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Rwanda | No 4| July to August 2007
Rwanda | No 4| July to August 2007 RWANDA | Trends in Conflict and Cooperation As in previous years the government of Rwanda placed little emphasis on 1 July (the 45th anniversary of Independence) but focused more on 4 July that marks the 13th anniversary of the fall of Kigali and the end of the genocide. The event was highlighted with medals of merit awarded by the Rwandan army, with President Paul Kagame receiving the highest distinction. On 20 August, Kagame attended the sixth Summit of the EAC Heads of States, which discussed options to strengthen the regional structure and potential future cooperation with the EU. Rwanda’s consolidated anchorage Eastward is further highlighted by anti-global terrorism training workshops for National Police, Army and Airforce officers, as well as the planned participation as an observer in the forthcoming Commonwealth meeting in Kampala. As a response to the President’s encouragement, diverse groups of people such as students, MPs, Muslim followers and businessmen, Rwandan and other, have displayed empathy with the victims of the genocide by visiting and making monetary contributions to the national genocide Memorial of Gisozi, in the district of Gasabo. However, such ‘acts of patriotism’ are often organized institutionally, thus do not necessarily represent spontaneous demonstrations of empathy. The finding on 31 July, of a mass grave of 136 Tutsi victims in Nyagatovu, district of Huye, after a repenting genocide perpetrator admitted his role in the killings 13 years after the events, demonstrates the slowness of the process of remorse and reconciliation in the country. Another case is that of 70-year-old Nyagahutu of the district of Musanze who was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment for genocide ideology as he was found with leaflets which conveyed disapproval of genocide memorials. -
Fourth Annual Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
UNITED NATIONS AS General Assembly Distr. Security Council GENERAL A/54/315 S/1999/943 7 September 1999 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL Fifty-fourth session Fifty-fourth year Item 51 of the provisional agenda* REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENOCIDE AND OTHER SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW COMMITTED IN THE TERRITORY OF RWANDA AND RWANDAN CITIZENS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENOCIDE AND OTHER SUCH VIOLATIONS COMMITTED IN THE TERRITORY OF NEIGHBOURING STATES BETWEEN 1 JANUARY AND 31 DECEMBER 1994 Note by the Secretary-General The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and to the members of the Security Council the fourth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, submitted by the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in accordance with article 32 of its statute (see Security Council resolution 955 (1994), annex), which states: "The President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall submit an annual report of the International Tribunal for Rwanda to the Security Council and to the General Assembly." * A/54/150. 99-25571 (E) 181099 /... A/54/315 S/1999/943 English Page 2 FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENOCIDE AND OTHER SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW COMMITTED IN THE TERRITORY OF RWANDA AND RWANDAN CITIZENS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENOCIDE AND OTHER SUCH VIOLATIONS COMMITTED IN THE TERRITORY OF NEIGHBOURING STATES BETWEEN 1 JANUARY AND 31 DECEMBER 1994 For the period 1 July 1998-30 June 1999 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. -
Rwanda Assessment
RWANDA ASSESSMENT October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.4 II GEOGRAPHY A Location and Climate 2.1 - 2.5 B Population 2.6 - 2.8 2.9 C Language III HISTORY A Military and Political Conflict, 1990 - 1994 3.1 - 3.4 B Genocide, April-July 1994 3.5 - 3.10 C The Aftermath, 1994-2001 3.11 - 3.30 D International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 3.31 - 3.40 3.41 - 3.51 E The Economy IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE A Government 4.1 - 4.11 B Judicial System 4.12 - 4.20 C Prisons 4.21 - 4.24 D Security 4.25 - 4.33 4.34 - 4.35 E International Instruments and General Practice V HUMAN RIGHTS A GENERAL ASSESSMENT 5.1 - 5.8 1 B SPECIFIC CONSIDERATION Freedom of Assembly and Political Association 5.9 - 5.13 Freedom of Religion 5.14 - 5.20 Freedom of Speech and of the Press 5.21 – 5.25 Ethnicity 5.26 - 5.31 Women and Children 5.32 - 5.47 C OTHER ISSUES Refugees, Freedom of Movement, Exit & Return 5.48 - 5.57 International Involvement 5.58 - 5.65 Regional Issues and Foreign Relations 5.66 - 5.71 5.72 - 5.73 Medical VI ANNEXES A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS, 1899-2001 B PROMINENT PEOPLE C COMMON ABBREVIATIONS / POLITICAL GROUPS D BIBLIOGRAPHY I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. -
Rwanda Burundi
COUNTRY REPORT Rwanda Burundi The full publishing schedule for Country Reports is now available on our web site at http://www.eiu.com/schedule. 3rd quarter 1999 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 50 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, US Hong Kong Tel: (44.20) 7830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.20) 7499 9767 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.eiu.com Electronic delivery EIU Electronic New York: Lou Celi or Lisa Hennessey Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) -
• -Ii Iflaa 1 Tribunal Penal International Pour Le Rwanda U the Registrar Le Greffier P.O
07/14/98 THE 06:32 FAX 212 9634879 UNATIONS RIZA ilOOl 14/07 '98 11:38 FAX 212 963 2848 ICTR ARUSHA IQBAL RIZA USG ElOOl/004 iCTR COMMUNICATIONS CENTRE UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNITS!!! JUL DCTT'iVKn I u i A H: 31 ' International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda | *mH&m.' • -ii iflaa 1 Tribunal penal international pour le Rwanda U The Registrar Le Greffier P.O. Box 6016, Arnsha, Tanzania Tel: 255 57 4207-11/43*7-72 or 1 211963 2850 — Fai: 255 57 4000/4373 or I 212 9(S3 2S48 THANSMTSSTON — Ttt ATtfSMTSSTON PAR TF.T.F. Date: 13 July 1998 Ref: ICTR/RO/7/98/103 To: Mr. Iqbal Riza Prom: Agwu Uldwe Okali <i/\ — -^ Under-Secretary-General Assistant Secretarjj/^elieral Chef de Cabinet The Registrar f y Esocutivo Office of the Secretary-General United Nations TM>w Vnrk Fax No.: 212-963-4879 Reply Fax: 255-57-4373/4000 or 1-212-963-2848 Subject: ICTR arrests and transfers of genocide suspects and accused 1. Please find attached for your information a press release on a significant recent development in the work of the ICTR. 2. This operation, which has been planned and implemented by the Registay"and the Office of the Prosecutor, is indicative of the progress that the Tribunal is making in ajw spheres -judicial and administrative. 3. Best regards. Drafted by: Cleared by: No of transmitted pages including cover sheet: 07/14/98 TUE 06:32 [TX/RX NO 7990] g|001 07/14/98 TUB 06:33 FAX 212 9634879 UNATIONS ->-»^ RIZA J002 14/07 '98 11:38 FAX 212 963 2848 ICTR ARUSHA -» IQBAL RIZA ISG 0002/004 UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ? Tribunal p£ual international pour le Rwanda ppr* Press and Public Affairs Unit v-r Arasha luternaikmal Conference Centre P.O. -
Report of the Investigation Into the Causes and Circumstances of And
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA INDEPENDENT COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS CHARGED WITH THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE CRASH ON 06/04/1994 OF FALCON 50 AEROPLANE, REGISTRATION NUMBER 9XR-NN. REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK OF 06/04/1994 AGAINST THE FALCON 50 RWANDAN PRESIDENTIAL AEROPLANE, REGISTRATION NUMBER 9XR-NN 1 MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5 History and Mandate of the Committee 5 Methodology used 6 Political context prior to the attack of 06 April 1994 9 SECTION ONE: THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLANNED ATTACK 17 AND ITS EXECUTION The revelation of a plot targeting the imminent assassination of President 18 Habyarimana before the attack against his aeroplane Intelligence announced by the leaders of Hutu Power 18 Intelligence known by Rwandan military circles 22 Intelligence known by president Habyarimana and foreign sources 25 The organisation and issues of the Dar es Salaam Summit 28 Settlement of the political deadlock prevailing in Rwanda 28 Pressure on president Habyarimana before the Summit 28 Instability in Burundi: the main subject of the Dar es Salaam Summit 29 Questions surrounding the journey of the chief of staff of the Rwandan army 30 The proceedings of the Summit and circumstances of the return flight of the Falcon 50 35 Execution of the attack and its repercussions 29 The absence of an investigation into the attack 40 Questions about the voice recorder known as the “Black Box” 42 Information published soon after the attack: the black box in France -
Jill Rosenthal
Jill Rosenthal Enduring Ethnicities: An Examination of Government Efforts to Erase Ethnic Tensions From the Public Sphere of Rwanda: 1994-2004 1 Table of Contents Part I Chapter I p.1 1.) Introduction 2.) Methods Chapter II p.5 1.) Pre-Colonial History 2a.) Hamitic Hypothesis 2b.) Colonialism 3.) Aftermath Chapter III p.14 1.) Reconciliation and Justice: Theories 2.) Punitive Justice 3.) Restorative Justice Part II Chapter IV p.19 1) Composition of the Government of National Unity 2.) RPF Reprisals 3.) Tutsi Returnees; A Question of Land Chapter V p.25 1.) The Pursuit of Punitive Justice: The Organic Law 2.) Trials: Guilty Until Proven Innocent 3.) Prison Conditions 4.) The Confession and Guilty Procedure 4a.) Prisoner Attitudes 4b.) Tutsi Reactions 5.) Death Penalty 6.) Gacaca Chapter VI (A Counterexample) p.38 1.) Humanitarian Complicity 2.) Colonial Identities in the Refugee Camp 3.) A Regional Problem of Identity Conclusion p.43 Appendix: the ICTR p.45 Bibliography p.48 2 Jill Rosenthal Chapter I “The history of the world is the world’s court of justice.” -Friedrich von Schiller 1) Introduction All of human history is embedded with war, atrocity and slaughter. The 20th century stands out among this history as a time of experimentation not only in methods of warfare, but in modes to redress the causes and the perpetrators of war crimes. Otherwise known as crimes against humanity, these acts were first named, outlawed, and punished in the legal documents of the first half of the last century. They culminated in the halls of Nuremberg and the United Nations with the recognition of the crime of genocide, and the pledge that such acts would ‘never again’ plague humanity. -
Rwanda Apr2001
RWANDA ASSESSMENT April 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.4 II GEOGRAPHY A Location and Climate 2.1 - 2.5 B Population 2.6 - 2.8 C Language 2.9 III HISTORY A Military and Political Conflict, 1990 - 1994 3.1 - 3.4 B Genocide, April-July 1994 3.5 - 3.10 C The Aftermath, 1994-2001 3.11 - 3.29 D International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 3.30 - 3.39 E The Economy 3.40 - 3.50 IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE A Government 4.1 - 4.11 B Judicial System 4.12 - 4.19 C Prisons 4.20 - 4.23 D Security 4.24 - 4.31 E International Instruments and General Practice 4.32 - 4.33 V HUMAN RIGHTS A GENERAL ASSESSMENT 5.1 - 5.7 1 B SPECIFIC CONSIDERATION Freedom of Assembly and Political Association 5.8 - 5.11 Freedom of Religion 5.12 - 5.18 Freedom of Speech and of the Press 5.19 – 5.22 Ethnicity 5.23 - 5.28 Women and Children 5.29 - 5.40 C OTHER ISSUES Refugees, Freedom of Movement, Exit & Return 5.41 - 5.50 International Involvement 5.51 - 5.58 Regional Issues 5.59 - 5.60 Foreign Relations 5.61 - 5.64 Medical 5.65 - 5.66 VI ANNEXES A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS, 1899-2001 B PROMINENT PEOPLE C COMMON ABBREVIATIONS / POLITICAL GROUPS D BIBLIOGRAPHY I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. -
Rwanda Page 1 of 16
Rwanda Page 1 of 16 Rwanda Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 4, 2002 The largely Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which took power following the civil war and genocide of 1994, is the principal political force and controls the Government of National Unity. President Paul Kagame was sworn in on April 22, 2000, in what was the first nonviolent presidential change in the country's history. While all political parties are represented within the Transitional National Assembly, it is influenced greatly by President Kagame and the RPF. Prime Minister Bernard Makuza runs the Government on a daily basis and is responsible for relations with the National Assembly. On March 6 and 7, the country held its first secret ballot elections to elect council members at the district level; international observers described the elections as generally free and fair. The judiciary is subject to presidential influence and suffers from a lack of resources, inefficiency, and corruption. The Minister of Defense is responsible for external security and national defense; the Minister of Internal Security is responsible for civilian security matters as well as supervision of the prisons and the national police. The security apparatus consists of the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) and the police. There were numerous instances in which the security forces acted independently of government authority, and the government authorities do not exercise effective control of the security forces. A volunteer force of armed civilian local defense units with limited arrest powers also functions throughout the country. -
Rwanda Assessment
Rwanda, Country Information http://194.203.40.90/ppage.asp?section=191&title=Rwanda%2C%20Country%20Information RWANDA ASSESSMENT October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit The Country Information and Policy Unit conducted a fact-finding mission to Rwanda between 5-27 March 2002. The purpose of the mission was to verify and update information contained in the October 2001 assessment and to collect additional information to assist in the determination of asylum applications from Rwandan nationals in the United Kingdom. The report of the fact-finding mission, which will also reflect other material that has been available in the meanwhile, will be published on this site as soon as it is finalised. A comprehensive country assessment incorporating this material will be produced in the normal way in October 2002. I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE V HUMAN RIGHTS ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS 1899-2001 ANNEX B: PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX C: COMMON ABBREVIATIONS/POLITICAL GROUPS BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. -
Rwanda: an Untold Tropical Nazism
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Cross-examining the past Transitional justice, mass atrocity trials and history in Africa Bouwknegt, T.B. Publication date 2017 Document Version Other version License Other Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Bouwknegt, T. B. (2017). Cross-examining the past: Transitional justice, mass atrocity trials and history in Africa. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 4. Cross-examining the past. Rwanda: An Untold Tropical Nazism Witness statements are the building blocks upon which the prosecution directly bases its case. The testimony of witnesses at trial is the principal form of evidence that the Prosecutor places at the disposal of the Trial Chambers.973 You have asked me if there is such a thing as objective truth. -
Punishment, Postgenocide: from Guilt to Shame to Civis in Rwanda
PUNISHMENT, POSTGENOCIDE: FROM GUILT TO SHAME TO CIVIS IN RWANDA MARK A. DRUMBL* Following the 1994 Rwandan genocide, nationaland internationaltrials set out to encourage nationalreconciliation, promote peac punishperpetrators, foster a cul- ture of human rights, and effect justice In this Articl, Professor Mark Dnmbl questions the ability of these trials to achieve these goals and suggests they may in fact aggravate ethnic identify politics, thereby threatening Rwanda's long-term sta- bility. He arguesthat the highly interdependentyet dualist natureof Rwandan soci- ety, together with the widespread level of participationin and victimization by the genocide, create a situationwhere accountabilityfor the violence and the deterrence of future violence can be pursued more effectively through the restorative cultiva- lion of shame, rather than through the retributive imposition of guilt. Although criminalsanction usually attaches to deviant conduct, participationin genocide in Rwanda was not particularly devian4 nor was it an individualized,pathological transgression. Professor Drumbl asks whether there might be times and places where collective wrongdoingneeds to be exposed and not hidden by the law's pref- erence for individual fault Despite the concerns that ought to be emerging from the Rwandan experience internationallawyers continue to push-with significant degrees of success-for selective criminalprosecution as a preferred, and poten- dally exclusive; response to mass atrocity. In contrast, he suggests that creating presumptions in favor of criminaltrials may preempt the supervening inquiry about the suitability of those trials to the afflicted society. ProfessorDrumbi concludes that policy responses to mass atrocity should be founded upon contextual inquiries, not driven by globalitarianor legalistic agendas, and should recognize ie unique- ness of each incidentof mass atrocity and fie uniqueness of the reconstructionpro- cess that should follow, instead of flattening that uniqueness.