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Asam Gelugor) International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, Vol. 12 (Sept) ISSN 2462-1757 2 0 2 1 VARIATION IN PLANT MORPHOLOGY OF GARCINIA ATROVIRIDIS (ASAM GELUGOR) Azuan Bin Amron Agrobiodiversity & Environment Research Centre MARDI Headquarter, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Salma Binti Idris Agrobiodiversity & Environment Research Centre MARDI Headquarter, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Mohd Saifuddin Bin Ismail Agrobiodiversity & Environment Research Centre MARDI Headquarter, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Rosliza Binti Jajuli Agrobiodiversity & Environment Research Centre MARDI Headquarter, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Muhammad Luqman Hakim Bin Muhammad Fuad Agrobiodiversity & Environment Research Centre MARDI Headquarter, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex T. Anders commonly known as asam gelugor is an underutilized fruit of the family Guttiferae. Garcinia atroviridis is native to Peninsular Malaysia. It is distributed from Malaysia to Thailand, Myanmar and Assam (India), and is also found in the Philippines. In Malaysia, asam gelugor is found cultivated in the home gardens or small orchards. Some of the tree species can still be found in lowland forest. Asam gelugor are found mostly in the humid tropics as second storey trees and adapted to shade. A total of 2,846 trees were documented and Garcinia atroviridis were spread all over Malaysia covering 54 districts. Asam gelugor trees are usually planted from seeds and showing variations mainly in fruit characters. The tree is large with its trunk fluted at the base. The canopies were basically either pyramidal, conical, oblong, oval or irregular. The branches that arose from main trunk of Garcinia atroviridis usually dense. The bark colour of Garcinia atroviridis trunk are dark brown, greyish brown, brown, grey, greenish brown, light brown and black. The tree produces large orange-yellow colour fruits, nearly round, fluted with ribs and grooves. Fruit shape varies from ovoid to ovoid-oblong; and from spherical to flattened. From the study, mean values of individual fruit weight varied widely from 176.3g in Acc. no. 40 to 744.1g in Acc. no.69. The average fruit width slightly varied from 5.73cm (Acc. no. 18) to 16.13cm (Acc. no. 14). The thickness of rind of fruit showed a slightly variation among the accessions studied. The leaves mostly were oblong, few elliptic and some with obovate and oblong shapes. In Peninsular Malaysia, asam gelugor cultivation was considered as a moderately common, grown in home gardens and orchards; and had quite a popular ranking based on its popularity to households. The trees are able to provide food, nutrition as well as generate income to the farmers. In view of this, MARDI has carried out a survey on the distribution and genetic diversity of asam gelugor throughout the country. Keywords: Garcinia atroviridis, gelugor, variation, morphology, rare fruits INTRODUCTION Garcinia is one of the main genera in Guttiferae (Clusiaceae) comprising an estimated 200 species (Richards, 1990) which is smaller than the earlier estimation of 400 species by Whitmore (1973). Garcinia also is the largest genus of Guttiferae in Peninsular Malaysia and important locally as a genus of fruit trees, especially mangosteen (G. mangostana); one of the well-known tropical fruits from South East Asia. Peninsular Malaysian Garcinia species are almost wholly small or medium trees not exceeding 30m in height or a 120cm width and can be found growing from seashores to mountain tops (Whitmore, 1973). About 49 species of Garcinia have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia but the identification of several of them is incomplete especially the group of high mountain species. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders or locally known as 'asam gelugor', is a slow growing medium-sized tree which can growing up to 27m height and 70cm width with a deep monopodial crown of dense, slender and drooping branches (Whitmore, 1973). It is recognized as an endemic species in Peninsular Malaysia (Whitmore, 1973), and distributed from Peninsular Malaysia to Thailand, Myanmar and Assam (India), and it is also found in the Philippines (Verheji and Coronel, 1992). This species grows wild throughout Peninsular Malaysia in the plains of lowland forest and up to 600 m in the hills but is also widely cultivated especially in the home gardens. Garcinia atroviridis are usually planted from seeds and showing variations mainly in fruit 166 International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, Vol. 12 (Sept) ISSN 2462-1757 2 0 2 1 characters. The tree is large with its trunk fluted at the base. The tree produces large orange-yellow colour fruits, nearly round, fluted with ribs and rooves (Ridley, 1992). In Peninsular Malaysia, Garcinia atroviridis cultivation was considered as moderately common, grown in home gardens and orchards; and had quite a popular ranking based on its popularity to households (Raziah et al., 2007). Garcinia atroviridis was found many planted in Bukit Gantang and Yan in Peninsular Malaysia; each home garden at Bukit Gantang has an average of 10 trees of Garcinia atroviridis which is considered high in number (Salma et al., 2012). The trees are able to provide food, nutrition as well as generate income to the farmers. Garcinia atroviridis have been traditionally used in food preparation and cooking, having a distinctive sour taste and are reported to make meals more filling. The unripe, but full-grown fruits are cut into slices and dried, and used in place of tamarind pulp for flavouring. Currently, Garcinia atroviridis fruit juice is used on the body weight reduction and lowering cholesterol activity. The leaves have been traditionally used for the treatment of earache. The plant also been attributed with anti-inflammatory properties and reported to have high antioxidant activity. The distribution and diversity of the Garcinia species on farm is not much known and further, not much research and development has been carried out (Salma et al., 2012). There is lack of information on morphological diversity within the species of Garcinia atroviridis which are very important information that may be useful, especially in identifying elite accession for future genetic manipulation or tree improvement of the cultivated species. In view of this, an assessment on the distribution and diversity of the Garcinia atroviridis was carried in the home gardens in Peninsular Malaysia. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic survey on the distribution and diversity of Garcinia atroviridis was carried out at home gardens and orchards from 33 districts and six states in Peninsular Malaysia (Table 1). Garcinia atroviridis available in the home gardens or orchards, their frequency as well as their uses were recorded. Field observations and morphological characters were characterized and documented based on Descriptors for Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) by IPGRI, 2003. The baseline dataset on the distribution of Garcinia atroviridis that been carried out in all states throughout the country was mapped Table 1: Number of accessions in districts and states States Districts Number of Accessions Kedah Alor Setar 1 Baling 1 Jitra 1 Kuala Muda 2 Padang Terap 4 Pendang 1 Sik 2 Yan 5 Kelantan Kota Bharu 3 Kuala Krai 3 Machang 7 Pasir Mas 3 Pasir Putih 1 Tanah Merah 3 Tumpat 1 N. Sembilan Jelebu 2 Kuala Pilah 1 Pahang Jerantut 4 Kuantan 1 Lipis 1 Pekan 1 Termeloh 1 Perak Gerik 2 167 International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, Vol. 12 (Sept) ISSN 2462-1757 2 0 2 1 Hulu Perak 1 Kerian 1 Kuala Kangsar 7 Larut Matang 9 Perak Tengah 4 Terengganu Besut 1 Dungun 3 Hulu Terengganu 6 Marang 2 Setiu 1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Distribution of Garcinia atroviridis Baseline dataset of Garcinia atroviridis from previous study was gathered for distribution study. The data obtained using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) which was conducted on 624 home gardens from 11 states throughout the country (Salma, et al, 2003). A total of 2,846 trees were documented and Garcinia atroviridis were spread all over Malaysia covering 54 districts. High frequency of Garcinia atroviridis can be seen in the North of Peninsular Malaysia, followed by east coast area and very low frequency in the south of Peninsular Malaysia (Figure 1). Very high number of Garcinia atroviridis trees were recorded in Perak (724), followed by Terengganu (608), Kelantan (576), Pahang (277), Kedah (223), N. Sembilan (113) and Penang (65). Both Malacca and Selangor recorded 28 trees each, Johor recorded four, while no Garcinia atroviridis tree found in Sabah and Sarawak (Fig. 3). The reason why no Garcinia atroviridis was recorded in Sabah and Sarawak because people in that area mostly cultivated Garcinia forbesii and Garcinia parvifolia which have almost same function with Garcinia atroviridis in term of food flavouring. Figure 1: Distribution of Garcinia atroviris in Malaysia No. of trees SPARSE DENSE 168 International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, Vol. 12 (Sept) ISSN 2462-1757 2 0 2 1 Figure 2: Number of Garcinia atroviridis trees in districts in Malaysia Except for Sabah and Sarawak, Garcinia atroviridis trees are very common being cultivated in various districts in Peninsular Malaysia. As an underutilized species, Garcinia atroviridis was found with highest number growing in the home gardens and orchards in Larut Matang, Perak. The Larut Matang District in Perak alone recorded 534 trees. This is because the main product from Garcinia atroviridis which is the ‘asam keping’ fetches high market demand over there. This situation similar at Tanah Merah, Kelantan where Garcinia atroviridis can be found widely cultivated (465 trees). Garcinia atroviridis also can be found many growing in Marang (312) and Setiu (181) in Terengganu, as well as Bentong, Pahang (140). Garcinia atroviridis distributed in almost all districts for the states like Kedah, Kelantan, Perak and Terengganu. Exploration for diversity study of Garcinia atroviridis was carried out in Peninsular Malaysia.
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