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Wild Edible Fruits Generate Substantial Income for Local People of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Tamiang Region

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Wild Edible Fruits Generate Substantial Income for Local People of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Tamiang Region Wild edible fruits generate substantial income for local people of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Tamiang Region Adi Bejo Suwardi, Zidni Ilman Navia, Tisna Harmawan, Syamsuardi, Erizal Mukhtar Research income. These findings confirm the assumption that WEFs are important for the generation of household income. Abstract Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance Background: Gunung Leuser National Park offers a of WEFs to local communities in Aceh Tamiang, variety of wild edible fruit species (WEFs) with food, Indonesia, particularly rural communities living near nutrition, medicine, and economic value to the local Gunung Palung National Park. WEFs play an people. In recent times, these WEFs have been important role in rural livelihoods by ensuring food, threatened by over-exploitation, land-use changes, medicine, and sustained income. Policies and and biodiversity loss. This study aims to investigate legislation involving stakeholders are required to the diversity of WEFs and their contribution to ensure the cultivation, management, sustainable household income for communities living around the use, and promotion of WEFs in order to encourage National Park. the economic growth of the rural community in the Aceh Tamiang region. Methods: The study was conducted in three sub- districts adjacent to Gunung Leuser National Park. The plant materials were randomly collected from Correspondence three sub-districts, while local knowledge was gathered through a structured survey and in-depth Adi Bejo Suwardi1*, Zidni Ilman Navia2, Tisna interviews. The informant sample comprised 450 Harmawan3, Syamsuardi4, Erizal Mukhtar4 people, 150 from each of the three sub-districts. 1Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Results: A total of 54 wild edible fruit plants belonging Teacher Training and Education, Samudra to 41 genera and 27 families were recorded in the University, Langsa, Aceh, 24416, Indonesia study area. Thirty-nine (72.22 %) species were found 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Engineering, growing in forests, 12 (22.22 %) species in farmland, Samudra University, Langsa, Aceh, 24416, and 3 (5.56%) species occur in the bush. Several Indonesia species have economic value including Baccaurea 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Baccaurea Samudra University, Langsa, Aceh, 24416, polyneura Hook.f., Diospyros kaki L.f., Flacourtia Indonesia rukam Zoll.&Moritzi, Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex 4Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and T.Anderson, Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex Sciences, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis T.Anderson, Lansium domesticum Corrêa, Padang, 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia Mangifera foetida Lour., Mangifera odorata Griff., Mangifera laurina Blume, Nephelium cuspidatum *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Blume, Passiflora edulis Sims., Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Ethnobotany Research & Applications Alston, and Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. 20:11 (2020) Perry. These fruits formed a source of household income and were harvested by approximately 82% Key words: Aceh Tamiang district, biodiversity, of respondents. The sale of WEFs contributed economics, household, value addition approximately 34.31% of the total annual household Manuscript received: 27/04/2019 – Revised manuscript received: 27/06/2020 - Published: 14/07/2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.20.11.1-13 Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2 ABSTRAK yang melibatkan semua pemangku kepentingan diperlukan untuk mendukung budidaya, manajemen, pemanfaatan berkelanjutan, dan promosi WEFs Pendahuluan: Taman nasional Gunung Leuser dalam rangka mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi memiliki berbagai jenis tumbuhan buah edible liar masyarakat pedesaan di wilayah Aceh Tamiang. yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat pedesaan, terutama sebagai sumber pangan, nutrisi, obat- Background obatan, dan dapat menjadi sumber pendapatan keluarga. Saat initumbuhan buah liar terancam oleh Wild edible fruit plants (WEFs) refer to fruit plants eksploitasi berlebihan, perubahan penggunaan growing in the natural habitat (Shava 2005). Wild lahan, dan kehilangan keanekaragaman jenis. plants form an important part of the human diet; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi almost 75,000 plant species are known to be edible keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan buah edibel liar (Diamond 2002; Leonti et al. 2006). These plants dan kontribusinya terhadap pendapatan keluarga are generally grown in different habitats such as bagi masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar Taman forests, cultivable fields, and even anthropogenically Nasional Gunung Leuser. disturbed areas such as roadsides and wastelands (Beluhan & Ranogajec 2010). WEFs have played a Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada tiga Kecamatan significant role in the livelihoods of rural communities yang berbatasan langsung dengan Taman Nasional in developing countries (Mwema et al. 2012; Mabaya Gunung Leuser. Sampel tumbuhan dikumpulkan et al. 2014; Khruomo & Deb 2018) due to their secara acak dari tiga kecamatan, sementara itu, nutritional and medicinal value (Biswas et al. 2018). pengetahuan masyarakat dinilai dengan survey dan WEFs provide vitamins and minerals that are wawancara. Data diambil dengan melibatkan 450 essential for the maintenance of human health (Saka orang dengan masing-masing 150 orang di setiap & Msonthi 1994; Navia et al. 2015; Suwardi et al. kecamatan. 2018). Many WEFs contain more vitamin C than the commercial species and are capable of providing Hasil: Sebanyak 54 jenis tumbuhan buah edible liar macro and micronutrients in the diet (Bvenura & yang terdiri dari 41 marga dan 27 keluarga telah Sivakumar 2007). They also provide a similar taste, ditemukan selama penelitian. Sebanyak 39 (72.22 flavor, and aroma as cultivated fruit plants (Suwardi %) jenis ditemukan di hutan, 12 (22,22%) jenis di et al. 2019a). In addition, WEFs are also important kebun, dan 3 (5,56%) jenis ditemukan di semak sources of traditional beverages, food recipes, oil, belukar. Beberapa jenis yang memiliki nilai ekonomi medicines, fodder, firewood, and building materials diantaranya Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) for rural communities (Maghembe et al. 1998; Müll.Arg., Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f., Diospyros Suwardi et al. 2019b; Navia et al. 2020; Suwardi et kaki L.f., Flacourtia rukam Zoll.&Moritzi, Garcinia al. 2020a). Local communities are known to possess atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson, Garcinia extensive knowledge about the use of local plants as xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson, Lansium food and for other purposes (Sundriyal et al. 1998). domesticum Corrêa, Mangifera foetida Lour., Local people should enjoy continuous access to their Mangifera odorata Griff., Mangifera laurina Blume, natural habitats so that they maintain and improve Nephelium cuspidatum Blume, Passiflora edulis their knowledge on the collection and preparation of Sims., Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., food from wild edible plant resources (Somnasang & Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston, and Syzygium MorenoBlack 2000). malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. Tumbuhan tersebut menjadi sumber pendapatan keluarga dan Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), one of the dipanen oleh sekitar 82% responden. Penjulan world heritage sites was considered to be a hot spot tumbuhan tersebut berkontribusi sebesar 34,31% of tropical fruit plants in Sumatra. Approximately terhadap total pendapatan tahunan keluarga. Hasil 4,000 species of flora are found in this area (Wiratno penelitian ini mengasumsikan bahwa tumbuhan et al. 2004). More than one million people live around buah edible liar ini sangat penting dalam mendukung the GLNP (Wiratno et al. 2004), and rely on forest ekonomi keluarga. resources for income and livelihood security. Fruits as one of the non-timber forest products offer Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan tingkat potential to enhance the economic conditions of local kepentingan tumbuhan buah edible liar bagi communities (Deb et al. 2013). Oryema et al. (2013) masyarakat di Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia, terutama reported that several WEFs have been identified as yang tinggal di sekitar Taman Nasional Gunung being consumed in large quantities, while also Leuser. Tumbuhan buah edible liar berperan penting significantly contributing to the livelihoods of the local dalam mendukung kehidupan masyarakat pedesaan community in Gulu District, Uganda. For the local sebagai sumber pangan, nutrisi, obat-obatan dan people in Riau Province, Indonesia, sales of WEFs penghasilan keluarga. Kebijakan dan peraturan accounted for 38% of the total annual family income Ethnobotany Research and Applications 3 (Pardede et al. 2018). Similarly, the communities in individuals from each sub-district), who were Central Aceh, Indonesia and the Eastern Nuba selected through simple random sampling, with Mountains of Sudan obtained 43% and 0-100% of different background characteristics such as sex, the total annual family income from sold WEFs age group, religion, marital status, tribe, and local (Salih-Kamal & Ali, 2014; Navia et al., 2020). WEFs language (Table 1). A questionnaire was prepared are therefore considered vital to sustaining rural with four sections, namely: background livelihoods, reduce rural poverty, and promote rural characteristics of the respondents, collections and economic growth (Maske et al. 2011; Ahenkan & harvestings, sales, and other values of WEFs Boon 2011). Underutilization, high population (Appendix 1). The questionnaire also included the growth,
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