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Indictment Acte D'accusation INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA ~ Case No. ICTR-98- 4-0- J N de dossier:ICTR-98- - 1 THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR DU TRIBUNAL - AGAINST CONTRE BERNARDNTUYAHAGA BERNARDNTUYAHAGA INDICTMENT ACTE D' ACCUSATION The Prosecutor of the International Le Procureur du Tribunal Penal Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, pursuant to International pour Ie Rwanda, en vertu des the authority stipulated in Article 17 ofthe pouvoirs que lui confere I'article 17 du Statute of the International Criminal Statut du Tribunal Penal International pour Tribunal for Rwanda ('the Statute of the Ie Rwanda ("Ie Statut du Tribunal") accuse: Tribunal') charges: BERNARDNTUYAHAGA BERNARDNTUYAHAGA with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT d'ENTENTE EN VUE DE GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE , C9MMETTRE LE GENOCIDE, de COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE, and GENOCIDE de COMPLICITE DE VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 GENOCIDE, de CRIMES CONTRE COMMON TO THE GENEVA L'HUMANITE, et de VIOLATIONS DE CONVENTIONS AND ADDITIONAL L'ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX PROTOCOL II, offences stipulated in CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DU Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Statute of the PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II, Tribunal. crimes prevus aux articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du Tribunal. I. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE 1.1 The revolution of 1959 marked the 1.1 La revolution de 1959 marque Ie beginning of a period of ethnic clashes debut d'une periode d'affrontements between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda, ethniques entre les Hutu et les Tutsi au causing hundreds of Tutsi to die and Rwanda, provoquant au cours des annees thousands more to flee the country in the qui ont immediatement suivi, des centaines years immediately following. The revolution de morts chez les Tutsi et l'exode de milliers resulted in the abolition of the Tutsi d'entre eux. Cette revolution entraine monarchy and the proclamation ofthe First l'abolition de la monarchie Tutsi et la Republic in early 1961, confirmed in a proclamation de la Premiere Republique au referendum held in the same year. debut de l' annee 1961, confirmee par Legislative elections held in September referendum au cours de la meme annee, Les 1961 confirmed the dominant position ofthe elections legislatives de septembre 1961 MDR-PARMERUTU (Mouvement confirme 1a domination du MDR­ Democratique Republicain-Parti du PARMEHUTU (Mouvement Democratique Mouvement d'Emancipation Hutu), led by Republicain-Parti du Mouvement Gregoire Kayibanda, who was subsequently d'Emancipation Hutu) de Gregoire elected President of the Republic by the Kayibanda, qui est elu President de la Legislative Assembly on 26 October 1961. Republique par l'assemblee legislative le 26 octobre 1961. 1.2 The early years ofthe First Republic, 1.2 Les premieres annees d' existence de whichwas under the domination ofthe Hutu cette republique, dominee par 1es Hutu du ofcentral and southern Rwanda, were again centre et du sud du Rwanda, sont de marked by ethnic violence. The victims nouveau marquees par la violence ethnique. were predominantly Tutsi, the former ruling Les victimes furent principalement des elite, and those related to them, who were Tutsi, l'ancienne elite dirigeante, et leurs killed, driven to other regions ofRwanda or allies; ceux-ci furent tues, chasses vers forced to flee the country. The gradual d'autres regions du Rwanda ou forces de elimination ofthe opposition parties in those s'enfuir du pays. L'elimination progressive early years confirmed the MDR­ des partis d'opposition durant ces premieres PARMEHUTU as the single party, the only annees confirme le MDR-PARMERUTU party to present candidates in the elections comme parti unique, qui est le seul it of 1965. presenter des candidats aux elections de 1965. 1.3 The early part of 1973 in Rwanda 1.3 Le debut de I'annee 1973 au Rwanda was again marked by ethnic confrontations est de nouveau marque par des between the Hutu and Tutsi, prompting affrontements ethniques entre Hutu et Tutsi another exodus of the Tutsi minority from qui provoquent, apres ceux de 1959 it 1963, the country, as had occurred between 1959 un nouvel exode de la minorite Tutsi. Cette and 1963. This new outburst of ethnic and recrudescence des tensions ethniques et political tension between the North and politiques (entre le Nord et le Sud) aboutit, South resulted in a military coup by General le 5 juillet 1973, it un coup d'Etat militaire Juvenal Habyarimana on 5 July 1973, mene par le General Juvenal Habyarimana, 2 I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT shifting power from civilian to military Le coup d'Etat entraine nn renversement du hands and from the Hutu ofcentral Rwanda pouvoir, qui passe des mains des civils it to the Hutu of the northern prefectures of celles des militaires et de celles des Hutu du Gisenyi and Ruhengeri (Habyarimana's centre du Rwanda it celles des Hutu des native region). prefectures de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri au nord du pays (region natale du President Habyarimana). 1.4 In 1975, President Habyarimana 1.4 En 1975, Ie president Habyarimana founded the Mouvement Revolutionnaire fonde le Mouvement Revolutionnaire National pour le Developpement (MRND), National pour Ie Developpement (MRND), a single party, and assumed the position of parti unique, dont il assume la presidence, party Chairman. The administrative and La structure administrative et la hierarchie party hierarchies were indistinguishable in du MRND se confondent en un veritable this single party state from the level of the parti-Etat it tous les niveaux de Prefet to the bourgmestres, and down to l' administration territoriale, du Prefet aux that of the conseillers de secteurs and Bourgmestres, jusqu'aux conseillers de responsables de cellule. secteurs et responsables de cellule. 1.5 From 1973 to 1994, the government 1.5 De 1973 it 1994, le gouvemement du ofPresident Habyarimana used a system of President Habyarimana applique un systeme ethnic and regional quotas which was de quotas base sur l' origine ethnique et supposed to provide educational and regionale qui etait cense offrir des chances employment opportunities for all, but which egales it tous en matiere d' education et was used increasingly to discriminate demploi, mais qui fut utilise against both Tutsi and Hutu from regions progressivement de maniere discriminatoire outside the northwest. it l'encontre des Tutsi et des Hutu originaires d'autres regions que Ie nord-ouest. In fact, by the late 1980s, persons De fait, it la fin des annees 1980, froin Gisenyi and Ruhengeri occupied many plusieurs des postes les plus importants of the most important positions in the dans les secteurs militaires, politiques, military, political,· economic and economiques et administratifs de la societe administrative sectors ofRwandan society. rwandaise etaient occupes par des personnes Among the privileged elite, an inner circle originaires de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri. Parmi ofrelatives and close associates ofPresident I'elite privilegiee, un noyau, connu sous Habyarimana and his wife, Agathe Kanziga, l'appellation Akazu, compose de membres known as the Akazu, enjoyed great power. de la famille et d'intimes du President This select group, almost exclusively Hutu, Habyarimana et de son epouse, Agathe was supplemented by individuals who Kanziga, jouit d'un grand pouvoir. Aux shared its extremist Hutu ideology, and who membres de ce groupe, presque came mainly from the native region of the exclusivement Hutu, se joignent des President and his wife. personnes qui en partagent l'ideologie Hutu extremiste et qui sont principalement originaires de la region natale du President et de son epouse. 1.6 In 1990, the President of the 1.6 Au cours de I'annee 1990, le 3 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE Republic, Juvenal Habyarimana, and his President de la Republique, Juvenal single party, the MRND, were facing Habyarimana, et son parti unique, Ie mounting opposition, including from other MRND, font face a une opposition Hutu. grandissante, notamment de la part d'autres Hutu. 1.7 On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan 1.7 Le 1er octobre 1990, Ie Front Patriotic Front (RPF), made up mainly of Patriotique Rwandais (FPR), compose Tutsi refugees, attacked Rwanda. Within majoritairement de refugies Tutsi, attaque Ie days the government began arresting Rwanda. Dans les jours qui suivent, Ie thousands of people, presumed to be gouvernement procede a l' arrestation de opponents ofHabyarimana and suspected of milliers de personnes presumees etre des being RPF accomplices. Although the Tutsi adversaires d'Habyarimana et soupconnees were the main target, Hutu political de complicite avec Ie FPR. Parmi les opponents were also arrested. personnes arretees, majoritairement d' origine Tutsi, il y a egalement des opposants politiques Hutu. 1.8 Following pressure from the internal 1.8 Suite aux differentes pressions de opposition and the international community, l'opposition interne et de la communaute and the RPF attack of October 1990, internationale, et aI'attaque du FPR President Habyarimana permitted the d' octobre 1990, Ie President Habyarimana introduction ofmultiple political parties and autorise 1'introduction du multipartisme et the adoption of a new constitution on 10 l'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution Ie 10 June 1991. The Mouvement juin 1991. Le Mouvement Revolutionnaire Revoluiionnaire National pour le National pour Ie Developpement (MRND) Developpement (MRND) was renamed est alors rebaptise M ouvement Republicain Mouvement Republicain National pour la National pour la Democratie et Ie Democratie et le Developpement (MRND). Developpement (MRND). Le premier The first transitional government was made Gouvernement de transition est compose up almost exclusively ofMRND members, presque exc1usivement de membres du following the refusal ofthe main opposition MRND, suite au refus des principaux partis parties to take part. With the second d'opposition d'en faire partie. Avec la mise transitional government in April 1992, the en place du second Gouvernement de MRND became a minority party for the first transition en avril 1992, Ie MRND se time in its history, with nine ministerial retrouve minoritaire pour la premiere fois de portfolios out of 19.
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