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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 101 LABORATORY MANUAL an Inquiry Approach Through an Environmental Awareness

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 101 LABORATORY MANUAL an Inquiry Approach Through an Environmental Awareness East Los Angeles College Department of Chemistry GENERAL CHEMISTRY 101 LABORATORY MANUAL An Inquiry Approach through an Environmental Awareness The following laboratories have been compiled and adapted by Alan Khuu, M.S. & Armando Rivera, Ph.D. 1 Table of Contents I. Chemical Safety in the Laboratory ............................................................. 4 II. Green Chemistry Twelve (12) Principles of EPA Green Chemistry ........................................ 7 III. Unit 1 Water ............................................................................................................. 9 IV. Experiment 2 Water Analysis ............................................................................................ 18 V. Experiment 3 Methods of Evaporation and Filtration Used to Separate Mixtures ..................................................................................................... 29 VI. Unit 2 Waste and Recycling.................................................................................... 34 VII. Experiment 4 Waste and Recycling of Aluminum ............................................................ 39 VIII. Experiment 5 Identification of an Unknown Compound Through Mass Correlations ................................................................................................ 46 IX. Experiment 6 Classifying Chemical Reactions Through Copper Reactions ................... 50 X. Experiment 7 Using Titration to Verify the Chemical Formula of Calcium Hydroxide ................................................................................................... 59 XI. Experiment 8 Using Titration to Analyze the Sodium Carbonate Content in an Unknown Sample ............................................................................... 61 XII. Unit 3 Energy ......................................................................................................... 64 XIII. Experiment 9 Thermochemistry ....................................................................................... 69 XIV. Experiment 10 Spectrophotometry of Phosphate and Cobalt Solutions ............................ 79 2 XV. Unit 4 Air ................................................................................................................ 87 XVI. Experiment 11 Exploring the Properties of Gases .............................................................. 90 XVII. Experiment 12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Nitrogen Monoxide Smog and Acid Rain .................................................................................................... 97 XVIII. Experiment 12 Supplement Vapor Pressure and Heat of Vaporization .............................................. 110 XIX. Experiment 13 Freezing-Point Depression and Molar Mass ............................................ 114 XX. Experiment 14 Global Warming Issues and Effects........................................................... 121 XXI. Additional Practice Exercises A. Conversion Factors ................................................................................ 125 B. Thermochemistry: Calorimetry and Heat Exchange ........................... 126 C. Thermochemistry: Change in Enthalpy and Hess’ Law ...................... 128 D. Thermochemistry: Lattice Energy and the Born-Haber Cycle............ 130 E. Hybridization ......................................................................................... 131 F. Gas’ Laws ............................................................................................... 132 XXII. Water Vapor............................................................................................... 134 XXIII. Electromagnetic Spectrum......................................................................... 135 XXIV. Inorganic Nomenclature Tables................................................................. 137 XXV. VSEPR and Molecular Geometry.............................................................. 141 XXVI. Electronic Configuration and the Periodic Table...................................... 142 XXVII. The Periodic Table .................................................................................. 143 3 Chemical Safety in the Laboratory - Regulations A. GENERAL 1. First-aid kits are available for emergency use only and are located beside the main entrance of rooms H8-101, 103, 117, 119 and in the stockroom 111. Band-aids for minor cuts are available in the main stockroom. Notify your instructor or the technicians if you use safety items. 2. Notify your instructor if any accidents and/or injuries, regardless of their severity. If you need medical treatment, you will be promptly taken to the Student Health Center located in building G8, room 111 (323-265-8600). In case of accident after 5:00 pm or on Saturdays, call the campus police at 323-265-8800 or dial 911. 3. Learn the location and use of safety equipment, including the safety shower, eyewash, fire extinguisher, and fire blanket. 4. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed at any time. 5. Work cautiously with chemicals only after you have learned about their potential hazards. The stockroom has a catalogue of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) sheets that contain all the important information about any chemical you will use. 7. Closed-toe shoes must be worn in the laboratory at all times. 8. Do not attempt to slow down or stop centrifuge rotors with your hands! Always let the centrifuge come to a complete stop before opening the lid to the rotor chamber. 9. Wash your hands well before leaving the laboratory. B. HANDLING CHEMICALS AND WASTE DISPOSAL 1. To avoid spattering of acids which can cause burns, always add acid to water. Never add water to acid. 2. Before obtaining any reagents, carefully read the labels on the bottles twice. Many chemicals have similar names or concentrations may vary. 3. Do not remove a reagent from the designated dispensing area. Use the appropriate container (test tube, beaker, etc.) for obtaining chemicals. 4. To avoid unnecessary waste, obtain only the amount of chemicals called for in an experiment. Your instructor will tell you the proper procedure for dispensing liquids and solids. Never insert medicine droppers or scoops into reagent bottles. 5. Never return unused chemicals to the original dispensing bottle. 4 6. Follow the instructor’s directions for disposal of chemicals. When no specific directions are given, dispose of nonhazardous, water soluble substances in the sink, and put insoluble materials such as filter paper in waste basket. 7. Broken glass must be put into the containers designated for that purpose. 8 Each day, before you leave your lab bench, clean off the bench surface. Remove matches and papers, and wipe down the surface with water and paper towels. C. EYE PROTECTION 1. You are required to wear approved eye protection in the laboratory whenever you are doing any experiment or whenever any experiment is being done in the laboratory around you (eye protection must meet ANSI Z87.1 impact standards). Repeated failure to wear approved eye protection will result in dismissal from the experiment being conducted. 2. If you should get an irritating substance in your eye, move quickly to the eye washer and wash your eyes thoroughly for at least 15 minutes. Do not delay; a difference of a few seconds can be crucial for the recovery of your eyes. Have someone notify the instructor of the accident so that you can be taken to the Student Health Center immediately. 3. Remove contact lenses while performing any activity/experiment in the laboratory. D. FIRE HAZARD 1. In case of fire notify the instructor as soon as possible. 2. Do not dry chemicals in a drying oven or heat any materials with an open flame unless specifically directed to do so. 3. Tie back long hair and avoid wearing loose clothing in the laboratory. 4. Never store flammable substances in your laboratory drawer or locker without the approval of, or directions from your laboratory instructor. Do not store organic solvents in open containers even for a short time. D. CONTACT HAZARD 1. If you should spill a corrosive substance on your skin or clothing, wash it off with plenty of water for 15 minutes. Use the safety shower if you were exposed to a large chemical spill. Notify the instructor of any spillage as soon as possible; he/she will provide any necessary secondary treatment and will arrange for your transportation to the Student Health Center, if necessary. E. INGESTION HAZARD 1. Never eat, drink, or taste anything in the laboratory. 2. No smoking is allowed in the laboratory or building. 5 3. No pipetting by mouth. F. INHALATION HAZARD 1. Experimental operations that generate toxic or noxious fumes should always be performed under a hood. H. HOODS 1. Before using a hood, always check to make sure it is on and functioning. 2. Use the hood with the sash raised at the indicator line. This includes using the hood for the storage of chemicals or reagents. I. HAZARDOUS SPILLS AND CLEAN UP 1. In the event of a chemical spill, large or small, consult your laboratory instructor or the chemistry technician as to the appropriate method of clean-up. 2. You should not clean up a spill if: -You don't know what the material is, or lack the necessary protection or clean-up materials to do the job safely. -The spill is large (e.g. more than one liter for liquids). -The spilled material is highly toxic. -You feel any physical symptoms of exposure (eye irritation, difficulty breathing, coughing, dizziness, nausea, skin irritation etc.). -The substance is regulated (e.g.: carcinogen,
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