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Responding to Violence Against Women

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Responding to Violence Against Women RESPONDING TO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN THE EUROPEAN MAGAZINE FOR SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH No.61 - 2005 CONTENTS The European Magazine for Sexual and Editorial Reproductive Health By Elena Salgado, Minister of Health, Spain 3 Entre Nous is published by: Violence against women in the WHO European Region – an overview Reproductive Health and Research Programme By Inge Baumgarten and Dinesh Sethi 4 WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 Strategies for female genital mutilation prevention in Europe DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø By Els Leye and Comfort Momoh 8 Denmark Violence and trafficking against women in Europe: a priority for Tel: (+45) 3917 1602 HIV programming? Fax: (+45) 3917 1850 By Charlotte Watts. Cathy Zimmerman and Brenda Roche 10 E-mail: [email protected] www.euro.who.int/entrenous Securing shelter and support for female victims of violence Chief editor By Rosa Logar, Maria Pohn-Weidinger and Martina K. Steiner 13 Dr Gunta Lazdane Editor Co-ordinated Action-working through a network Jacqueline Bryld By Sabine Bohne and Renate Klein 14 Editorial assistant Dominique Gundelach Breaking the silence on violence in Latvia Layout By Liva Biseniece and Aiga Rurane 15 To om bord, Denmark. www.toombord.dk The social context of violence among adolescents Print By Thorolfur Thorlindsson 16 Central tryk Hobro a/s Addressing violence during pregnancy in the Republic of Moldova Entre Nous is funded by the United Nations By Valentina Baltag and Katie Cosgrove 18 Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, with the assistance of the World Health Organization Violence against women in Turkey Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, By Nüket Paksoy Subas˛ı and Ays˛e Akın 20 Denmark. It is published three times a year. Present Creating a gender-based violence prevention network distribution figures stand at: 3,000 English, in the Russian Federation 2,000 Spanish, 2,000 Portuguese, 1,000 Bul- By Lidia Bardakova and Julia Kachalova 22 garian, 1,000 Russian and 500 Hungarian. Violence against women in The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Entre Nous is produced in: The burden and challenges for prevention Bulgarian by the Ministry of Health in Bul- By Fimka Tozija, Dragan Gjorgjev, Dimitrinka Jordanova, Marija Raleva 24 garia as a part of a UNFPA-funded project; Attitudes and experiences of sexual abuse among Estonian adolescents Hungarian by the Department of Obstetrics By Kristel Altosaar 26 and Gynaecology, University Medial School of Debrecen, PO Box 37, Debrecen, Hungary; Europe against violence towards children, young people and women Portuguese by the General Directorate for By Ingrid Bellander Todino 28 Health, Alameda Afonso Henriques 45, P-1056 Lisbon, Portugal; Internet Resources Russian by the WHO Information Centre for By Jacqueline Bryld 29 Health for the Central Asian Republics; Spanish by the Instituto de la Mujer, Minis- Resources 30 terio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, Almagro 36, ES-28010 Madrid, Spain. Page 10 Page 13 Page 16 Page 22 Page 30 The Portuguese and Spanish issues are dis- tributed directly through UNFPA representa- tives and WHO regional offices to Portuguese and Spanish speaking countries in Africa and South America. Material from Entre Nous may be freely trans- lated into any national language and reprinted 2 in journals, magazines and newspapers or Cover illustration: ©BAM/Fie Johansen placed on the Web provided due acknowl- edgement is made to Entre Nous, UNFPA and THE ENTRE NOUS EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Dr Assia Brandrup- Dr Evert Ketting Dr Peer Sieben Articles appearing in Entre Nous do not Lukanow Netherlands School of Public UNFPA Representative and necessarily reflect the views of UNFPA Senior Adviser, Division for and Occupational Health Country Director, Romania or WHO. Please address enquiries to Health, Education and Social Utrecht, The Netherlands Ms Vicky Claeys the authors of the signed articles. Protection Dr Malika Ladjali Regional Director German Agency for Technical For information on WHO-supported activi- Senior Programme Specialist International Planned Parenthood Co-operation (GTZ) ties and WHO documents, please contact the UNESCO/Headquarters, Paris Federation, European Network Family and Community Health unit at the Mr Bjarne B. Christensen Ms Adriane Martin Hilber (IPPF-EN), Brussels address given above. Head of secretariat, Sex & Samfund, Technical Officer, Department of Dr Robert Thomson Please order WHO publications directly from the Danish Member Association Reproductive Health and Research, Adviser on Sexuality, Reproduc- the WHO sales agent in each country or from of IPPF WHO Headquarters, Geneva tive Health & Advocacy, UNFPA Marketing and Dissemination, WHO, Dr Helle Karro Country Technical Services Team CH-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland Ms Nell Rasmussen LLM Head, Department of Obstetrics Director, PRO-Centre, Copenhagen for Europe, Bratislava and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, ISSN: 1014-8485 University of Tartu, Estonia Elena EDITORIAL Salgado, Minister of Health, Spain ‘We need to stop viewing combat inequalities of health promo- public powers. tion, prevention, treatment and care Secondly, health professionals need to violence against women as and research in health should take into be aware of these risk situations and need a problem which only af- consideration the situation of the female to document and report all detected cases. population. Many of the world’s women Some countries have created protocols for fects women. In its entirety and girls live and experience situations of this and have distributed them to medi- it is a grave social and public violence; female genital mutilation is per- cal professional (physicians and nurses) formed on thousands of women, women at the primary care level. These proto- health issue, due to both are obliged to marry men against their cols should also be distributed within its magnitude and the seri- will or choice, women suffer maltreat- paediatrics and include an analysis of risk ment and sexual exploitation and also factors for the early detection of physical ous repercussions it carries coercion and domestic violence. or psychological violence against girls and for the collective safety and Depending on the country, between 10 adolescents within the family environ- to 69 percent of the world’s women expe- ments and schools. health of families and rience physical abuse by a man who they Thirdly, we should guarantee adequate society’. were or still are sexually intimate with treatment of the physical and psycho- at some point in their life. Half of the logical consequences of violence against Violence against women is a manifesta- women who die from homicide are killed women. This treatment should be consid- tion of the historically unequal relation- by their husbands or present or previous ered a priority and we need to assure that ship between men and women. Such partners. This figure approaches nearly no personal, religious, financial or other violence has perpetuated itself through- 70 percent in some countries. In their conditions exist, which limit women’s out history, through socialization and lifetime one in four women will be the access to such care. A factor, which may legitimization as an acceptable way of victims of sexual violence by their part- facilitate this, is to have more female phy- resolving conflict. ner. These numbers represent only the tip sicians and nurses in positions of respon- In 1981 activists for the rights of of the iceberg, underneath there are many sibility and assistance who understand the women lobbied for the 25th of November, more unreported cases of physical, sexual importance of these problems and who the date in 1961 when the three Mirabel and psychological violence occurring. are trained to prevent and detect them. sisters were murdered, to be chosen as Violence against women is a Trans- The public health response is one of the day to focus particularly on violence cultural phenomenon, present in all the answers to the problem. This is not a against women. In 1999, the General As- countries and at all social levels. It has substitute for the actions of other sectors sembly of the United Nations designated been present with various characteristics (educational, judicial, political, social the 25th of November as the Interna- throughout all human history. But it is services and other) but should rather be tional Day for the Elimination of Violence not an insolvable problem. We can and complimentary. This is not a simple task, against Women. This resolution is the we need to improve our knowledge of but it is an indispensable one, not only for result of a growing international move- the causes and characteristics. We need the health of women, but for the health ment to halt violence against women mo- to recognize risk factors and detect the and well being of all. tivated by the 16 Days of Action against manifestation of violence at an early Gender Violence, which this year calls stage. Elena Salgado 2 on all governments to address the links We need to stop viewing violence Minister of Health, Spain 3 between violence against women and the against women as a problem which only HIV/AIDS pandemic, which is supported affects women. In its entirety it is a grave by the United Nations as a strategy to suc- social and public health issue, due to both cessfully reach the Millennium Develop- its magnitude and the serious repercus- ment Goals. sions it carries for the collective security As president of the World Health As- and health of families and society. sembly 2005 I proposed, at the inaugural Firstly it is necessary to have zero toler- meeting of the 58th Assembly, that the ance for this type of abuse. All forms greatest challenge of this century should of violence against women need to be be the fight against the inequalities of rejected, and support for those who have health. Women comprise more than half been abused should be available. We of the world’s population and have an need a clear and decisive answer from important role as health activists within the health sector, in collaboration with families and communities.
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