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Saurabh Bhatia Safety, Animal, and Microbial Polysaccharides Saurabh Bhatia Systems for Drug Delivery Safety, Animal, and Microbial Polysaccharides Systems for Drug Delivery Saurabh Bhatia Systems for Drug Delivery Safety, Animal, and Microbial Polysaccharides Saurabh Bhatia Assistant Professor School of Medical and Allied Sciences GD Goenka University Gurgaon , India ISBN 978-3-319-41925-1 ISBN 978-3-319-41926-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41926-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016944155 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Author Bio Saurabh Bhatia , is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the School of Medical and Allied sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. He has several years of academic experience, teaching such specialized subjects as Natural product science, nanotechnology, biotechnology, parasitology, polymeric sciences, biomaterials. He has promoted several marine algae and their derived polymers throughout India. He has written more than 30 international publications in these areas and has been an active participant of more than 35 national and inter- national conferences. So far he has successfully fi nished nine books in pharma and its allied sciences. His published books include Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic press, Elsevier, 2015; Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: Fundamentals, Design, and Applications, Apple Academic Press 2016; Leishmaniasis: Biology, Control and New Approaches for Its Treatment, Apple Academic Press 2016; Natural polymer drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, plants and algae, Springer, 2016, Natural polymer drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, Mammals and microbes , Springer, 2016. Dr. Bhatia has graduated from Kurushetra University followed by M. Pharm from Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India. He has received his Ph.D. degree from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. v Contents 1 Mammalian Polysaccharides and Its Nanomaterials ............................ 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles ................................. 2 1.2 Hydrophobically Modifi ed Hyaluronic Acid ................................... 2 1.3 Chemically Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Semi-IPN ...................... 4 1.4 Photopolymerized Hyaluronic Acid IPNS ....................................... 6 1.5 Hydrophobically Modifi ed Hyaluronic Acid ................................... 6 1.6 Hydrophobically Modifi ed Heparin ................................................. 7 1.7 Chondroitin Sulfate, Heparin and Hyaluronic Acid: pH/Ion-Responsive Networks .......................................................... 7 1.8 Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid: Electrical Field-Responsive Network .............................................. 8 1.8.1 Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid .......................... 8 1.9 Heparin & Hyaluronic Acid: Anti-Adhesivesurfaces ...................... 8 1.9.1 Hyaluronic Acid ................................................................. 9 1.9.2 Heparin ............................................................................... 9 1.10 Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate (Polysaccharides of Human Origin): Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials ................................................................................. 10 1.10.1 Hyaluronic Acid ................................................................. 10 1.10.2 Chondroitin Sulfate ............................................................ 12 1.11 Natural–Origin Polymers as Carriers and Scaffolds for Biomolecules and Cell Delivery in Tissue Engineering Applications ..................................................................................... 13 1.11.1 Hyaluronan ......................................................................... 13 1.11.2 Chondroitin Sulphate ......................................................... 14 1.12 Rationale for the Use of HA in Drug Delivery ................................ 15 1.13 Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Nanocarriers for Drug/Gene Delivery ................................................................... 17 1.14 Chondroitin Sulphate: Colon-Specifi c Drug Delivery ..................... 19 vii viii Contents 1.15 Hyaluronan and Its Medical and Esthetic Applications ................... 20 1.15.1 Aging and Hyaluronan ....................................................... 21 1.16 Polysaccharides Based Composites ................................................. 21 1.16.1 Heparin-Based Composites ................................................ 21 1.16.2 Hyaluronan-Based Composites .......................................... 22 2 Microbial Polysaccharides as Advance Nanomaterials ......................... 29 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 29 2.2 Microbial Polysaccharides: General Applications ........................... 33 2.3 Microbial Polysaccharides Production ............................................ 34 2.4 Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides ...................................................... 34 2.5 Polysaccharides Recovery ................................................................ 34 2.6 Microbial Polysaccharides vs Plant Polysaccharides ...................... 34 2.7 Microbial Polysaccharides: General Features .................................. 35 2.7.1 Xanthan .............................................................................. 35 2.7.2 Dextrans ............................................................................. 36 2.7.3 Bacterial Alginate............................................................... 41 2.7.4 Scleroglucan ....................................................................... 42 2.7.5 Gellan ................................................................................. 43 2.7.6 Pullulan .............................................................................. 43 2.7.7 Curdlan ............................................................................... 47 2.7.8 Levan Polysaccharides ....................................................... 48 2.7.9 Bacterial Polysaccharides................................................... 48 2.7.10 Gellam, Guar and Xanthan Gums ...................................... 49 3 Chitosan Based Nanomaterials and Its Applications............................. 55 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 55 3.2 Chitin................................................................................................ 56 3.3 Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides ................................................ 56 3.4 Chitin Nanoparticles ........................................................................ 57 3.5 Chitosan Nanoparticles .................................................................... 58 3.6 Chitooligosaccharide Nanoparticles ................................................ 61 3.7 Chitosan Applications ...................................................................... 62 3.7.1 Thermosensitive Gels ......................................................... 62 3.7.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy: Chitosan- DNA Conjugated ................................................ 62 3.7.3 Chitosan in Gene Therapy: Bio-Conjugated Nano Applications .............................................................. 65 3.7.4 Chitosan Based Amnioacid Polymer Conjugate ................ 69 3.7.5 Chitosan Based Quantum Dots .......................................... 69 3.7.6 Chitosan Based Ceramic Glass Nanopaticles .................... 69 3.7.7 Chitosan Based Metallic Nanoparticles ............................. 69 3.7.8 Chitosan Based Cationic-Cationic Polymer: Macromolecule Grafted NPs .............................................. 71 3.7.9 Chitosan Based Functionalized Nanoparticles ................... 71 3.7.10 Chitosan Based Self Assembled/Amphiphillic NPs .......... 72 Contents ix 3.7.11 Chitosan Based Coacervative Nanoparticles ...................... 73 3.7.12 Chemically Modifi ed Chitosan NPs ................................... 74 3.7.13 Chitosan Based NPs for Poorly Soluble Drug ................... 74 3.7.14 Chitosan Based Quaternized Nanoparticles ......................
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