’S LATE FORDIST AND POST-FORDIST YEARS............................... 61 4.2 KELOWNA’S NEOLIBERAL PERIOD........................................................................ 68 4.3 THE NEOLIBERALIZATION OF HOUSING ............................................................. 73 4.4 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 86 CHAPTER FIVE: THE NEOLIBERALIZATION OF THE URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN KELOWNA, BC .................................................................................... 87 5.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 87 5.1 THE DOWNTOWN RESEARCH AREA....................................................................... 89 5.2 THE NEOLIBERAL RESTRUCTURING OF THE CITY OF KELOWNA .............. 90 5.2.1 CITY OF KELOWNA PLANNING DOCUMENTS, 1990s – EARLY 2000s...... 94 5.3 REGULATION OF THE URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT.................................... 105 5.4 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................ 121 iii CHAPTER SIX: NEOLIBERAL AGENTS OF CHANGE AT WORK: A CASE STUDY OF KELOWNA’S DOWNTOWN TRANSFORMATION .................................................. 123 6.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 123 6.1 KELOWNA’S AGENTS OF CHANGE........................................................................ 124 6.2 TRANSFORMATION OF KELOWNA’S URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT........ 144 6.3 KELOWNA’S COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT ZONE ................................. 154 6.4 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................ 161 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 163 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 169 BOOKS .................................................................................................................................. 169 JOURNAL ARTICLES........................................................................................................ 172 MAGAZINE ARTICLES..................................................................................................... 173 PAMPHLETS AND REPORTS........................................................................................... 174 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES................................................................................................ 175 INFORMALLY PUBLISHED ELECTRONIC SOURCES.............................................. 176 PUBLIC DOCUMENTS....................................................................................................... 179 ONLINE PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................... 182 ONE SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER .......................................................................... 184 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………185 APPENDIX 1: BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH ETHICS BOARD APPROVAL……….185 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 4.3.1: Downtown Kelowna Residential Units per Housing Type, 1998-2007……………83 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration 4.0.1: Kelowna, located in British Columbia, Canada………………………….......59 Illustration 5.1.1: Downtown Research Area…………………………………………………....89 Illustration 5.2.1: Barren Land along Gordon Drive…………………………………………….93 Illustration 5.3.1: City of Kelowna, Hierarchy of Planning Documents…………………….....107 Illustration 5.3.2: Martin Lofts…………………………………………………………………111 Illustration 5.3.3: Downtown Tax Incentive Area……………………………………………...119 Illustration 6.1.1: Preload on Ellis Street and Clement Avenue………………………………..140 Illustration 6.2.1: Looking North on Ellis Street.…………………………………………...….147 Illustration 6.2.2: Looking South on Ellis Street……………………………………………….147 Illustration 6.2.3: A Fortified Highrise Entrance on Ellis Street……………………………….149 Illustration 6.3.1: Area of the Proposed Comprehensive Development Zone………………….154 Illustration 6.3.2: Rendering of the Proposed Comprehensive Development Zone……………155 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ALR Agricultural Land Reserve ASP Area Structure Plan BC British Columbia BIA Business Improvement Area CD21 Comprehensive Development 21 (another name for CDZ) CDZ Comprehensive Development Zone CLC Canada Lands Company CMA Census Metropolitan Area CN Rail Canadian National Rail DCC Development Cost Charge DCSTF Downtown Centre Strategy Task Force DKA Downtown Kelowna Association EDC Economic Development Commission MLS Multiple Listing Service NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement OCP Official Community Plan OSTEC Okanagan Science and Technology Council UDI Urban Development Institute vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am immensely
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