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Products and Markets 22 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS %AMARANTHUS % ARGAN (ARGANIA SPINOSA) répertoriée au Codex alimentarius, il existe aujourd’hui une norme marocaine sur l’huile La gestion et le développement de d’argan et ce produit a fait l’objet en 2002 l’arganier au Maroc d’une note de l’Agence française de sécurité L’arganier est une essence spécifiquement sanitaire des aliments (AFSSA) validant son marocaine, à affinités tropicales, unique utilisation comme huile alimentaire. Des espèce dans son genre. L’arganier se travaux sont en cours au Maroc pour mettre contente d’une tranche pluviométrique qui en place un label de qualité de type peut baisser jusqu’à 120 mm par an, et Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC). supporte des températures élevées pouvant atteindre 50 °C. L’isotherme 3°8 limite son La production de l’huile et de ses dérivés extension en altitude. Cette espèce couvre L’huile extraite de l’amande (fruit de actuellement plus de 700.000 ha et l’arganier) est non seulement comestible et représente environ 17 pour cent de la d’un goût agréable, mais elle possède des superficie forestière nationale. L’espace à propriétés diététiques très intéressantes arganier s’étale essentiellement sur le étant constituée à 80 pour cent d’acides gras territoire des provinces d’Essaouira. insaturés (dont une bonne proportion L’arganeraie constitue un véritable pôle d’acide linoléique). d’attraction, la population de la région est Ces qualités diététiques en font une huile passée de près d’un million d’habitants en très recherchée, vendue nettement plus 1960 à plus de 2,5 millions d’habitants en chère que l’huile d’olive, en raison 2004 dont 55 pour cent en milieu rural, soit notamment de sa rareté et des nombreuses un taux d’accroissement de 2,2 pour cent. heures de travail nécessaires à sa Amaranthus spp. L’initiation de vastes programmes de production. En effet, celle-ci est régénération de l’arganier pourrait être un entièrement manuelle depuis le concassage The many uses of Amaranthus spp. important moyen de stabilisation de la des fruits, le grillage et le broyage des High in protein and calcium, Amaranthus is population et de lutte contre l’exode rural. amandes, jusqu’au malaxage de la pâte used as a food crop by the Aztec Indians of pour en extraire l’huile. Mexico, as a spinach substitute in Australia L’importance de l’arganier aux niveaux La production fruitière (noix d’argan) and as a vegetable in China. The seeds can national et international varie en fonction de l’âge et de la densité (20 be boiled into a hot cereal. The young shoots L’arganier constitue la troisième ressource à 100 kg par arbre) avec une moyenne de 40 make a very tasty pot herb or in salads. forestière marocaine, après l’alfa et le chêne kg/arbre/an. Other uses include the ash of the whole vert, sensiblement à égalité avec le thuya. Sur la base de la densité moyenne des plant used as snuff, sometimes alone and L’arganier est, en effet «un arbre à multi- peuplements d’arganier, qui est de l’ordre sometimes with tobacco (in Swaziland). A usages», chaque partie ou produit de l’arbre de 50 arbres par hectare et du rendement red dye made from the plant – whose name est utilisable et représente une source de en huile d’argan (3 litres pour 100 kg de noix comes from the Greek “amarantos”, which revenus et de nourriture. Cet arbre a des sèches), la production potentielle est means “unfading”, a reference to the propriétés écologiques et physiologiques; il estimée à 32 000 tonnes d’huile d’argan par persisting colour of certain amaranth est très rustique et résistant à l’aridité, mais an. (Source: La gestion participative et le flowers – is used to colour food and il est également doté d’une grande développement des produits forestiers non medicine. A green and yellow dye can be variabilité génétique telle qu’il est ligneux comme moyen de réduction de la made from the whole plant. pratiquement le seul adapté aux régions pauvreté féminine en zones rurales: cas du Found in abundance across parts of the arides et semi-arides où il pousse. Dans ces Maghreb et du Sahel par Mme Hawa War, Americas, Africa, the Pacific Islands and zones, l’arganier est pratiquement Volontaire, FAO, Le Caire.) Asia, Amaranthus spp. has anti- irremplaçable dans la conservation des sols inflammatory, astringent, blood purifying, et des pâturages et pour la lutte contre FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT: laxative and diuretic qualities. Amaranthus l’érosion et la désertification. L’arganier joue Pape Djiby Koné, Forestier principal, Bureau is also known to improve digestion and un important rôle dans la fertilisation des régional de la FAO pour le Proche-Orient, promote appetite. However, it is most sols et fournit l’essentiel de l’agriculture El Eslah El Zerai Street, 11 Dokki, B.P.2223, famous as a herb that stops bleeding. d’exportation marocaine dans sa zone. Le Caire, Egypte. Courriel: [email protected]; (Source: D.B. Leonard. 2008. Special report: En quelques années, on a assisté à une Site web: www.fao.org/forestry/ Amaranth) mutation complète de la filière production- webview/media?mediaId=13331&langId=1 commercialisation de l’huile d’argan. Ce FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT: produit traditionnel, naguère peu connu en L’arganier et l’olivier au cœur du Sahara David Bruce Leonard, Medicine at your Feet, dehors du Maroc, est aujourd’hui reconnu La wilaya de Tindouf, en Algérie, a connu, au 7921 Sterling Creek Road, Jacksonville, en Amérique du Nord, en Europe et jusqu’au cours des quatre dernières années, la Oregon 97530-8930, United States of America. Japon où il et considéré comme une huile de concrétisation de plusieurs projets inscrits E-mail: [email protected]; luxe. Alors que cette huile ne faisait pas au titre de la politique nationale forestière www.medicineatyourfeet.com/ or partie de la nomenclature des douanes (ni qui vise le développement des zones www.davidbruceleonard.com marocaines ni étrangères) n’étant pas sahariennes a indiqué à l’Aide publique au NON-WOOD NEWS No. 18 January 2009 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS 23 développement (APS) le Conservateur des % BAMBOO be processed into products that successfully forêts de cette collectivité locale. Des projets compete with conventional wood products in de développement, programmés pour Bamboo is the latest natural material to be price and performance. Engineered bamboo l’année 2008 ou à brève échéance, used in ecofriendly building may even replace wood, steel and concrete in permettront d’améliorer le couvert végétal A London architect has completed a bamboo many uses. et le patrimoine sylvicole, et de développer townhouse in the middle of an urban area in Now a demonstrated and commercialized les zones pastorales qui ont subi un lourd Asia that is being hailed as an innovation in technology, bamboo-based ply is competitive préjudice en raison de la sécheresse. terms of sustainable house building in the in pricing. Removal of bottlenecks on the Parmi les projets à concrétiser, region. supply side should create further downward l’extension de la ceinture verte de la wilaya Bamboo reduces the need for air pressure on prices. There has also been a de Tindouf qui s’étend sur une superficie de conditioning as it allows the property to be demand for commercialization of bamboo as 30 ha, dont 20 ha plantés d’oliviers et 10 ventilated naturally while remaining secure an enterprise at the farmer level. autres de variétés d’arbres sylvicoles à and private. Company ROEWU’s architecture Bamboo should be promoted on the l’image de l’arganier (Argania spinosa). Ce believes designs like this could help reduce industrial scene through appropriate tie-up projet, qui vise à augmenter la superficie de the cost of air conditioning in parts of the arrangements with bamboo-based la ceinture verte de 20 ha, vise également à world where bamboo is the main source of industries such as paper, handicrafts and développer les capacités de production de la energy consumption. the new emerging areas of ecofriendly pépinière sylvicole de l’oued Djezz, qui avait The house in Yi-Lan, Taiwan Province of products such as housing tiles, flooring and produit, au cours de l’exercice 2007-2008, China, built as a holiday home, was a bamboo shoots. (Source: Business Line près de 400 000 plants. Les résultats challenge as the site is narrow with blank [India], 13 July 2008.) encourageants réalisés dans la culture de party walls on both sides. By introducing l’arganier, à titre expérimental, ont poussé several double- and triple-height void spaces, Bamboo fibres fortify plant-based car les services concernés à envisager la the whole house is naturally ventilated materials poursuite d’expériences de mise en terre de despite the fact that the sides are enclosed. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation has plants de cette variété d’arbre dans la région The bamboo screen wrapped around the developed resin composite materials that de l’oued El-Ma. house shields the house’s occupants from are reinforced by bamboo fibres and can be L’arganier est en effet un arbre qui résiste the view of passers-by on the street, while used in car interiors. aux rudes conditions climatiques et à la allowing sunlight and air to filter into the This is the first time that bamboo fibres sécheresse. Si la culture de ce dernier s’avère building through the bamboo poles. have been used in this way. Mitsubishi possible, toute la région en tirera le plus gros The interior is intended to be like an Motors aims to reduce CO2 emissions by bénéfice surtout lorsque l’on sait que c’est de organic forest.
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