October 2006
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Survey on Electric/Hybrid Vehicles", Transmission and Driveline 2010 (SP-2291), SAE International, 2010-01-0856, Pp
To reference this article: Bernardo RIBEIRO, Francisco P BRITO, Jorge MARTINS, "A survey on electric/hybrid vehicles", Transmission and Driveline 2010 (SP-2291), SAE International, 2010-01-0856, pp. 133-146, 2010 ISBN 2010-01-0856 978-0-7680-3425-7 ; DOI 10.4271/2010-01-0856 A survey on electric/hybrid vehicles Bernardo RIBEIRO, Francisco P BRITO, Jorge MARTINS Dep. Mechanical Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Portugal Copyright © 2010 SAE International ABSTRACT Since the late 19th century until recently several electric vehicles have been designed, manufactured and used throughout the world. Some were just prototypes, others were concept cars, others were just special purpose vehicles and lately, a considerable number of general purpose cars has been produced and commercialized. Since the mid nineties the transportation sector emissions are being increasingly regulated and the dependency on oil and its price fluctuations originated an increasing interest on electric vehicles (EV). A wide research was made on existing electric/hybrid vehicle models. Some of these vehicles were just in the design phase, but most reached the prototype or full market production. They were divided into several types, such as NEVs, prototypes, concept cars, and full homologated production cars. For each type of vehicle model a technical historic analysis was made. Data related to the vehicle configuration as well as the embedded systems were collected and compared. Based on these data future prospect of evolution was subsequently made. The main focus was put on city vehicles and long range vehicles. For city vehicles the market approach normally consists in the use of full electric configuration while for the latter, the hybrid configuration is commonly used. -
Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2009
Driving ideas. !..5!,2%0/24 Key Figures MFCBJN8><E>IFLG )''0 )''/ Mfcld\;XkX( M\_`Zc\jXc\jle`kj -#*'0#.+* -#).(#.)+ "'%- Gif[lZk`fele`kj -#',+#/)0 -#*+-#,(, Æ+%- <dgcfp\\jXk;\Z%*( *-/#,'' *-0#0)/ Æ'%+ )''0 )''/ =`eXeZ`Xc;XkX@=IJj #d`cc`fe JXc\ji\m\el\ (',#(/. ((*#/'/ Æ.%- Fg\iXk`e^gif]`k (#/,, -#*** Æ.'%. Gif]`kY\]fi\kXo (#)-( -#-'/ Æ/'%0 Gif]`kX]k\ikXo 0(( +#-// Æ/'%- Gif]`kXkki`YlkXYc\kfj_Xi\_fc[\ijf]MfcbjnX^\e8> 0-' +#.,* Æ.0%/ :Xj_]cfnj]ifdfg\iXk`e^XZk`m`k`\j)()#.+( )#.') o :Xj_]cfnj]ifd`em\jk`e^XZk`m`k`\j)('#+)/ ((#-(* Æ('%) 8lkfdfk`m\;`m`j`fe* <9@K;8+ /#'', ()#('/ Æ**%0 :Xj_]cfnj]ifdfg\iXk`e^XZk`m`k`\j) ()#/(, /#/'' "+,%- :Xj_]cfnj]ifd`em\jk`e^XZk`m`k`\j)#,('#),) ((#+.0 Æ('%. f]n_`Z_1`em\jkd\ekj`egifg\ikp#gcXekXe[\hl`gd\ek),#./* -#..* Æ(+%- XjXg\iZ\ekX^\f]jXc\ji\m\el\ -%) -%- ZXg`kXc`q\[[\m\cfgd\ekZfjkj (#0+/ )#)(- Æ()%( XjXg\iZ\ekX^\f]jXc\ji\m\el\ )%( )%) E\kZXj_]cfn )#,-* Æ)#-.0 o E\kc`hl`[`kpXk;\Z%*( ('#-*- /#'*0 "*)%* )''0 )''/ I\klieiXk`fj`e I\kliefejXc\jY\]fi\kXo (%) ,%/ I\kliefe`em\jkd\ekX]k\ikXo8lkfdfk`m\;`m`j`fe *%/ ('%0 I\kliefe\hl`kpY\]fi\kXo=`eXeZ`XcJ\im`Z\j;`m`j`fe -.%0 ()%( ( @eZcl[`e^mfcld\[XkX]fik_\m\_`Zc\$gif[lZk`fe`em\jkd\ekjJ_Xe^_X`$MfcbjnX^\e8lkfdfk`m\:fdgXepCk[% Xe[=8N$MfcbjnX^\e8lkfdfk`m\:fdgXepCk[%#n_`Z_Xi\XZZflek\[]filj`e^k_\\hl`kpd\k_f[% ) )''/X[aljk\[% * @eZcl[`e^XccfZXk`fef]Zfejfc`[Xk`feX[aljkd\ekjY\kn\\ek_\8lkfdfk`m\Xe[=`eXeZ`XcJ\im`Z\j[`m`j`fej% + Fg\iXk`e^gif]`kgclje\k[\gi\Z`Xk`fe&Xdfik`qXk`feXe[`dgX`id\ekcfjj\j&i\m\ijXcjf]`dgX`id\ekcfjj\jfegifg\ikp#gcXekXe[\hl`gd\ek# ZXg`kXc`q\[[\m\cfgd\ekZfjkj#c\Xj`e^Xe[i\ekXcXjj\kj#^ff[n`ccXe[]`eXeZ`XcXjj\kjXji\gfik\[`ek_\ZXj_]cfnjkXk\d\ek% , <oZcl[`e^XZhl`j`k`feXe[[`jgfjXcf]\hl`kp`em\jkd\ekj1Ñ.#,/,d`cc`feÑ/#/.0d`cc`fe % - Gif]`kY\]fi\kXoXjXg\iZ\ekX^\f]Xm\iX^\\hl`kp% . -
Electronic Board Book, September 7-8, 2000
. 7 SUMMARY OF BOARD ITEM ITEM # 00-8-3: 2000 ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE PROGRAM BIENNIAL REVIEW DISCUSSION: The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program was adopted in 1990 as part of the Low-Emission Vehicle regulations. When the ZEV requirement was first adopted, low- and zero-emission vehicle technology was in a very early stage of development. The Board acknowledged that many issues would need to be addressed prior to the implementation date. The Board directed staff to provide an update on the ZEV program on a biennial basis, in order to provide a context for the necessary policy discussion and deliberation. SUMMARY AND IMPACTS: At this 2000 Biennial Review, the staff will present to the Board its assessment of the current status of ZEV technology and the prospects for improvement in the near- and long-term. Major issues addressed include market demand for ZEVs, cost, and environmental and energy benefits. To help assess the current status of technology and the environmental impact of the program, ARB has funded research projects to examine the performance, cost and availability of advanced batteries, fuel cycle emissions from various automotive fuels, and the fuel cycle energy conversion efficiency for various fuel types. In preparation for this 2000 Biennial Review, ARB staff has solicited input from interested, parties throughout the process. As part of this effort, workshops were held in March and May/June 2000. Draft versions of the Staff Report have been available to the public since March 2000. The Board will consider information presented by staff and all interested parties. 8 9 CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD - NOTICE OF PUBLIC MEETING FOR THE BIENNIAL REVIEW OF THE ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE REGULATION The California Air Resources Board (Board or ARB) will conduct a public meeting at the time and place noted below to review the Zero Emission Vehicle regulation and progress towards its implementation. -
MAZDA CENTENARY 100 Years of a Japanese Success Story
MAZDA CENTENARY 100 years of a Japanese Success Story ROTARY Experience the story behind this legendary engine – and why Mazda would not be the same without it. DESIGN Learn more about Mazda’s evolving design approach, and why it is inextricably 100 YEARS OF A JAPANESE SUCCESS STORY linked to its Japanese origins. TECHNOLOGY Independent and creative: Mazda’s engineering follows a unique path of innovation. MAZDA MAZDA CENTENARY EDITORIAL 3 marks a very special occasion for Mazda: It is the year the com- 2020 pany is becoming a shinise. In Japan, this term is reserved for companies with an exceptionally long history and proud tradition. On Jan- uary 30th, Mazda’s 100th anniversary, we are joining this exclusive club – and what a hundred years it has been! In this time, we as a company have accomplished a lot. Mazda has turned itself from a manufacturer of cork products into an internationally recognised and successful independent automotive manufacturer. We have revitalised the rotary engine and have developed a host of our own ground-breaking technologies, including the latest Skyactiv-X, which is pushing the limits of the internal combustion engine and is already a great success. We have established a unique design language that marries Japanese tradition with contemporary style; human craftsmanship with modern production procedures. We have launched iconic mod- els which have been delighting fans for decades now. And we have won over the hearts of millions of loyal customers all over the world – not least here in Europe – and sold about 1,5 million cars in 2019. -
The Tupelo Automobile Museum Auction Tupelo, Mississippi | April 26 & 27, 2019
The Tupelo Automobile Museum Auction Tupelo, Mississippi | April 26 & 27, 2019 The Tupelo Automobile Museum Auction Tupelo, Mississippi | Friday April 26 and Saturday April 27, 2019 10am BONHAMS INQUIRIES BIDS 580 Madison Avenue Rupert Banner +1 (212) 644 9001 New York, New York 10022 +1 (917) 340 9652 +1 (212) 644 9009 (fax) [email protected] [email protected] 7601 W. Sunset Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90046 Evan Ide From April 23 to 29, to reach us at +1 (917) 340 4657 the Tupelo Automobile Museum: 220 San Bruno Avenue [email protected] +1 (212) 461 6514 San Francisco, California 94103 +1 (212) 644 9009 John Neville +1 (917) 206 1625 bonhams.com/tupelo To bid via the internet please visit [email protected] bonhams.com/tupelo PREVIEW & AUCTION LOCATION Eric Minoff The Tupelo Automobile Museum +1 (917) 206-1630 Please see pages 4 to 5 and 223 to 225 for 1 Otis Boulevard [email protected] bidder information including Conditions Tupelo, Mississippi 38804 of Sale, after-sale collection and shipment. Automobilia PREVIEW Toby Wilson AUTOMATED RESULTS SERVICE Thursday April 25 9am - 5pm +44 (0) 8700 273 619 +1 (800) 223 2854 Friday April 26 [email protected] Automobilia 9am - 10am FRONT COVER Motorcars 9am - 6pm General Information Lot 450 Saturday April 27 Gregory Coe Motorcars 9am - 10am +1 (212) 461 6514 BACK COVER [email protected] Lot 465 AUCTION TIMES Friday April 26 Automobilia 10am Gordan Mandich +1 (323) 436 5412 Saturday April 27 Motorcars 10am [email protected] 25593 AUCTION NUMBER: Vehicle Documents Automobilia Lots 1 – 331 Stanley Tam Motorcars Lots 401 – 573 +1 (415) 503 3322 +1 (415) 391 4040 Fax ADMISSION TO PREVIEW AND AUCTION [email protected] Bonhams’ admission fees are listed in the Buyer information section of this catalog on pages 4 and 5. -
Spazia-HPP: Hybrid Plug-In for Small Vehicle
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 81 ( 2015 ) 108 – 116 69th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2014 Spazia-HPP: Hybrid plug-in for small vehicle Fabio Cigninia*, Fernando Ortenzib, Ennio Rossic, Stefano Virginiod aUniv. Sapienza dept. CTL,Via Eudossiana 18, Rome - 00184, Italy b, cENEA Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, S. M. Galeria (Rome), Italy dUniv. Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18mailto:[email protected], Rome – 00184, Italy Abstract The Spazia-HPP project proposes a conversion kit called Hybrid Power Pack (HPP) [5] for common microcar; it was installed on a prototype called "Spazia", a typical quadricycle of the category L6e. It has an internal combustion engine, which allows you to turn common microcar into parallel hybrid thermal – electric vehicle. The aim is to promote a system of easy installation, which increase acceleration by 20% and reduces fuel consumption by almost 25% compared to a traditional Diesel quadricycle. The results are obtained by testing on a chassis dynamometer at the research centre ENEA Casaccia (Rome). © 20152014 The F. Cignini,Authors. F.Published Ortenzi, by S. Elsevier Virginio. Ltd. Published This is an byopen Elsevier access articleLtd. under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ATI NAZIONALE. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ATI 2014 Keywords: Internal combustion engine, hybrid traction, electric traction, renewable energy. 1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). -
Insurance Report Collision Losses 2014–16 Passenger Cars, Pickups, Suvs, and Vans
Highway Loss Data Institute Insurance Report Collision Losses 2014–16 Passenger Cars, Pickups, SUVs, and Vans R-16 December 2016 Highlights Collision Auto / Collision Moto The collision claim frequency for 2014–16 model year passenger vehicles was 7.4 claims per 100 insured vehicle years. The average loss payment per claim (claim severity) was $5,256, and the average loss payment per insured vehicle year (overall losses) was $390. Collision overall losses were highest for very large luxury cars ($764 per in- sured vehicle year) at nearly twice the all-passenger-vehicle average ($390). Two-door microcars had the lowest overall losses ($245). Collision claim frequency was highest for large two-door cars, a category con- sisting of variants of the Dodge Challenger,Comp Auto and four-door / Comp microcars, Moto a vehicle class containing two Mitsubishi vehicles (10.1 claims per 100 insured vehicle years) and lowest for small luxury cars (5.1 claims). Theft — Auto /Moto combined PD — Auto PD, BI, Med Pay — Moto BI — Auto Med Pay — Auto PIP — Auto only Non-crash re — Auto only Special — Auto /Moto Specs 2016 Board of Directors Chair Thomas O. Rau, Nationwide Insurance Vice Chair Harry Todd Pearce, GEICO Corporation Prior Chair John Xu, CSAA Insurance Group Justin B. Cruz, American Family Mutual Insurance Michael D. Doerfler, Progressive Corporation Peter R. Foley, American Insurance Association John Grunin, The Hartford John Hardiman, New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Group Ty Harris, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Richard Lonardo, MetLife Auto and Home Justin Milam, American National Property and Casualty Companies Thomas G. Myers, Plymouth Rock Assurance Hiep Nguyen, USAA James Nutting, Farmers Insurance Group of Companies Robert C. -
Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes Eighth Edition
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI D.16-2017 8th Edition 2017 - Manual on Classification of 16 . Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes ANSI D American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 ANSI D.16 – 2017 American National Standard Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes Eighth Edition Secretariat Association of Transportation Safety Information Professionals Prepared by the D.16-2017 Committee on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes under the direction of the Association of Transportation Safety Information Professionals Approved December 18, 2017 American National Standards Institute, Inc. American National Standard ANSI D.16 – 2017 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstance give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. -
Nennungsliste Nr. 1 Hinrichs, Bernd Hinrichs, Dr. Christel Westerstede
Nennungsliste 21. MSCO Oldtimer Classic Rallye „Graf-Anton-Günther“ 17. Mai 2014 26.. Febr. 2014 Start Klasse Fahrer / Beifahrer / Ort Fahrzeug Bauj. Nr. Hinrichs, Bernd 1 Hinrichs, Dr. Christel Adler Trumpf Junior 1 E 1939 Westerstede Raßloff, Andreas H. Citroen CV 11 2 Pelzer, Andre 1952 Traction Avant Oldenburg Küttner, Lothar Riemer, Frank 2 Merc,.Benz 190 SL 1956 Isernhagen Wedemark Huntemann, Uwe Meyer, Karl-Ernst 2 Merc.-Benz Ponton 190 1959 Delmenhorst Ganderkesee Einemann, Enno 2 Einemann, Ulrike Chevrolet Corvette C1 1960 Hude Micke, Torsten 2 Rempfer, Achim Porsche 356 B T5 1960 Oldenburg Raßloff, Sandra 3 Raßloff, Leon Porsche 356 Roadster 1961 Oldenburg Gehrels, Patrick 3 Heck, Christian MGA 1600 MK I 1961 Oldenburg Beck, Andreas Fubel, Lars 3 Volvo P 1800 S 1963 Wilhelmshavewn Celle Bufé, Katrin 3 Bufé, Dr. Eckard Merc.-Benz 230 SL 1964 Bad Zwischenahn Jeske, Johann Merc.-Benz 220 SEB 3 Jeske, Ilona 1964 Coupe Edewecht Behrens, Heino 3 Behrens, Petra Porsche 356 C Coupe 1965 Scheeßel Emken, Jörg 3 Richwien-Emken, Ute Merc.-Benz 230 SL 1966 Oldenburg Dieker, Eva Winkler, Simone D 3 MGB Roadster 1966 Oldenburg Wolfsburg Hanken, Christian Portisch-Hanken, Christine 3 Ford 20 M TS 1967 Jever Bömmer, Dr. Thomas Kuhlke, Reinhard Austin Healey 3000 3 1967 BJ 8 MK III Bottrop Schulz, Andreas Bonhagen, Thomas 3 Porsche 911 E 1968 Schildow Wardenburg Göttelmann, Peter 3 NN Porsche 911 1968 Kreutz, Eckhard 3 NN Ford Capri 1700 GT 1969 Oldenburg Bröring, Thomas 3 Schraad, Christian Merc.-Benz 250 CW 1969 Lohne Hilbig, Andrea Hilbig, Karl-Heinz 3 Merc.-Benz 280 SL 1969 Leer Brauer, Olaf K. -
Schnauferl 04018 Internet.Pdf
DAS SCHNAUFERL OFFIZIELLES MAGAZIN DES ALLGEMEINEN SCHNAUFERL- CLUB E. V. (ASC) GEGRÜNDET 1900 Ausgabe 04/2018 Ältestes Autler-Magazin Deutschlands seit 1901 www.asc-schnauferlclub.com Feuchte Schnauferlrallye Aktive Landesgruppen 50 Jahre Krönchen Inhalt Vorwort Liebe Schnauferldamen, liebe Schnauferlbrüder, Titelbild: Blitz, Donner und überflutete Straßen waren das eine, eine harmonisch und gut organisierte Es ging teilweise recht feucht her bei der 63. Int. Rallye mit einem der besten Abendprogramme in ASC- Schnauferlrallye. der langen Geschichte der Deutschland-Rallyes Hier die Gesamtsieger VERY r Mutter & Sohn Haller das andere. Die 63. Internationale ASC-Deutsch- auf dem BMW 3-20 aus dem Jahr 1933 land-Rallye mit Start und Ziel in Bad Sassendorf, vorbereitet und durchgeführt von einer Truppe von hochengagierten ASC-Mitgliedern unter der Bild: Breuer Federführung von Sportpräsident Carl-Michael Emer und Messing-Referent Wolfgang Presinger, Außerdem in dieser Ausgabe: war trotz oder gerade wegen einem vom Unwetter heimgesuchten Freitag ein großer Erfolg. BRITISH 4 63. Internationale ASC- Schnauferlrallye Die Tatsache, daß erstmals ein Team aus verschiedenen Landesgruppen Bad Sassendorf, Westfalen unter höchstem Zeitdruck eine Internationale Schnauferl-Rallye so bravourös gestemmt hat, macht mich stolz und auch zuversichtlich, was die Zukunft 8 Was bringt die neue Datenschutz- unseres nunmehr 118 Jahre alten Club betrifft. Alle haben mitgeholfen, und Erfahren Sie alles zu den gefragtesten britischen Klassikern. Grundverordnung an Vorschriften? dank der guten Vorarbeit einer Truppe der Landesgruppe Westfalen können In diesem Ratgeber haben wir die wichtigsten Marken und Modelle sich die Macher dieser Rallye auf die Schulter klopfen – sie haben, wie man so zusammengefasst und mit ausführlicher Kau eratung versehen. -
Jahresinhaltsverzeichnis 1991 Er = Erinnerungen Fb = Fahrbericht FBB = Fritz B
1991/1 Jahresinhaltsverzeichnis 1991 Er = Erinnerungen Fb = Fahrbericht FBB = Fritz B. Busch H = tion MsH = Motorsport-Historie Prä = Präsentation PS = Preis- Historie IH = Industrie-Historie Impr = Impressionen Inst = Insi- Spiegel Rep = Restaurierung am Beispiel TH = Typ-Historie Ver = der-Tip InvT = Invest-Tip Kb = Kaufberatung KK = Klassikkollek- Vergleich WK = Wunsch-Klassiker Heft/Seite Automobile Fiat 850 Sport Coupe v. 1971, Honda S 800 (68) (Ver) 06 / 34 Heft/Seite Fiat Topolino mit geregelter Abgasreinigung (Prä) 10/ 8 Abarth u.a. (PS) 08/ 78 Fiat Topolino, Morris Minor 1000, VW Käfer, AC Cobra 289 im Renntrimm (62-65), Chevrolet Corvette Renault4CV (Ver) 07/ 8 StingRay (63-67), TVR Griffith (63-65) (Ver) 12/ 8 Ford 17 M P3 ,Sportolet' von Peter Bauer (Autos, die nie in Serie 06/ 32 AC u.a. (PS) 08/ 78 gingen) Adler Trumpf Junior und Mercedes-Benz 220 SE mit Ford Capri (Gerstmann, May), VW-Käfer, Opel Ascona geregelten Katalysatoren (Prä) 10/ 18 (Tuning-Report, 70er Jahre) 05/152 Adler u a (PS) 08/ 78 Ford Capri RS 2600 (1970 bis 1973) (Prä. - inkl. Technik, Alfa Romeo 1750 GTV (71), Glas 1700 GT, Porsche 912 08/ 8 Sporterfolge, Neerpasch-Interview, Teile) , 11/138 Alfa Romeo 6 C 2500 Super Sport Cabriolet Pininfarina Ford Transit FK 1250 (Bj. 1963), VW-Bus (Bj. 1966) (1948) (Rep) 02/ 24 beide von Westfalia (Ver) , 08/130 Alfa Romeo 8 C 2300 Coupe Spyder von Carrozzeria Ginetta G 4 von 1963 (Rep) 09/130 Touring (Prä) 07/ 38 Glas 1700 GT (68), Alfa Romeo 1750 GTV, Porsche 912 08/ 8 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider (1961), Ferrari 250 GT Goggomobil Coupé TS 250 (64) / Fiat 500 Nuova (69) (Ver) 01/ 24 Spyder California (l 960) (Ver); mit Kurz-Historie 1l/ 8 Honda S 800 v. -
Front Wheel Drive the Story of Pioneers of the Front Wheel Drive Motorcar
Front Wheel Drive The story of pioneers of the front wheel drive motorcar To most British motorists that think about such things, the Mini, was the beginning of the front wheel drive revolution. The revolutionary concept that was the Mini was it’s packaging.The packing of the engine, gearbox and final drive into a very compact unit, leaving sufficient space in a very small car for four people. The Mini didn’t start the front wheel drive revolution but the packaging revolution that has spread throughout the worlds motor industry. This was made possible because of the developments in front wheel drive technology that had gone on during the previous forty years, but until that time had been almost ignored by the British motor industry. The combination of front wheel drive and efficient packaging has revolutionised the world’s motor industry, being almost universally used, except were considerations of cost and or size are not important. This is the story of those years before the Mini and the pioneers of front wheel drive. From the Carriage to the Horseless Carriage For the thousands of years, from the time of their invention, wheeled vehicles were pulled from the front. This was because it was an inherently stable arrangement, it made steering easier and gave maximum control. This lasted as long as the foot was used to transmit the motive power to the road, but once the wheel was used to transmit the power of an onboard engine to the road the situation changed. This was due to the correct and universal understanding that the front wheels must be used for steering, and as it was so much simpler to drive the none steerable wheels, rear wheel drive became the accepted method used for the pioneer self propelled vehicle.