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Patrimonio Natural Y Turismo En El Parque Nacional De Monfragüe, Enrique López Rodríguez

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Patrimonio Natural Y Turismo En El Parque Nacional De Monfragüe, Enrique López Rodríguez PATRIMONIO NATURAL Y TURISMO EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE MONFRAGÜE, Enrique López Rodríguez PATRIMONIO NATURAL Y TURISMO EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE MONFRAGÜE ENRIQUE LÓPEZ RODRÍGUEZ Abstract: Natural Heritage constitutes one of the main assets of the territories. The basis of the conservation has been represented by the protected areas figures, being National Parks the maximum representation of environmental protection in a national level. In this way, we will try to show how the development of complementary socio-economic activities, such a tourism, can generate a valori- zation of natural resources and contributes to the socioeconomic development of rural areas included in Monfragüe National Park in Extremadura. Key-words: Natural Heritage, Monfragüe National Park, protected natural area, tourism. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN as áreas protegidas se han convertido en la piedra angular de la Lconservación de la diversidad biológica, del almacenamiento de material genético, del suministro de servicios esenciales de los ecosistemas a favor del bienestar humano, hasta la contribución al desarrollo sostenible. La conservación ha sido reconocida desde distintos ámbitos, desde los organismos internacionales y gobiernos nacionales hasta las agrupaciones locales y las comunidades: “el medio ambiente es un activo, y como tal hay que explotarlo y mantenerlo. Calidad de vida y bienestar no son incompatibles” (Foronda, 2002: 177). En los últimos años se ha producido un cambio en la concepción de los espacios protegidos, se ha pasado de una protección puntual en la que predominaban los valores naturales a una concepción más globalizada en la que se incluyen los aspectos humanos, sociales y económicos. Ese concepto ha ido avanzando, “tomando cada vez más fuerza la idea de conservación, de tal manera que ha pasado de ser un objetivo secundario, a estar el disfrute público o cualquier actividad de ocio supeditada a la ARKEOS 38-39 | 503 SUSTAINABILITY DILEMMAS Transdisciplinary contributions to Integrated Cultural Landscape Management conservación o protección del espacio natural considerado”. (Hidalgo S., 2006: 15). Es por ello que la promoción del turismo rural es una de las pro- puestas más atractivas que se pueden llevar a cabo para la valorización de los recursos naturales y culturales del Parque Nacional de Monfragüe. Creemos que este territorio ofrece una serie de oportunidades para el turismo rural, entre otras: – Valorización de los recursos naturales y culturales. No nos cabe duda que el conjunto de los recursos territoriales del Parque, no sólo los naturales que tienen un elevado valor ambiental, sino todos aquellos que, ligados de una u otra manera, a la cultura y al patrimonio local deben ser los garantes de una oferta turística de alto nivel y dirigida a todos los estratos y segmentos sociales. – Posibilidad de compaginar la actividad del turismo rural con activi- dades educativas, cursos, organización de reuniones, incentivos, etc. y otras tipologías turísticas como el turismo ornitológico, activo, etc. – Interés por el medio rural y conciencia medioambiental. Cada día más la sociedad está tomando conciencia por los espacios rurales y naturales, nada mejor que una buena oferta de turismo rural como para enseñar la Naturaleza del Parque y su rico patrimonio cultural a estos potenciales usuarios. – Enfoque del desarrollo rural de base local. El turismo no es sólo una actividad generadora de riqueza para las comunidades locales de los espacios naturales protegidos sino también un factor que determina la conservación de los recursos naturales y culturales de los territorios afectados. Por tanto, esta actividad debe ser estratégica para el desarrollo rural de los términos municipales del Parque, ya que no sólo ayudarán a diversificar sus debilitadas economías sino que también debe suponer un instrumento para llevar a cabo estrategias de desarrollo local que contribuyan a conservar y recuperar el patrimonio. Mejora de las infraestructuras de transportes y comunicaciones. En la actualidad las autovías que unen Navalmoral de la Mata con Plasencia 504 | ARKEOS 38-39 PATRIMONIO NATURAL Y TURISMO EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE MONFRAGÜE, Enrique López Rodríguez (EX-A1) y ésta con Cáceres (A-66), además de la A-5 que une Madrid con Badajoz, hacen del Parque un lugar mucho más próximo a los grandes núcleos de población. La carretera EX-390 une Cáceres con el Parque y enlaza con la EX-308 a la altura de Torrejón el Rubio. Esta carretera procede de Trujillo y pasa por el corazón del Parque Nacional de Mon- fragüe para llegar a Plasencia. Por lo tanto, el sector turístico se configura como una de las activi- dades económicas que mayor crecimiento y dinamismo generan en torno a los espacios rurales donde se desarrolla. El turismo es una de las bazas principales y fundamentales por la que se ha apostado en los últimos años, tanto para el dinamismo económico como para el desarrollo en todas sus facetas, dentro de las cuales cobra especial importancia el desarrollo de los espacios rurales. Estos espacios, han sabido aprovechar las demandas que la población ha suscitado de ellos, convirtiendo los entornos de los pequeños núcleos de población en verdaderos destino turísticos. Tal es el caso de la zona de estudio. Tras la declaración de Reserva de la Biosfera y con la declaración de Parque Nacional, Monfragüe y su entorno han visto en ello una nueva oportunidad de desarrollo. Un desarrollo basado en ofrecer servicios turísticos ligados a lo rural y la naturaleza. Que un ámbito territorial sea declarado bajo alguna figura de especial protección, puede traer consigo la dualidad que suscita, por un lado, la imposibilidad de generar muchas de las actividades tradiciona- les que esos municipios venían desarrollando y, por otro, la posibilidad de orientar las actividades económicas hacia la perspectiva del turismo motivado por dicha figura protección. Con lo cual, lo que en un prin- cipio pudiera considerarse como una amenaza para la pervivencia de los pequeños núcleos, puede verse transformado en una potencialidad que genere una auténtica fortaleza en el sistema territorial. Con todo, Monfragüe se ha convertido en uno de los destinos turísti- cos más importantes y demandados en los últimos años en la región extremeña. El total de 14 municipios que integran este ámbito territorial, de carácter rural y escasamente poblados, han suplido la imposibilidad de ciertas actividades con una ampliación de la oferta turística general y del turismo rural en particular. ARKEOS 38-39 | 505 SUSTAINABILITY DILEMMAS Transdisciplinary contributions to Integrated Cultural Landscape Management 2. OBJETIVOS Y METODOLOGÍA La motivación fundamental de este estudio radica en la necesidad de poder establecer un vínculo o relación entre el patrimonio natural y el desarrollo socioecónomico de su entorno. Este apartado es muy importante puesto que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de relaciones sinérgicas y equilibrio entre la conservación y el desarrollo. Algo muy a tener en cuenta dada la creciente tendencia a la categorización y puesta en valor de los espacios naturales, mediante la declaración de alguna de las múltiples figuras de protección que tanto a nivel nacional como internacional existen. Todo ello, para poder ver en qué modo la demarcación del espacio por parte de alguna de las figuras de protección ha resultado ser un valor añadido para el entorno y constituy- ente de un auténtico proceso de revalorización del espacio natural, siendo además garante del desarrollo económico a través de la actividad turística de los municipios rurales cuyos términos comprenden esta estructura. Por lo tanto, este macro-objetivo se sintetiza en tres aspectos prin- cipalmente: – El desarrollo del turismo de naturaleza vinculado a espacios espe- cialmente protegidos. – La potencialidad y el impacto que genera el desarrollo de la activi- dad turística en el Parque Nacional de Monfragüe y los municipios que lo albergan, y la consecución de los objetivos de un desarrollo territorial sostenible. – La tendencia y evolución de la actividad turística de Monfragüe y su entorno. Para ello, la metodología empleada parte de una primera aproximación teórico-reflexiva a modo de introducción, sobre las relaciones entre el patrimonio natural y los espacios protegidos, donde se hará referencia a la importancia de la puesta en valor de los recursos patrimoniales y cómo éstos pueden constituir un eje vertebrador para la asunción de nuevas actividades socioeconómicas de los municipios rurales, especial- mente aquellas relacionadas con el turismo de naturaleza y el turismo rural. Por otro lado, y para poder asumir de forma práctica los objetivos propuestos, se llevará a cabo un análisis de las variables fundamentales de la actividad turística: oferta y demanda. A través de la obtención, 506 | ARKEOS 38-39 PATRIMONIO NATURAL Y TURISMO EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE MONFRAGÜE, Enrique López Rodríguez explotación y presentación de una batería de datos seriada anualmente podrán establecerse comparativas y marcar qué tendencias y pautas rigen la dinámica turística en Monfragüe con especial atención a: – El número anual de visitantes del Parque (2004-2012). – El número mensual de visitantes del Parque (2004-2012). – El número de establecimientos turísticos por municipio (2008-2012). – El número de plazas ofertadas por tipo de establecimiento turístico y municipio (2008-2012). 3. EL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO El Parque Nacional de Monfragüe (declarado por Ley 1/2007 de 2 de marzo) ocupa una superficie de 18.118 ha, y se localiza en el centro de la provincia de Cáceres (Extremadura, España), en un territorio donde se combinan los espacios de penillanura con la media montaña, los riberos y las vegas aluviales del río Tiétar, constituyéndose el eje central de la Reserva un conjunto de sierras y serretas de baja altura que tienen una disposición NO-SE en el denominado Arco de Cañaveral (Alvarado, 2004). MAPA 1. Zona de estudio. Fuente: Alberdi Nieves, V. (2011) ARKEOS 38-39 | 507 SUSTAINABILITY DILEMMAS Transdisciplinary contributions to Integrated Cultural Landscape Management Afecta a los términos municipales de Casas de Miravete, Jaraicejo, Malpartida de Plasencia, Serradilla, Serrejón, Toril y Torrejón el Rubio.
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