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Natural Migration Barriers for Fish by Hydropower Plants Methods to Assess Historic Passability

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Natural Migration Barriers for Fish by Hydropower Plants Methods to Assess Historic Passability Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Natural migration barriers for fish by hydropower plants Methods to assess historic passability. Case studies of migration barriers Naturliga vandringshinder för fiskar innan kraftverksutbyggnaden Anders Johansson Department of Aquatic Resources Master´s thesis • 30 hec Stockholm 2016 Natural migration barriers for fish by hydropower plants Methods to assess historic passability. Case studies of migration barriers Naturliga vandringshinder för fiskar innan kraftverksutbyggnaden Anders Johansson Supervisor: Johan Östergren, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources Examiner: Erik Petersson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources Credits: 30 Level: Second cycle, A2E Course title: Independent Project/Degree Project in Biology - Master's thesis Course code: EX0565 Place of publication: Epsilon Year of publication: 2016 Cover picture: Er. Larsson, around 1900 Number of part of Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Keywords: Natural migration barriers, Historic passability, Reference connectivity, Connectivity, Fish, Brown trout, Eel, Hydropower Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Aquatic Resources Abstract Is it necessary to build fishways at all artificial migration barriers to restore and sustain bio- diversity? Hydropower plants have often been built at places where a difference in height has been used to gain more power, leading to the hypothesis that many hydropower dams have been built at natural migration barriers. How are Swedish running waters (not large rivers) assessed with respect to historical passability for fish at natural migration barriers and dams? How does one study a specific location with respect to the historical passability for different fish species? The methodologies that are evaluated in this thesis are relevant and specific information from a habitat mapping from Värmland County, where 2 903 km waterways already have been surveyed. The evaluation in this thesis has been made on various types of artificial migration barriers, to find out whether natural migration barriers have been replaced by ar- tificial migration barriers. A detailed study was made on a hydropower plant in a tributary to the Västerdalälven River, Horrmundsvalla. Several different methods were used to inves- tigate the historical passability for different fish species. The methods consisted mainly of historical information and DNA analysis of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) upstream and downstream of the waterfall, Horrmundsvallafallet. Field surveys of Swedish waters are often done with the use of “habitat mapping” (or Jön- köpingsmodellen). My conclusion after evaluating this habitat mapping, is that the current mapping methodology gives an unclear result with respect to historical passability for dif- ferent fish species. The most likely reason to this unclarity is the design of the protocol template used in the habitat mapping. In the protocol template, one can choose whether it is a natural or artificial barrier to migration. There is however, no question in the template that can be used to indicate the historical passability for different fish species. I therefore propose to change the protocol template, with the aim that historical passability for different fish species also can be commented. Historical information indicates that brown trout have not been able to pass Horrmunds- vallafallet, though some sources refer that eels (Anguilla Anguilla) have been able to pass. However, this must be very unlikely when one reflects the biological conditions and life cycle of eels. Bream (Abramis brama) are the fish species that dominate the lake upstream Horrmundsvallafallet. However, it is not likely that bream have been able to colonize Lake Horrmunden through Horrmundsvallen on their own, given the breams physiological capac- ity and watercourse morphology. The DNA analysis of trout populations upstream and downstream of Horrmundsvallafallet showed that the difference in the FST (genetic difference between the two populations) was 0.023. The difference in FST could be interpreted as that both populations initially (prior to 1 1960 when the hydropower plant was built) belonged to the same population, but after that have been isolated. The explanation for why the FST value was so low could however be due to the stocking history of trout in the lake upstream of the two populations. If one should conduct an investigation of historical passability based on DNA analysis it is important to check and examine the historical stocking or transfers of fish in the water systems of interest. In summary, I conclude that Horrmundsvallafallet was a total natural migration barrier to all existing fish species prior to human impact of the watercourse. Historical information is important for assessing historical passability for fish species. However, one should be care- ful and judge the credibility or plausibility degree of historical sources that are used. The habitat mapping done by the County Administration Board of Värmland indicates that nat- ural migration barriers occur at hydropower dams. The share is difficult to determine today given that Habitat Mapping methodology does not reflect historical passability. Despite the shortcomings of the methodology, over 5 % of hydropower dams could have been built by a historically definitive natural migration barrier for trout. 2 1 Table of Contents 2 Foreword 5 3 Dictionary 6 4 Introduction 7 4.1 Aim 12 4.2 Goals 13 5 Methods 13 5.1 Habitat mapping 13 5.2 Toponymy of water stretches 13 5.3 Case study Horrmundsvalla 14 5.3.1 Study area 14 5.3.2 Names in the catchment area 15 5.3.3 DNA of brown trout 15 5.3.4 Traditional methods 17 5.3.5 Field visit to Horrmundsvalla 18 6 Results 18 6.1 Habitat mapping 18 6.1.1 Result Habitat Mapping in Värmland 20 6.2 Toponymy of water stretches 23 6.3 Case study Horrmundsvalla 24 6.3.1 Names in the Horrmundsvalla catchment area 24 6.3.2 DNA of brown trout 25 6.3.3 Traditional methods 32 7 Discussion 40 7.1 Habitat Mapping 40 7.2 Toponymy of water stretches 42 7.3 Case study Horrmundsvalla 42 7.3.1 Names in the catchment area 42 7.3.2 DNA of brown trout 43 7.3.3 Traditional methods 45 3 7.4 Horrmundsvalla 47 7.5 Proposed measures at Horrmundsvalla 49 8 Applications 50 9 Own reflections 51 10 Conclusions 52 11 Suggestions for further studies 53 12 Acknowledgments 54 13 Reference 54 14 Appendix 59 4 2 Foreword This report is a Master’s Thesis (30 credits) in Biology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, SLU), Department of Aquatic Resources. I had three supervisors who all have advanced knowledge of fish migra- tion, migration barriers and hydropower during this thesis work: Johan Östergren, SLU, researcher focused on diadromous fish species; Marco Blixt, fish manager at Fortum Sverige AB; Dag Cederborg, consultant at SWECO Environment AB with a focus on water environmental issues. This report is addressed to people working for authorities e.g. county administration boards, water authorities etc., those who work with these issues in the hydropower industry, researchers and students who wish to pick up where this report ends and wants to answer the supplementary ques- tions, as well as an interested public who want more information about the migration of fish species. The focus of the thesis was originally "natural migration barriers at hydropower dams," but has during the run of the work also included scrutiny of how inventory of migration barriers are today, based on the habitat mapping (Jönköpingsmodel- len). 5 3 Dictionary “Obstructions are many and varied. It would be useless to attempt to classify them beyond distinguishing between the comparatively mild, the definitely difficult, and the completely impossible.”- Pryce-Tannatt (1938). Migration barrier: A dispersal barrier that exist within a catchment area. Can be artificial or natural. Can be partial, definitive or total. Total migration barrier: A migration barrier that most likely prevent dispersal or migration for all fish species in the system. Definitive migration barrier: A migration barrier that most likely prevent dispersal or migration of one specific fish species. Partial migration barrier: A migration barrier that most likely prevent some fish individuals within a species to pass the barrier. Passable migration barrier: A migration barrier that most likely does not prevent dispersal or migration for a majority of fish individuals within a species. Temporal migration barrier: A migration barrier that most likely prevent migra- tion some of the time, usually at low flows and at disadvantageous temperature con- ditions. Passability: Often refers to how big proportion of the measured individuals within a species that can pass a barrier, ranging from 0 to 100 %. Natural migration barrier: A migration barrier that is not made by humans; rapid, waterfall, beaver dam etc. Artificial migration barrier: A migration barrier that is made by humans; dam, culvert, wire etc. Connectivity in streams: “The ability to disperse and free passages for animals, plants, sediments and organic material in upstream and downstream directions, and from the river to the surrounding land areas, in relation to the reference condition" (HaV, 2013). Status classification connectivity: “In upstream and downstream directions, should be assessed on fish
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