DOCSLIB.ORG

Inocellia Elegans Sp. N. (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) – a New and Spectacular Snakefly from China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inocellia Elegans Sp. N. (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) – a New and Spectacular Snakefly from China Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 56 (2) 2009, 317–321 / DOI 10.1002/mmnd.200900029 Inocellia elegans sp. n. (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) – A new and spectacular snakefly from China Xingyue Liu*,1,2, Horst Aspck3, Ding Yang1 and Ulrike Aspck4 1 Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 2 Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan 3 Department of Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria 4 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Zweite Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria Abstract Received 3 June 2009 A new snakefly species of Inocelliidae, Inocellia elegans sp. n., from Guizhou Pro- Accepted 10 June 2009 vince, China, is described and illustrated. The appearance of this species is rather spec- Published 11 November 2009 tacular and differs from all other known species of Raphidioptera by the pigmented wings. The systematic position of this species is discussed. Key Words New species Taxonomy Zoogeography Oriental Region Introduction et al. 1991). After the revision of this genus by H. As- pck et al. (1991), Yang (1999) described two new spe- The snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 is the lar- cies, Inocellia fujiana Yang, 1999 and Inocellia as- gest genus of the family Inocelliidae. It is widespread pouckorum Yang, 1999, from China, whereby the latter in the Palaearctic region and the transgressional areas species was named only on the basis of the re-illustra- between eastern Palaearctic and northern part of Orien- tion and re-description of I. sinensis made by U. Aspck tal regions. The genus is characterized by the stylus on & H. Aspck (1980) so that its validity is doubtful. the subdistal portion of the male ninth gonocoxite, the Therefore, although 10 extant species of Inocellia are bristle tufts on the inner side of the male ninth gono- known, the actual number of valid species might be coxite and the endophallus, and the feebly sclerotized around seven. foliate pseudostyli (basal parts of the gonapophyses 9). Considering the geographical distribution, except for In the monograph of H. Aspck et al. (1991), six I. crassicornis which is widespread in the Palaearctic species were listed under the genus Inocellia and sepa- realm, the other Inocellia species are restricted to com- rated into two species groups, namely the Inocellia paratively small areas and disjunctly distributed from crassicornis group (Inocellia crassicornis (Schummel, each other in Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India, 1832), Inocellia taiwana H. Aspck & U. Aspck, Bhutan, Chinese mainland, Taiwan, and Japan, showing 1985, and Inocellia japonica Okamoto, 1917) and the a tendency to diversify in Asia. On the mainland China, Inocellia fulvostigmata group (Inocellia fulvostigmata there are only three species currently known from quite U. Aspck & H. Aspck, 1968, Inocellia bhutana a few localities in the eastern part. However, it should H. Aspck, U. Aspck & Rausch, 1991, and Inocellia be noticed that, judging from the rather limited amount sinensis Navs, 1936). Additionally, two species, Ino- of available materials of most species, specimens of In- cellia frigida Navs, 1915 and Inocellia rossica Navs, ocellia are rarely encountered in the field probably due 1916, were considered as nomina dubia, and they are to the low population density, so that more unknown most probably synonyms of I. crassicornis (H. Aspck species are likely to be found in China and its adjacent * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] # 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 318 Xingyue Liu et al.: New snakefly from China (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) areas if a long-term intensive investigation is to be car- hindwing cryptic. Male ninth gonocoxite shell-like, ried out. much wider than long in the I. crassicornis group, In the present study, a spectacular Inocellia species, while much longer than wide in the I. fulvostigmata collected in the national nature reserve of Mt. Fanjing- group; inner side with a stylus near subdistal portion, shan, Guizhou Province, is described and illustrated as and usually bearing some bristle tufts. Pseudostyli (ba- new to science. The systematic position of the new spe- sal parts of gonapophyses 9) feebly sclerotized, gener- cies is discussed. ally narrow and foliate, nearly connected with each other at middle. Parameres (gonocoxite-gonapophyses- gonostyli complex 10) unpaired, proximal portion flat- Materials and methods tened, with a slender distal projection. Gonarcus (gono- The specimen upon which the present study is based was occasionally coxites 11) generally shield-like, sometimes with pro- collected through sweeping net by beating trees. After collection, it jections from its posterior surface. Endophallus short, was directly preserved in 70% alcohol and is currently deposited in mostly with some bristles or bristle tufts. Female se- the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), venth sternum broad, posteriorly produced more or less, Beijing. Genitalic preparations were made by clearing the apex of the with posterior margin truncate or concaved; subgenital abdomen in a cold, saturated KOH solution for 6–8 h. After rinsing plate reduced into a small ovoid sclerite or much more the KOH with acetic acid and water, the apex of the abdomen was modified into an irregularly shaped plate. transferred to glycerin for further dissection and examination. The ter- minology of the genitalia generally follows that of H. Aspck et al. Distribution. Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Eur- (1991) and U. Aspck & H. Aspck (2008). opean part of Russia, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden); Asia (Afghanistan, Armenia, Bhutan, Taxonomy China, India, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia Far East) (H. Aspck et al. 1991, 2001). Genus Inocellia Schneider Remarks. The close affinity between Inocellia and Inocellia Schneider, 1843: 84. Type species: Raphidia crassicornis Parainocellia was proposed due to the presence of the Schummel, 1832 (designated by monotypy). bristles or bristle tufts on the inner side of the male Diagnosis. Adult generally blackish brown with yellow- ninth gonocoxite, as well as on the endophallus (H. As- ish thoracic and abdominal markings, and sometimes pck et al. 1991). Nonetheless, Inocellia can be easily with pale markings on head. Antennae and legs usually separated from Parainocellia by the feebly sclerotized pale yellow or yellowish brown. Media anterior in the and foliate pseudostyli of the latter. Figure 1. Habitus of Inocellia elegans sp. n. (holotype male). Scale bars ¼ 1.0 mm. museum-dez.wiley-vch.de # 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 56 (2) 2009, 317–321 319 Inocellia elegans sp. n. ish transverse marking on posterior margin of scutel- Figures 1–8 lum. Legs yellow with brownish setae except coxae brown; apices of tibiae slightly darker. Wings hyaline Diagnosis. Wings hyaline with distal 1/3 brown; male but distal 1/3 tinged with brown, pterostigma and veins ninth gonocoxite elongated, nearly twice as long as brown. Anterior branch of Rs with one trifurcated vein ninth tergum; endophallus with two pairs of bristle tufts and one simple vein running to wing margin. and eight strong bristles. Abdomen gradually enlarged posteriorly from 5th ab- Male. Body length 14.0 mm; forewing length dominal segment, with each of 5th to 8th segments sub- 13.0 mm, hindwing length 11.5 mm. trapezoidally widened posteriorly; coloration generally Head subquadrate, black, with clypeus pale brown; blackish brown with venter slightly paler; each of 1st to occiput medially with a pair of yellowish brown stripes. 6th pregenital segments with a yellowish transverse Compound eyes blackish brown. Antennal sclerite stripe posteriorly except for 1st tergum entirely blackish brown, scape, and pedicel pale yellow, flagellum brown brown; genital segments blackish brown, ninth tergum with proximal 7–8 segments pale yellow. Mouthparts laterally with posterior margin brownish yellow, ninth reddish brown, mandibles dark brown. gonocoxite entirely brownish yellow, ectoproct with Thorax blackish brown; anterior margin of pronotum posterior margin pale yellow. Ninth tergum (Figs 2–3) yellow; mesonotum and metanotum each with a yellow- in dorsal view nearly rounded, anterior margin slightly Figures 2–8. Male genitalia of Inocellia elegans sp. n.; 2. Genital segments, lateral view; 3. Genital segments, dorsal view; 4. Gen- ital segments, ventral view; 5. Ninth gonocoxite and internal structures, lateral view; 6. Gonarcus (¼ gonocoxites 11), caudal view; 7. Gonarcus, dorsal view; 8. Parameres (¼ gocoxites-gonapophyses-gonostyli complex 10), dorsal view. Scale bars ¼ 0.5 mm. Ab- breviations: e – ectoproct; ep – endophallus; g – gonarcus; gx – ninth gonocoxite; p – parameres; ps – pseudostyli (¼ gonapophyses 9); s – stylus; S8–9 – eighth and ninth sternum; T8–9 – eighth and ninth tergum. # 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim museum-dez.wiley-vch.de 320 Xingyue Liu et al.: New snakefly from China (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) incised medially, posterior margins medially with sub- cellia and Fibla Navs but rather a synplesiomorphy. trapezoidal incision. Ninth sternum (Figs 2, 4) in ventral And although gigantism of Sininocellia gigantos and view broad, anteriorly prominent medially, posterior Inocellia elegans is a derived character, and certainly a margin slightly concaved medially. Ninth gonocoxite rare phenomenon, it is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture
    USDA United States Department Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture Forest Service Greenleaf Manzanita in Montane Chaparral Pacific Southwest Communities of Northeastern California Research Station General Technical Report Michael A. Valenti George T. Ferrell Alan A. Berryman PSW-GTR- 167 Publisher: Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California Forest Service Mailing address: U.S. Department of Agriculture PO Box 245, Berkeley CA 9470 1 -0245 Abstract Valenti, Michael A.; Ferrell, George T.; Berryman, Alan A. 1997. Insects and related arthropods associated with greenleaf manzanita in montane chaparral communities of northeastern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-167. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture; 26 p. September 1997 Specimens representing 19 orders and 169 arthropod families (mostly insects) were collected from greenleaf manzanita brushfields in northeastern California and identified to species whenever possible. More than500 taxa below the family level wereinventoried, and each listing includes relative frequency of encounter, life stages collected, and dominant role in the greenleaf manzanita community. Specific host relationships are included for some predators and parasitoids. Herbivores, predators, and parasitoids comprised the majority (80 percent) of identified insects and related taxa. Retrieval Terms: Arctostaphylos patula, arthropods, California, insects, manzanita The Authors Michael A. Valenti is Forest Health Specialist, Delaware Department of Agriculture, 2320 S. DuPont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901-5515. George T. Ferrell is a retired Research Entomologist, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2400 Washington Ave., Redding, CA 96001. Alan A. Berryman is Professor of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6382. All photographs were taken by Michael A. Valenti, except for Figure 2, which was taken by Amy H.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Endopterygote Insects, the Most Successful Lineage of Living Organisms*
    REVIEW Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 237-253, 1999 ISSN 1210-5759 Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms* N iels P. KRISTENSEN Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Insecta, Endopterygota, Holometabola, phylogeny, diversification modes, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleóptera, Strepsiptera, Díptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera Abstract. The monophyly of the Endopterygota is supported primarily by the specialized larva without external wing buds and with degradable eyes, as well as by the quiescence of the last immature (pupal) stage; a specialized morphology of the latter is not an en­ dopterygote groundplan trait. There is weak support for the basal endopterygote splitting event being between a Neuropterida + Co­ leóptera clade and a Mecopterida + Hymenoptera clade; a fully sclerotized sitophore plate in the adult is a newly recognized possible groundplan autapomorphy of the latter. The molecular evidence for a Strepsiptera + Díptera clade is differently interpreted by advo­ cates of parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data, and the morphological evidence for the monophyly of this clade is ambiguous. The basal diversification patterns within the principal endopterygote clades (“orders”) are succinctly reviewed. The truly species-rich clades are almost consistently quite subordinate. The identification of “key innovations” promoting evolution­
    [Show full text]
  • Neuropterida of the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England, with a Study on Fossil and Extant Raphidioptera
    NEUROPTERIDA OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND, WITH A STUDY ON FOSSIL AND EXTANT RAPHIDIOPTERA A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of PhD in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2010 JAMES EDWARD JEPSON SCHOOL OF EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES.......................................................................................................................8 TABLES......................................................................................................................13 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................14 LAY ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................15 DECLARATION...........................................................................................................16 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT...........................................................................................17 ABOUT THE AUTHOR.................................................................................................18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................19 FRONTISPIECE............................................................................................................20 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................21 1.1. The Project.......................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae): Discovery of the First Male and Description of a New Species from China
    Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 59 (2) 2012, 233–240 / DOI 10.1002/mmnd.201200019 A review of the snakefly genus Sininocellia (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae): discovery of the first male and description of a new species from China Xingyue Liu*,1, Horst Aspck2, Chenghui Zhan3 and Ulrike Aspck4, 5 1 Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 2 Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology, Medical University (MUW), Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria 3 Honglingjin Road 61–304, Shantou 545041, Guangdong, China 4 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Zweite Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria 5 Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Abstract Received 5 March 2012 The snakefly genus Sininocellia is one of the most enigmatic groups in Inocelliidae, Accepted 14 March 2012 with an obscure phylogenetic status due to lack of male adults. A newly discovered Published 11 December 2012 male adult of Sininocellia gigantos Yang is described, representing the first male of this genus. Additionally, a new species, Sininocellia chikun sp. n., is described based on Key Words two females from central China. The phylogenetic relationships between Sininocellia and other relatives as well as the biogeography are discussed. Taxonomy Biogeography Introduction Despite significant characters of the female genitalia no consensus on the systematic position could be In 1985, Chikun Yang described a spectacular new sna- achieved. The fact that the Media anterior vein in the kefly of the family Inocelliidae based on two female hind wing of S. gigantos forms a longitudinal vein de- specimens from the Wuyishan mountains in the pro- monstrated a conspicuous similarity with Fibla Navs vince of Fujian in the southeast of China.
    [Show full text]
  • Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae)
    A NEW FOSSIL SNAKE-FLY SPECIES FROM BALTIC AMBER (RAPHIDIOPTERA: INOCELLIIDAE) Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 A new species of inocelliid snake-fly, Fibla carpenteri, is described and figured from Middle to Upper Eocene Baltic amber. The species belongs to the nominate subgenus and is the largest amber snake-fly currently known. The aberrant fossil species Inocellia peculiaris is transferred to a new genus, Electrinocellia, and placed in a new subfamily, the Electrinocelliinae, sister to the remainder of the Inocelliidae. Snake-flies (order Raphidioptera) are diverse in the fossil record before the Caenozoic. While only two families are recognized today, several are known from the Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras (Carpenter, 1992). Snake-flies in the Tertiary, however, are uncom- mon and restricted to the two living families - the Raphidiidae and the Inocelliidae. Species of the order are rare as amber inclu- sions. Previously, only three species have been recognized from amber (Carpenter, 1956), all in Baltic amber which is Middle to Upper Eocene in age (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Miiller, 1985; Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, 1987). Some raphidiopteran larvae have been reported from Baltic amber inclusions (NavBs, 1918; Weid- ner, 1958), but none have been formally described. Recent reviews of the fossil Raphidioptera have been presented by Oswald (1990); Aspock, Aspock, and Rausch (1991); and Carpenter (1992) with additional taxa being added by Martins-Neto and Vulcano (1990), Martins-Neto and Nel (1992), Hong (1992), and Willmann (1994). Manuscript received 9 February 1996. 188 Psyche [VO~.102 During a recent visit to inspect and help curate the Harvard Uni- versity, Museum of Comparative Zoology's fossil insect collection I happened across a remarkable new species of inocelliid snake-fly beautifully preserved in Baltic amber.
    [Show full text]
  • From Island to Continent Colonization in the Mediterranean Snakefly Fibla Maclachlani (Albarda, 1891)
    BioInvasions Records (2019) Volume 8, Issue 2: 442–451 CORRECTED PROOF Rapid Communication Going overseas: from island to continent colonization in the Mediterranean snakefly Fibla maclachlani (Albarda, 1891) Roberto A. Pantaleoni1,2, Arturo Cocco1,*, Ignazio Floris1, Agostino Letardi3 and Laura Loru2 1Dipartimento di Agraria, sezione di Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari SS, Italy 2IRET-CNR (Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) Traversa la Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, 07100, Li Punti SS, Italy 3ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Roma, Italy Author e-mails: [email protected] (RAP), [email protected] (AC), [email protected] (IF), [email protected] (LL), [email protected] (AL) *Corresponding author Citation: Pantaleoni RA, Cocco A, Floris I, Letardi A, Loru L (2019) Going Abstract overseas: from island to continent colonization in the Mediterranean snakefly The presence of Fibla maclachlani (Albarda, 1891) (Raphidioptera, Inocelliidae) Fibla maclachlani (Albarda, 1891). has been recorded in Tuscany (central Italy) since 2005 according to information BioInvasions Records 8(2): 442–451, derived from both a biodiversity survey project and citizen science activities. The https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2019.8.2.27 species, whose natural distribution includes the three main islands of central Received: 26 June 2018 Mediterranean—Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily—was most likely introduced into Accepted: 10 November 2018 Tuscany through the raw cork trade from Sardinia. Further molecular comparative Published: 4 April 2019 analyses are needed to confirm this hypothesis. This would be the first case of human-mediated jump dispersal in this family and a rare example of upstream Handling editor: Angeliki F.
    [Show full text]
  • Negha Meridionalis N.Sp. —Eine Neue Inocelliiden-Spezies Aus Süd-Kalifornien (U.S.A.) Und Baja California (Mexiko) (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae)
    ©Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, Wien, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österr. Entomologen, 39. Jg., 3/4, 1987 (1988) Negha meridionalis n.sp. —eine neue Inocelliiden-Spezies aus Süd-Kalifornien (U.S.A.) und Baja California (Mexiko) (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) Von Ulrike ASPÖCK, Wien CARPENTER (1936) ordnete den nearktischen Inocelliiden zwei Arten, Inocella infletta (HAGEN, 1861) (d mit langen 9.Koxopoditen) und I.longicornis ALBARDA, 1891 (o* mit kurzen 9.Koxopoditen) zu. Die Untersuchung eines umfangreichen, über 300-Inocelliiden umfassenden Materials (U. ASPÖCK 1974,1975) hat jedoch gezeigt, daß — trotz großer und teilweise verwirrender Variabilität — d genitalmorphologisch fünf geographisch korrelierte Phäna differenziert werden können. Ihre Abgrenzung als Subspezies oder Spezies erschien damals jedoch nicht ausgereift und daher verfrüht, sie wurden deshalb als Phäna einer he- terogenen, polymorphen und polytypischen Art behandelt, allerdings — um Informations- verluste zu vermeiden — mit folgenden taxonomisch unverbindlichen Namen bezeichnet: „typische inflata", „typische longicornis", ,,Nord-Form", „Küsten-Form" und „Süd- Form". Für dieses Konzept mußte I.longicornis — wenn auch mit Vorbehalt — synony- misiert werden. In jüngster Zeit zusätzlich untersuchtes Material erbrachte für zwei Phäna nicht nur eine Untermauerung der morphologischen Eigenständigkeit, sondern vor allem den Nachweis des sympatrischen Vorkommens mit anderen Phäna, sodaß genetische Isolation angenom- men werden kann: 1) Das Phänon „typische longicornis1' ist tatsächlich eine eigene Art, der Name longicornis erhält wieder Gültigkeit (allerdings nicht in dem von CARPENTER 1936 verstandenen Um- fang, der auch andere Phäna einschließt). 2) Auch das Phänon „Süd-Form" ist eine eigene Art, sie wird im folgenden als Negha meridionalis n.sp. beschrieben.1 N. inflata präsentiert sich nach wie vor als heterogene, taxonomisch problematische Spe- zies mit drei geographisch korrelierten Phäna.
    [Show full text]
  • The Species of the Snakefly Genus Xanthostigma (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China
    Zoological Systematics, 41(1): 109–116 (January 2016), DOI: 10.11865/zs.201608 CORRESPONDENCE The species of the snakefly genus Xanthostigma (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China Zhigang Wu1, Xingyue Liu2 1Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College of Tibet University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China 2Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The order Raphidioptera, particularly the family Raphidiidae, is a rare insect group from China. In the present paper, Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel, 1832) of Raphidiidae is newly recorded in China. The Chinese species of the genus Xanthostigma are redescribed and illustrated, with updated information of their geographical distributions. Key words Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae, Xanthostigma, snakefly, China. Raphidioptera (snakeflies) is a distinctive, minor holometabolous insect order in the superorder Neuropterida, and the adults are distinguished by the prognathous head, the narrowly elongate prothorax, and the elongate female ovipositor. Extant snakeflies consist of 33 genera and ca. 240 species, all of which are placed in two families, Raphidiidae and Inocelliidae (Haring et al., 2011; Aspöck et al., 2012). China is a vast territory comprising large areas with apparently excellent ecological conditions for snakeflies. However, there are only 30 described snakefly species sorted in three genera of Inocelliidae and two of Raphidiidae (Liu, unpublished data). Compared with the Chinese fauna of Inocelliidae, the fauna of Raphidiidae are much fewer in China, with only 10 species, six of which are distributed in mainland China but the remaining four are endemic to Taiwan (Liu et al., 2011a, b). Among the Chinese raphidiid species, nine species belong to the genus Mongoloraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck, 1968 (about 60 species in the world), while the other one belongs to the genus Xanthostigma Navás, 1909 (only five species in the world) (Aspöck & Aspöck, 1990; Aspöck et al., 1991, 1998; Liu et al., 2011a, b).
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Perspectives on the Evolution of Insect Diversity
    FOSSIL PERSPECTIVES ON THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT DIVERSITY Thesis submitted by David B Nicholson For examination for the degree of PhD University of York Department of Biology November 2012 1 Abstract A key contribution of palaeontology has been the elucidation of macroevolutionary patterns and processes through deep time, with fossils providing the only direct temporal evidence of how life has responded to a variety of forces. Thus, palaeontology may provide important information on the extinction crisis facing the biosphere today, and its likely consequences. Hexapods (insects and close relatives) comprise over 50% of described species. Explaining why this group dominates terrestrial biodiversity is a major challenge. In this thesis, I present a new dataset of hexapod fossil family ranges compiled from published literature up to the end of 2009. Between four and five hundred families have been added to the hexapod fossil record since previous compilations were published in the early 1990s. Despite this, the broad pattern of described richness through time depicted remains similar, with described richness increasing steadily through geological history and a shift in dominant taxa after the Palaeozoic. However, after detrending, described richness is not well correlated with the earlier datasets, indicating significant changes in shorter term patterns. Corrections for rock record and sampling effort change some of the patterns seen. The time series produced identify several features of the fossil record of insects as likely artefacts, such as high Carboniferous richness, a Cretaceous plateau, and a late Eocene jump in richness. Other features seem more robust, such as a Permian rise and peak, high turnover at the end of the Permian, and a late-Jurassic rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Eocene Snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of Western North America from the Okanagan Highlands and Green River Formation
    Zootaxa 4951 (1): 041–079 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4951.1.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:557825A0-714A-426A-917F-1C9AB7372C30 Early Eocene snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of western North America from the Okanagan Highlands and Green River Formation S. BRUCE ARCHIBALD1,2,3 & VLADIMIR N. MAKARKIN4* 1Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4397-2497 2Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America 3Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 9W2, Canada 4Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivo- stok, Russia *Corresponding author. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1304-0461 Abstract Four new species of Raphidiidae are described from the early Eocene of western North America: Megaraphidia antiquissima sp. nov. from McAbee, M. ootsa sp. nov. from Driftwood Canyon, M. hopkinsi sp. nov. from the Allenby Formation (all from British Columbia, Canada), M. klondika sp. nov. from Republic (Washington, United States of America). Archiinocellia Handlirsch, 1910, Archiinocellia oligoneura Handlirsch, 1910 from Horsefly River (British Columbia, Canada), and A. protomaculata (Engel, 2011), comb. nov., from the Green River Formation (Colorado, United States of America) are redescribed. Archiinocellia is assigned to Raphidiidae, sit. nov. The apparent absence of sclerotized gonocoxites 9 in the Archiinocellia protomaculata male is probably plesiomorphic at the family level.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Insects
    CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 733 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi: INDEX 12S rDNA, 32, 228, 269 Aenetus, 557 91; general, 57; inclusions, 57; menageries 16S rDNA, 32, 60, 237, 249, 269 Aenigmatiinae, 536 in, 56; Mexican, 55; parasitism in, 57; 18S rDNA, 32, 60, 61, 158, 228, 274, 275, 285, Aenne, 489 preservation in, 58; resinite, 55; sub-fossil 304, 307, 335, 360, 366, 369, 395, 399, 402, Aeolothripidae, 284, 285, 286 resin, 57; symbioses in, 303; taphonomy, 468, 475 Aeshnoidea, 187 57 28S rDNA, 32, 158, 278, 402, 468, 475, 522, 526 African rock crawlers (see Ambermantis wozniaki, 259 Mantophasmatodea) Amblycera, 274, 278 A Afroclinocera, 630 Amblyoponini, 446, 490 aardvark, 638 Agaonidae, 573, 616: fossil, 423 Amblypygida, 99, 104, 105: in amber, 104 abdomen: function, 131; structure, 131–136 Agaoninae, 423 Amborella trichopoda, 613, 620 Abies, 410 Agassiz, Alexander, 26 Ameghinoia, 450, 632 Abrocomophagidae, 274 Agathiphaga, 560 Ameletopsidae, 628 Acacia, 283 Agathiphagidae, 561, 562, 567, 630 American Museum of Natural History, 26, 87, acalyptrate Diptera: ecological diversity, 540; Agathis, 76 91 taxonomy, 540 Agelaia, 439 Amesiginae, 630 Acanthocnemidae, 391 ages, using fossils, 37–39; using DNA, 38–40 ametaboly, 331 Acari, 99, 105–107: diversity, 101, fossils, 53, Ageniellini, 435 amino acids: racemization, 61 105–107; in-Cretaceous amber, 105, 106 Aglaspidida, 99 ammonites, 63, 642 Aceraceae, 413 Aglia, 582 Amorphoscelidae, 254, 257 Acerentomoidea, 113 Agrias, 600 Amphientomidae, 270 Acherontia atropos, 585
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of the Late Eocene Snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of the Florissant Formation, Colorado, with Special Reference to the Wing Venation of the Raphidiomorpha
    Zootaxa 3784 (4): 401–444 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3784.4.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D5E03502-7BD3-41F4-A4CF-5537B1462A23 A revision of the late Eocene snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of the Florissant Formation, Colorado, with special reference to the wing venation of the Raphidiomorpha VLADIMIR N. MAKARKIN1 & S. BRUCE ARCHIBALD2,3,4,5 1Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6. E-mail: [email protected] 3Royal BC Museum, Victoria, BC 4Department of Entomology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, USA 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract . 401 Introduction . 402 Material and methods . 403 Systematic paleontology . 405 Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758. 405 Order Raphidioptera Navás, 1916 . 405 Suborder Raphidiomorpha Engel, 2002 . 405 Infraorder ‘Neoraphidioptera’ Perrichot et Engel, 2007 . 407 Family Baissopteridae Martynova, 1961. 409 Genus Dictyoraphidia Handlirsch, 1910 . 410 Dictyoraphidia veterana (Scudder, 1890) . 410 Family Raphidiidae Latreille, 1810 . 412 Genus Megaraphidia Cockerell, 1907 . 414 Megaraphidia elegans Cockerell, 1907 . 414 Megaraphidia exhumata (Cockerell, 1909), comb. nov. 416 Megaraphidia sp. 418 Genus Archiraphidia Handlirsch, 1910 . 420 Archiraphidia tumulata (Scudder, 1890) . 421 Archiraphidia tranquilla (Scudder, 1890) . 423 Archiraphidia? somnolenta (Scudder, 1890), stat. res. 429 Genus Florissantoraphidia gen. nov. 432 Florissantoraphidia mortua (Rohwer, 1909), comb. nov. 432 Florissantoraphidia funerata (Engel, 2003), comb.
    [Show full text]