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Genetically Engineered Biomaterials Advancement in Genetic Engineering Review Article Genetically Engineered Biomaterials SinithRashmin Withanage*, Kladko Daniil ITMO University, SCAMT Laboratory, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation ABSTRACT The involvement of genetic engineering techniques in the development of novel biomaterials has a huge impact on a vast range of applications. The capability of new genetically engineered material has achieved various innovative scopes in the biomedical industry. Such materials are usually designed via chemical and physical methods of genetic engineering. According to the genetic basis of sequence, molecular weight, folded structure, and stereochemistry, protein polymers thus suggest a generous view for the architecture of protein-based genetically engineered biomaterials. The scopes of developing genetically engineered biomaterials are leading to improve biological features of materials which can enhance the applicability and properties of materials. In the last five years, Genetic engineering research is becoming closer to the mass consumer. Leading global geneticists predict that in the coming years, a boom will occur in the genetic engineering market, comparable to the massive spread of personal computers in the 1980s. Thus genetically modified biomaterials with upgraded biological properties, expanding towards mass-scale industrial production, and the considerable consumption in regular universal activities. The techniques used to develop new materials and to modify the properties of existing materials, are subjected to different industries and fields of scientific researches. CRISPR is an authoritative research tool that facilitates scientists to deal with the expression of a gene. It has shown tremendous potential in genome research due to its ability to delete unwanted traits, and possibly even replace them with desirable traits. It is agile, worthwhile, and more authentic than any preceding gene-editing techniques. Genetically engineered biomaterials have been an enormous field of research over the last fifteen years and CRISPR has already initiated performing a significant aspect in boosting biomaterial research. Keywords: Genetic engineering; CRISPR; Biotechnology INTRODUCTION biotechnology proceeds to expedite with modern revelations and unique applications predicted to aid the economy throughout People have applied biotechnology operations, such as selectively the 21st century [10-12]. breeding animals and fermentation, for thousands of years [1,2]. Late 19th and early 20th century explorations revealed how Gene targeting is a particular technique that uses homologous microorganisms accomplish commercially advantageous recombination to shift an endogenous gene and can be used to procedures and how they provoke disease contribute to the eliminate a gene, omit exons, insert a gene, or include point industrial production of vaccines and antibiotics [3,4]. Upgraded mutations [13]. Genetic engineering has applications in approaches for animal breeding have also emanated from these medicine, research, industry, and agriculture and can be used on ventures [5]. Scientists within the San Francisco Bay Area took a different types of plants, animals, and microorganisms [9,14]. large leap forward with the invention and development of Genetic engineering has staged a collection of drugs and recombinant DNA techniques in the 1970s [6-9]. The area of hormones for medical use. One of its initial applications in Correspondence to: Withanage SR, ITMO University, SCAMT Laboratory, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Withanage SR, Daniil K (2020) Genetically Engineered Biomaterials. Adv Genet Eng 9:161. doi: 10.35248/2169-0111.2020.9.161 Received date: May 07, 2020; Accepted date: May 15, 2020; Published date: May 25, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Withanage SR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Adv Genet Eng, Vol.9 Iss.161 1 Withanage SR, et al. pharmaceuticals was gene splicing to synthesize large amounts of insulin, made using cells of E. coli bacteria [15]. Interferon, which is applied to eradicate specified viruses and kill cancer cells, also is an outcome of genetic engineering, since the tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase, which are used to crumble blood clots [16]. Biomaterials are materials with the origin of nature, either from plants or animals, and have fascinated material scientists for many years due to the consternate-influential properties such as strength, toughness, and adaptability [17]. Some examples of biomaterials are silk, collagen, cellulose, and starch [18]. These constituents of nature have motivated synthetic biologists to genetically engineer organisms to boost upon and develop Figure 1: Basic method of development of protein based biomaterials. materials with exceptional properties [19]. Genetically engineered materials such as leather, synthetic silk, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BIOMATERIALS and hydrogels are biodegradable, eco-friendly, and can be feasibly manufactured, formulating them an outstanding Second generation genetic engineering biomaterials substitute to their natural variants [20-22]. Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing technology that composes biological The second-generation genetic engineering biomaterial systems to develop commercially-relevant biomaterials and production technology developed by Chinese scientists in the biomolecules for applications in medicine, food, and other United States uses microalgae gene technology to produce industrial applications. Genetically-engineered materials that expensive genetic technology biological products at low cost. simulate the naturally-derived ones are rapidly-growing industry The first product of this technology is SRT-type spider silk recently [20]. material, which fills the gap of traditional genetic engineering. It has super strength and toughness. It is a protein matrix with There are several types of development of genetically engineered spider silk and has thermoplasticity. Its performance exceeds biomaterials, but the main mechanism and the idea show that of spider silk in the wet form [24,25]. It is used in relativity among each other [2,6,23]. The procedure of cloning bulletproof vests, parachutes, airbags, bone regeneration of genes in relevant to produce genetically engineered brackets, 3D printing, and high-end fabrics. DuPont already sells biomaterials, is the main and initiating step. There are different similar materials Kevlar: $ 1.5 billion in annual revenue. The types of cloning vectors are using in gene cloning such as performance of this material is close to that of spider silk, plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, yeast cloning vectors, Ti and surpassing Kevlar, and there is a by-product bio-oil, which will be Ri plasmids, and so on [24]. sold at the price of green crude oil, which can be supported by The selected characteristic of a material is carried out by its policies. This technology can maintain similar production responsible gene which is located in the genome of its origin [8]. efficiency in the laboratory when scaling up, and its reactor can Using genomic editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9, the be scaled up by simple replication. At the same time, this genes are inserted or deleted in a genome compatible with its technology has environmental advantages. Based on effect [13]. The selected section of the genome, fix with the photosynthetic production, it can absorb carbon emissions and plasmids usually using restriction enzymes and ligases. Designed produce by-product bio-oil. The project will also develop other plasmids inserted to the host cell leading to regulation and genetic products suitable for the production process, such as multiplication of gene as well as to produce compatible target phycoerythrin, animal vaccines, and seedling growth factors [26]. proteins [25]. Natural and genetically engineered proteins for tissue Genetically engineered material researches are involved in a engineering variety of applications such as drug delivery, nanoparticle coverings, macromolecular carriers, hydrogels; tissue engineering In 2012, Sílvia Gomes, Isabel B Leonor, João F Mano, Rui L has a huge impact on new innovative methods regarding gene Reis, and David L Kaplan from a collaboration of University of engineering. Researches confirmed different methods of Minho, Portugal, Institute for Biotechnology and obtaining, developing, and applying these materials with Bioengineering, Portugal and Tufts University, Medford, illuminating their developed functions and properties Massachusetts, USA have established a technology to observe [2,13,21-23] (Figure 1). properties and applicability of chimeric protein-based biomaterials synthesized through recombinant DNA technology. The recombinant proteins were designed with the cDNA of natural origin (Silk, Chitosan etc.) combining them with the cDNA with bioactive proteins (TGF, EGF etc.). Genetically engineered materials (Proteins) with a combination of natural and biological domains consisted of a variety of chemical domains that allows fusion proteins, cell adhesion, and Adv Genet Eng, Vol.9 Iss.161 2 Withanage SR, et al. increased mechanical properties, anti-microbial ability, and so biomedical aspects such as chronic skin wound healing, on. The applications of these materials are likely suggested to
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