FIRE PREVENTION & PROTECTION PROGRAM

PURPOSE / SCOPE

The purpose or goal of the Fire Extinguisher Program is to inform and train employees on preventing fires in the workplace and the proper selection and the use of fire extinguishers in the event of an incipient fire.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Fire is a common and serious hazard in the construction industry. Each year fires take many lives, cause workers and their families to suffer, and cost millions of dollars. Fire prevention is everyone’s responsibility. Employees must do their part by observing and complying with fire-prevention regulations and procedures. Employees should report any potential fire hazard or condition that could cause a fire to their supervisor immediately.

Many potential fire hazards that are commonly found on job sites include gasoline, diesel fuel, oxygen, acetylene and various other building materials. Most fires are caused by a violation of basic fire safety precautions. While proper procedures and training can minimize the chances of an accidental fire, employees must still be prepared to deal with a fire emergency should it occur. In accordance with OSHA standards, our employees must adhere to the following written Fire Prevention and Protection Program. A copy of this program shall be kept at the work place and is available for employee review.

Fire extinguishers shall be readily available and located so that personnel do not have to travel more than 75 feet to reach one. On job sites, all Winger Companies, herein referred to as Winger, fire extinguishers SHALL be conspicuously located, readily accessible, and immediately available in the event of a fire for all cutting, welding and grinding operations. Do not remove an extinguisher from a designated location except for immediate use. Only personnel who have received fire extinguisher training may use portable fire extinguishers. If you have been trained in the use of fire extinguishers, and you believe that you can extinguish a small fire, observe these general precautions: o Never attempt to put out a fire that is spreading in a way that may block your escape path. Be absolutely certain that you can escape. o Never use a pressurized water extinguisher on electrical equipment. You may receive a serious electrical shock. o Never use a pressurized water extinguisher on burning liquids. It may cause splattering of hot liquids and spread the fire. o NEVER discharge a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher in a confined space or any small area with poor ventilation. ABC multi-purpose rated, 2.5-pound, 5-pound, and 10-pound fire extinguishers are the most common type of extinguisher and will handle most fires. EXCEPTION: Special applications may require special extinguishers. Fire extinguishers that have been discharged must be turned in to your foreman or safety personnel to be inspected and recharged. Know the Emergency Contact Phone Numbers and Emergency Evacuation Procedure for the jobsite you are working on. Always know the location of all fire exits and fire alarms in your work area. Keep firefighting equipment, fire exits, and passageways clear and ready for immediate use. Ensure that fire extinguishers are not blocked by equipment, materials, parked vehicles or other objects that could interfere for immediate use in an emergency. Do not park in front of any fire hydrant.

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 1 of 10 Obey all “No Smoking” and “No Open Flame” signs and postings. o IN CASE OF FIRE o Do not panic! o Warn others in the immediate area on the jobsite. o Only attempt to put out a small fire if properly trained. o If the fire is too large for you to control, report it and turn on the fire alarm immediately. Evacuate all personnel. Keep a safe distance from the fire. Post lookouts to direct fire fighters to the fire. For electrical fires – turn off electrical current before attempting to put out the blaze. Keep combustible materials away from lights and machinery, sparks, flames and excessive heat. Keep solvents and other flammable/combustible materials in approved, properly labeled containers, and stored in the proper storage area. DO NOT store these materials under stairways or in passageways. Remove trash and debris from your work area at least once a day or more often as necessary. Clean up flammable spills and leaks immediately. Dispose of oily, greasy or paint soaked rags and towels in covered metal containers. Do not use flammable liquids such as solvents, mineral spirits, or paint thinner for cleaning purposes unless methods (approved by a supervisor) are employed for their safe use. Remove clothing that has absorbed flammable liquids immediately. Gasoline and diesel fuel shall always be stored in approved UL (Underwriter’s Laboratory) metal safety containers. No plastic fuel containers shall be used on Winger jobsites. Ground containers during liquid transfer so you don’t create static electricity. When pouring or pumping gasoline or other flammable liquids from one container to another, metallic contact SHALL be maintained between the pouring and receiving containers if possible. Shut off engines of vehicles and other equipment before adding fuel. Don’t overload circuits, motors, fuses, or outlets. Make sure you have good ground connections. While welding and cutting: o Follow all Hot Work Permit Procedures. o Take appropriate measures to control potential fire hazards. o Remove or cover all flammables in the area with fire resistant tarps or covers. o Keep all fire extinguishing equipment readily accessible and in a state of readiness. o Prevent hot metal or slag from contacting combustible materials. o Watch where the sparks are going. Use welding screens/tarps when necessary. Oxygen and acetylene cylinders are to be stored in a secure storage area or in cutting rig carts with a fire barrier of 30 minutes or more. Oxygen and flammable gases should be stored at least 20 feet apart. When using temporary heating devices, such as a salamander, use these precautions: Never position a salamander next to a combustible surface or wall. Do not stand too close to a salamander to prevent your clothing from catching fire. Extreme caution should be used when fueling a salamander. Fire extinguishers: o Know the location of the fire extinguishers nearest your work area. o Only attempt to put out a small fire if properly trained. o Know how to operate each kind. o Know the type of fire on which each kind should be used. o Using the wrong type of extinguisher can cause a fire to spread. When communication equipment is need in potentially explosive work areas, only equipment that is verified to be “Intrinsically Safe” SHALL be used. This includes areas with high concentrations of combustible gas or dust. All other electronic equipment SHALL NOT be used in areas where a potential explosive hazard exists. (e.g., two-way radios, cell phones, pagers, lighting, etc.)

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 2 of 10 Only non-sparking tools SHALL be used in areas where flammable gases or combustible dusts are present.

WHAT IS AN INCIPIENT STAGE FIRE?

A fire which is in the initial or beginning stage and which can be controlled or extinguished by portable fire extinguishers, Class II standpipe (a 1 ½” hose system) or small hose systems (a system of hose ranging in diameter from 5/8” to 1 ½”) without the need for protective clothing or breathing apparatus. Winger employees do not fight fires that have progressed beyond the incipient stage.

WHEN TO FIGHT A FIRE: You have had training in use of the extinguisher and are confident that you can operate it effectively. o Everyone has left or is leaving the building. o The fire department has been called. o The fire is small and confined to the immediate areas where it started such as in a wastebasket, cushion, small appliance, stove, etc. o The exit is clear, there is no imminent peril and you can fight the fire with your back to an exit. o You can stay low and avoid smoke. o Your extinguisher is rated for the type of fire you are fighting and is in good working order. Never fight a fire: o If the fire is spreading beyond the spot where it started o If you can't fight the fire with your back to an escape exit o If the fire can block your only escape o If you don't have adequate fire-fighting equipment o If you are uncomfortable in doing so If your clothing is on fire (and the floor is not), STOP, DROP and ROLL on the ground to extinguish the flames. If you are within a few feet of a safety shower or fire blanket, you can use these instead, but do not try to make it "just down the hall" if you are on fire. If one of your coworkers catches fire and runs down the hallway in panic, tackle them and extinguish their clothing. Remember, if you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to fight the fire - DO NOT ATTEMPT TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE. Instead, GET OUT, closing the door behind you to slow the spread of the fire. The Fire Department is ready to respond to emergencies, so do not hesitate to let the professionals do their job!

HOW TO EVACUATE A BURNING BUILDING: The last one out of the room should not lock the door, just close it. Locking the door hinders the fire department's search and rescue efforts. Proceed to the exit as outlined in the Emergency Action Plan. Never use elevators under any circumstances. Stay low to avoid smoke and toxic gases. The best air is close to the floor, so crawl if necessary. If possible, cover your mouth and nose with a damp cloth to help you breathe. If you work in a building with multiple stories, a stairway will be your primary escape route. Most enclosed stairwells in buildings over two stories are "rated" enclosures and will provide you a safe means of exit; don't panic, descend stairs slowly and carefully. Once in the stairwell, proceed down to the first floor. Never go up. Once outside the building, report to a predetermined area so that a head count can be taken.

WHAT TO DO IF TRAPPED IN A BURNING BUILDING: If you're trying to escape a fire, never open a closed door without feeling it first. Use the back of your hand to prevent burning your palm.

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 3 of 10 If the door is hot, try another exit. If none exists, seal the cracks around the doors and vents with anything available. Such as wet towels to seal the space under the door and prevent the entry of smoke. Cracks around the door can be sealed with masking tape if necessary. If trapped, look for a nearby phone and call the fire department, giving them your exact location. If breathing is difficult, try to ventilate the room, but don't wait for an emergency to discover that window can't be opened. If you can't contact the fire department by phone, wave for attention at the window. Don't panic.

HOW A FIRE STARTS

Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation or burning of a fuel. It needs three elements to occur:

FUEL - Fuel can be any combustible material - solid, liquid or gas. Most solids and liquids become a vapor or gas before they will burn.

OXYGEN - The air we breathe is about 21 percent oxygen. Fire only needs an atmosphere with at least 16 percent oxygen.

HEAT - Heat is the energy necessary to increase the temperature of the fuel to a point where sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occur.

CHEMICAL REACTION - A chain reaction can occur when the three elements of fire are present in the proper conditions and proportions. Fire occurs when this rapid oxidation or burning takes place.

Take any one of these factors away, and the fire cannot occur or will be extinguished if it was already burning.

CLASSES OF FIRES AND HOW TO PREVENT THEM

Class A — Ordinary combustibles: o Keep storage and working areas free of trash. Place oily rags in covered containers that are properly labeled. Class B — Flammable liquids or gases: o Don't refuel gasoline-powered equipment in the presence of an open flame or sparks. o Don't refuel gasoline-powered equipment while it's hot. o Keep flammable liquids stored in tightly closed, self-closing, spill- proof containers. o Store flammable liquids away from spark-producing sources. o Use flammable liquids only in well-ventilated areas. Class C — Electrical equipment: o Look for old wiring, worn insulation and broken electrical fittings. Report any hazardous condition to your supervisor.

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 4 of 10 o Prevent motors from overheating by keeping them clean and in good working order. A spark from a rough-running motor can ignite the oil and dust in it. o Utility lights should always have some type of wire guard over them. Heat from an uncovered light bulb can easily ignite ordinary combustibles. o Don't misuse fuses. Never install a fuse rated higher than specified for the circuit. o Investigate any appliance or electrical equipment that smells strange. Unusual odors can be the first sign of fire. o Don't overload wall outlets. Two outlets should have no more than two plugs. Class D — Flammable metals: o Flammable metals such as magnesium and titanium generally take a very hot heat source to ignite; however, once ignited are difficult to extinguish as the burning reaction produces sufficient oxygen to support combustion, even under water. o In some cases, covering the burning metal with sand can help contain the heat and sparks from the reaction. Class D extinguishing agents are available (generally as a dry powder in a bucket or box) which can be quite effective. o Pure metals such as potassium and sodium react violently (even explosively) with water and some other chemicals, and must be handled with care. Generally these metals are stored in sealed containers in a non-reactive liquid to prevent decay (surface oxidation) from contact with moisture in the air.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS

There are basically four different types or classes of fire extinguishers, each of which extinguishes specific classes of fire. Newer fire extinguishers use a picture/labeling system to designate which classes of fires they are to be used on. Older fire extinguishers are labeled with colored geometrical shapes with letter designations. Both of these types of labels are shown below with the description of the different classes of extinguishers.

Additionally, Class A and Class B fire extinguishers have a numerical rating which is based on tests conducted by Underwriter’s Laboratories that are designed to determine the extinguishing potential for each size and class of extinguisher. For Type A fires, a 1 would stand for 1 1/4 gallons of water, a 2 would represent 2 1/2 gallons, 3 would be 3 3/4 gallons of water, etc. For Type B and Type C fires, the number represents square feet of fire that the unit is rated to extinguish. For example, 2 would represent two square feet, 5 would extinguish five square feet, etc. Fire extinguishers are labeled according to the type of fire on which they may be used. Fires involving wood or cloth, flammable liquids, electrical, or metal sources react differently to extinguishers. Using one type of extinguisher on the wrong type of fire could be dangerous and make matters even worse. Traditionally, the labels A, B, C or D have been used to indicate the class of fire on which an extinguisher is to be used. Class A Label – “ASH” - A Class A label is in a triangle on the extinguisher. This extinguisher is used for ordinary combustibles such as cloth, wood, rubber and many plastics. OSHA requires Class A extinguishers to be positioned no more than 75 feet from the area of likely use. This class of fire usually leaves ash after they burn. Class B Label – “Bubblin Crude” - A Class B label is in a square on the extinguisher. This extinguisher is used for flammable liquid fires such as oil, gasoline, paints, lacquers, grease, and solvents. These substances often come in barrels. OSHA requires Class B extinguishers to be positioned no more than 50 feet from the area of likely use. Class C Label – “Current” - A Class C label is in a circle on the extinguisher. This ______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 5 of 10 extinguisher is used for electrical fires such as in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical equipment and other electrical sources. Electricity travels in currents. OSHA requires Class C extinguishers to be positioned on the basis of the appropriate pattern for the existing Class A or Class B hazards. Class D Label - A Class D label is in a star on the extinguisher. This extinguisher is used for metal fires such as magnesium, titanium and sodium. This class of fire is very dangerous and seldom handled by the general public. OSHA requires Class D extinguishers to be positioned 75 feet or less from the working area.

PICTOGRAMS

Recently, pictograms have come into use on fire extinguishers. These depict the type of fire on which an extinguisher is to be used. As Type "A" extinguishers have a pictogram showing burning wood next to a burning trash can. Type 'B" extinguishers show a gas container near a fire. Type "C" extinguishers have a pictogram showing an electrical cord and outlet with flames.

These pictograms are also used to show what not to use. For example, a Type "A” extinguisher will show a pictogram of an electrical cord and outlet with a big slash through it. In other words, you would not use that type of extinguisher on an electrical fire.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

DRY CHEMICAL extinguishers are usually rated for multiple purpose use. They contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flammable gas as a propellant. Dry chemical extinguishers are useful for either class ABC or class BC fires, (check the label), and are the best all around choice for common fire situations. They have an advantage over CO2 and "clean agent" extinguishers in that they leave a blanket of non-flammable material on the extinguished material which reduces the likelihood of re-ignition. However, they make a considerable mess. Note that there are two kinds of dry chemical extinguishers: Type BC fire extinguishers contain sodium or potassium bicarbonate. Type ABC fire extinguishers contain ammonium phosphate.

HALON extinguishers contain a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction that takes place when fuels burn. These types of extinguishers are often used to protect valuable electrical equipment since them leave no residue to clean up. Halon extinguishers have a limited range, usually 4 to 6 feet. The initial application of Halon should be made at the base of the fire, even after the flames have been extinguished.

WATER extinguishers contain water and compressed gas and should only be used on Class A fires, (ordinary combustibles). Water extinguishers are not suitable for class B, C and D fires such as burning liquids, electrical fires or reactive metal fires. In these cases, the flames will be spread or the hazard will be made greater!

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 6 of 10 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) extinguishers are most effective on Class B and C fires, (liquids and electrical). They don't work very well on class A fires because the material usually “reignites”. CO2 extinguishers have an advantage over dry chemical in that they leave behind no harmful residue. Since the gas disperses quickly, these extinguishers are only effective from 3 to 8 feet. The carbon dioxide is stored as a compressed liquid in the extinguisher; as it expands, it cools the surrounding air. The cooling will often cause ice to form around the “discharge horn” where the gas is expelled from the extinguisher. Since the fire could re-ignite, continue to apply the agent even after the fire appears to be out. These are most commonly found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens and flammable storage areas. Note that CO2 is a bad choice for flammable metal fires such as Grignard reagents, alkyllithiums and sodium metal because CO2 reacts with these materials. CO2 extinguishers are not approved for class D fires!

MULTI-CLASS EXTINGUISHERS

Many extinguishers available today can be used on different types of fires and will be labeled with more than one designator, (e.g. A-B, B-C, or A-B-C). Make sure that if you have a multi- purpose extinguisher it is properly labeled. These range in sizes from 5 lbs to 20 lbs.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS SELECTED BY WINGER

Winger utilizes dry-chemical, multi-purpose ABC fire extinguishers for our fire prevention needs.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE

Fire extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged and operable condition and kept in their designated places at all times except during use. Fire extinguishers shall be inspected monthly. Ensure that: o The extinguisher is not blocked by equipment, clothing or other objects that could interfere with access in an emergency. o The pressure is at the recommended level. On extinguishers equipped with a gauge, (such as that shown on the right), that means the needle should be in the green zone. o The nozzle or other parts are not obstructed. o The pin and tamper seal, (if it has one), are intact. o There are no dents, leaks, rust, chemical deposits and other signs of abuse/wear. o Wipe off any corrosive chemicals, oil, gunk, etc. that may has collected on the extinguisher. o Some manufacturers recommend shaking your dry chemical extinguishers once a month to prevent the powder from settling/packing. Fire extinguishers shall be pressure tested, (a process called hydrostatic testing), at required intervals based on the manufacturer’s specifications. Monthly inspection files are kept by the safety department. Annual inspection files are kept by ABS Fire Equipment, Ottumwa, Iowa. Fire extinguishers are emptied and subjected to applicable maintenance procedures every 6 years.

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 7 of 10 HOW TO USE PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Even though extinguishers come in a number of shapes and sizes, they all operate in a similar manner. Here's an easy acronym for fire extinguisher use: P A S S - Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep

Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that keeps the handle from being accidentally pressed.

Aim the nozzle toward the base of the fire.

Stand approximately 8 feet away from the fire and SQUEEZE the handle to discharge the extinguisher. If you release the handle, the discharge will stop.

SWEEP the nozzle back and forth at the base of the fire. After the fire appears to be out, watch it carefully since it may re-ignite!

FIRE WATCH RESPONSIBILITIES

This Fire Watch section serves as a guideline to watch for hazards during and after hot work has been performed on a project. It also applies whenever a Fire Alarm System or Automatic Fire Sprinkler System is not operational.

Operations such as welding, cutting, burning, heating, grinding or similar spark, slag, or intense heat producing activities, that are capable of igniting combustible materials or flammable atmospheres or providing a source of ignition for a fire. Also defined as cutting and welding operations for construction/demolition activities that involve the use of portable gas or arc welding equipment open flame or spark-producing apparatus.

Fire watchers shall be required whenever welding or cutting is performed in locations where other than a minor fire might develop, or any of the following exist: o Combustible material, in building construction or contents, closer than 35 feet to the point of operation. o Combustibles are more than 35 feet away, but are easily ignited by sparks.

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 8 of 10 o Wall or floor openings within a 35 foot radius expose combustible material in adjacent areas including concealed spaces in walls or floors. o Combustible materials are adjacent to the opposite side of metal partitions, walls, ceilings, or roofs and are likely to be ignited by conduction or radiation. Fire watch may only be performed by individuals who are NOT performing any other duties that would take their attention away from the area where the hot work is performed. Fire watchers must be aware of the inherent hazards involved in hot work. Fire watchers must have a clear view of and immediate access to all areas included in the fire watch. Fire watchers must remain in a location that allows immediate communication with the individual(s) performing hot work for instant communication if a fire breaks out. Fire watchers must be able to stop work if necessary and restore safe conditions within the hot work area. Fire watchers shall have fire extinguishing equipment readily available and be trained in its use. They shall be familiar with facilities for sounding an alarm in the event of a fire. They shall watch for fires in all exposed areas. A fire watch shall watch for fires in all exposed areas for a minimum of thirty (30) minutes (including lunch and break times) after hot work is completed to detect and extinguish possible smoldering fires and/or sound the alarm if necessary. Sign off on Hot Work Permit (if applicable) that the job is completed and fire watch has determined that there are no longer any fire hazards that will lead to a hazardous situation in the hot work area.

TRAINING

The purpose or goal is to train employees on the proper selection and the use of fire extinguishers in the event of an incipient fire. Training in the use of fire extinguishers shall be conducted for those employees who may be required to use a fire extinguisher as part of their work activities.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER TRAINING REQUIREMENTS - OSHA §1910.157(G): Training is required for all employees where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee use in the workplace. Employees will be trained in the use of fire extinguishers or small hose systems, and are not trained to perform structural fire fighting activities. Training shall include the following: o The general principles of fire extinguisher use o The hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting. o The duties of “fire watch”. §1910.252(a). Training must be rendered upon initial employment and repeated annually. Training shall be updated to be to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes.

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 9 of 10 SOURCE CREDITS

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, www.osha.gov Mechanical Contractors Association of America, www.mcaa.org Cargill Corn Milling North America Center for Chemical Process Safety J.J. Keller & Associates, Inc., Keller’s Workplace Safety Advisor Kinman Company Fire Protection and Prevention Program Select Safety Sales, www.selectsafetysales.com EZ Facts Safety Info, www.labsafety.com Occupational Health & Safety, www.ohsonline.com Fairfax County Public Works and Environmental Services National Safety Council

DOCUMENT CONTROL

Initial Program June 18, 2003 Revised July 20, 2005 Revised December 8, 2006 Revised February 26, 2009 Revised November 11, 2011 Revised September 28, 2012 Revised April 2, 2013 Reviewed April 8, 2015 Revised October 19, 2016 Revised September 13, 2017 Revised September 26, 2018

______Winger Companies Safety & Health Manual Fire Prevention Program Revised September 2018 Page 10 of 10