Index Beaubien, Carlos, and Maxwell Grant, Aborigines, among, 7-8 146 • Absentee ownership: in American col- Benton, Thomas H.: claims tenantry onies, 25-26, 43, 45; prevalence of, unfavorable to freedom, 220; and 142; rise of in West, 132-33 Louisiana land-grant controversies, Adams, John, land views of, 45,186 108 Addison, Lord, and English land re- Berkeley, Lord John, 36 form, 17 Berkeley's Hundred, Va., 34 Allen, Ethan, and Vermont squatters, Biddle, Nicholas, "money monopoly" 191 of, 100 American colonies: failure of quitrent Bingham, William: and land warrants, system in, 41-42; first settlements 77; and purchase of Maine lands, 80 made by chartered trading com- Bingham's Million Acres, Me., 80, 194- panies, 18; land-grabbing a general 95 practice in, 21; nature of land sys- "Bonanza farms," origin of, 170-73 tem in, 46; motives and methods of Bond, Beverley: on abolition of quit- land distribution in, 42-43, 45; ob- rents in Pennsylvania, 196; on bene- jectives of land systems in, 43-44; ficial result of quitrent system, 196- speculation in, 46-58; and western 97; on failure of quitrent system in land grants, 48-52. See also under colonies, 41-42 names of states Boone, Daniel, 108 American Land Co., 134; canal-lot in- Boston Ten Towns, 70 n. vestment of, 159 Boudinot, Elias, and Symmes' Miami American and Sharon Land Co., 171 Purchase, 91 Arden, Del., and taxation of unearned Briggs, Joseph, cited, 97-98 increment, 260 Brodrick, George, on landlordism, 16- Ardentown, Del., and taxation of un- 17 earned increment, 260 Burgess, Edwin, proposes single tax, Astor, John Jacob, holdings 269-70 of, 235-36, 255 Burr, Aaron, 73; criticism of, 75-76; Austin, Moses: on fraudulent land and Dc Bastrop Claim, 113, 114-15 sales in Louisiana, 106-7; granted Butler, Charles, and American Land land by Mexican Govt., 149; and Co., 134 Louisiana Territory claim, 109 Austin, Stephen F.: land speculation of, 119; and New Madrid Claims, California: and discovery of gold in, 120-21; and Texas colonization, 143, 208-9; exploitation of timber 149-50, 152, 154 lands in, 202; landed estates in, 144- Australia, and taxation of land values, 45; Mexican land grants in, 143-45; 260 real estate as source of large for- tunes, 239 California Lands Commission, 144 Baldwin Corp., 171 Calvert, Cecil (1st Lord Baltimore), 38 Baltimore, Lord. See Calvert Baltimore, Md., system of quitrents in, Canton Co., 158 38 Carey, Henry C., on concentration of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 158 landholdings, 265-66 Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act Carey Act (1894), 137-38 (1937), 225-26 Carondelet, de, and Spanish Baring, Alexander, and speculation in claims in Louisiana, 111, 113 Maine lands, 80 Carteret, Sir George, 36 Barlow, Joel, and Scioto Project, 90 Cast, Gen. George W., and "bonanza Barlow, Raleigh, on disposal policies of farms," 170-71 public domain, 147 Castro, Henry, and colonization of Beard, Charles A., cited, 67 Texas, 151 Index 307

Central Pacific Railroad of California, Continental Congress: and Mohawk 165 Valley dispute, 70; not concerned Charles II, of England: and New Jersey with land questions, 63-64 grants, 36, 37; and revocation of Cooke, Jay: on commercial advantages military tenure, 35 of Duluth, 168; interest in Northern "Chartered companies," nature of, 18- Pacific Railroad, 168-70 20 Cooper, Lord Ashley, and Carolina Cheney, B. P., and "bonanza farms," grant to, 39 171 Copper lands, engrossment of, 210 Cherokee Strip, Okla., "opening" of, Coral Gables, Fla., promoted by land 139 speculation, 246 Chicago, history of land boom in, 237- Cortlandt Manor, N.Y., 32 39 Credit Mobilier, 167 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, and de- Crown-Zellerbach Corp., timber-land velopment of Newport News, 245 holdings of, 204 Chillicothe, 0., as center of land spec- Cutler, Manasseh, and Ohio coloniza- ulation, 99, 100 tion scheme, 87, 88, 89, 90 Cincinnati, 0., Site selected by Symmes, 95 Civic freedoms, emergence of theory of, 44 Dalrymple, William, and "bonanza Clamorgan, Jacques, and Louisiana farms," 170 land claims, 110-12 Davis, John P., on regulated companies, Clamorgan Grant, La., 110-12 18 Clamorgan Land Assoc., 112 Dayton, Jnathan: and Macomb Pur- Clark, Daniel, and Spanish grants in chase, 75; and selection of site for Louisiana, 116-17. See also Gaines, Dayton, 96; and Symmes' Miami Myra Clark Purchase, 91 Clark, George Rogers, expedition of, Dayton, 0., selection of site for, 96 102 Deane, Silas, on need of western land, Clawson, Marion: on abuses in timber- 57 land distribution, 202; on disposal of De Bastrop Claim, La., 113-16 public domain to railroads, 173-74; De La Guerra. See La Guerra, de. on land acts, 138, 140-41 Delaware: entails in, 63; method of Clay, Henry, defends national land land taxation in early federal period, policy, 129 253; primogeniture modified in, 61 Cleveland, 0., laid out by Connecticut Denmark, and taxation of land values, proprietors, 95 260 Coal lands, engrossment of in Pennsyl- Desert Land Act (1877), 137 vania, 211-12 Douglas, Stephen A., opposes Illinois Cobden, Richard, and English land re- Central grant, 159-60 form, 17 Drake, E. L., discovery of oil by, 214 Cole, Arthur H., on influences in fluc- Duer, William: and Scioto Project, 88, tuations of land sales, 183 89, 90, 91; and Maine holdings, 80, Connecticut: and claim to Western Re- 194 serve, 92-93; overcrowding popula- Duluth; Minn., Cooke's plans for, 168 tion in, 57; method of land taxation Dutch West India Co., and coloniza- in early federal period, 253; and tion of New York, 30 Mohawk Valley claim, 70; restricts Dwight, Timothy, on Virginia military land alienation, 28 warrants, 77 Connecticut Land Co., 93, 95 Connecticut Western Reserve, 92-93 Constable, William, and Macomb Pur- chase, 75 East India Co.: chartered, 20; com- Constitutional Convention: and con- pared with Plymouth and Virginia troversy over taxing powers of federal companies, 21 government, 67-68; land a factor in, East Jersey, under Carteret, 36 64-67 East Jersey Co., 37 308 l*d.x

Easton, Rufus, and Louisiana land Florida, land boom in, 242-43, 246 claims, 109 Flower, George, influence of on British Economic rent. See Rent, economic speculation in western lands, 104 Edgar, John, and western land-grab- Fordham Manor, N.Y., 32 bing, 103 Forests: abuses of under timber acts, Elkins, Stephen B., and Mexican grants 201-3; advantages of public owner- in New Mexico, 145-46 ship of, 204-6; exploitation of in Ellis, David, on anti-rent movement in U.S., 199-201; national system estab- New York, 189, 190 lished, 203 Ellsworth, Henry L., western land en- Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh), 49-50 grossment by, 221-22 Fort Orange, N.Y., 31 Ely, Richard T.: on colonial land taxa- France, land-reform movement in, 262- tion, 249-50; on methods of obtain- 63 ing state revenue, 251-52, 252-53 Franklin, Benjamin: land speculations England: absentee ownership in, 25- of, 264; on right to private property, 26; creation of "landless" classes in, 45; and Vandalia Co., 55-56 45; decadence of tenure theory in, Franklin, William, and settlement of 35; effects of disintegration of feud- Illinois country, 56 alism in, 45; feudal system in, 12-13, "Freemen," origin of, 15 14, 15, 16; Poor Laws, 14; progress French and Indian War, 50; and west- of feudal land tenure in, 13-17. See ern land acquisitions, 53 also Great Britain Engrossment: biblical admonition against, 5; of public domain, 98-101, Gaines, Myra Clark, and litigation over 131-33; role of land companies in, Louisiana claims, 116-18 133-35 -Galveston Bay and Texas Land Co., Entail: abolished in U.S., 60-61; in 151-53 colonies, 62, 63; a feature of feudal Gary, Ind., constructed by U.S. Steel land tenure in England, 14, 15, 16; Corp., 244 Jefferson's objection to, 62; law and Gates, Paul W.: on effects on land en- custom of after Revolution, 61 grossment by private capitalists, 141- Escott, T. H. S., on trend toward land- 42; on engrossment of mineral lands, ownership in Great Britain, 17 2 10-11; on landlordism, 132, 133; on Ethiopia, in, 12 land tenancy in mid-Northwest, 220- 21; on Pre-emption Act of 1841, 130 Europe, feudal system in, 11-17 Geiger, George R., 3; on influence of Evans, George H., advocates land re- H. George, 272, 275; on question of form, 177-78, 267, 268 land-value taxation, 261, 287 General Land Office, 138, 139; func- tion of, 125; inefficiency in, 279 Genesee, Lords of. See Wadsworths Fairhope, Ala., and taxation of un- Genesee Country, N.Y., 72 earned increment, 260 Geneseo, N.Y., and Wadsworth pur- Farming, crop-share system, 218 chase, 73 Farm tenancy. See Tenancy, farm George, Henry, 26, 182; distinguishes Fell, Jesse, land-jobbing ventures of land as entity distinct from improve- in Illinois, 162 ments on, 44; influence of Progress Feudalism: advantage of in England, and Poverty, 271-72; on land monop- 14; basis of, 12; breakdown of, 15; olization in California, 143-44; land- economic and political foundation reform proposals of, 270-72; opposed of, 12; effects of disintegration of in to land nationalization and commu- England, 45; fee ownership con- nism, 276, 294; philosophy of, 275- trasted with, 14-15; growth of in Eu- 76; on relation between depressions rope, 11-17; land-allotment feature and speculative land booms, 183, of in England, 23; origin and growth 184; taxation of land values pro- of in England, 12-13 posed by, 259 Fiske, John, 61 Georgia: colonial land policy of, 40-41; Fletcher vs. Peck, 79 proprietorship system abolished, 61; Index 309

method of land taxation in early fed- Hopewell, Pa., creation of, 244 eral period, 253; and Yazoo claim, Howe, Frederic C., on unearned-in- 77-79 crement tax in Germany, 260-61 Georgia Yazoo Co., 78 Hulbert, Archer B., on Ohio Co. of Germany, and taxation on unearned in- Associates, 89-90 crement, 260-61 Huntington, Collis P.: and develop- Girard, Stephen, and De Bastrop ment of Newport News, 245; pro- Claim, 113, 115-16 moter of Southern Pacific Railroad, Gold: impact of discoveries in Cali- 241 fornia, 208-9; legislation concerning valid claims, 209 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, original Maine Illinois: absentee landlordism in, 132- grants to, 192 33; canal projects and land specula- Gorham, Nathaniel, and land purchases tion, 159; and grants to railroads, in New York, 71, 72 160; settlement of, 56; spread of Great Britain: agitation for economic land-jobbing to, 101 and political reforms in, 269; land- Illinois Central Railroad: capital gain reform movement in, 17,. 262-63; from land sales, 164; land grant to, problems of land reform in, 283-84; 158-63; speculative interest in, 160- progress in control of land use, 291- 63 92.; system of landlordism in, 16-17; Immigration, European, beginning of, trend toward landownership concen- 104 tration in, 16-17. See also England "Inclosures," in England, 14 Great Northern Railroad, and specula- Indiana, lead mines in, 207; spread of tion in iron-ore land, 214 land-jobbing to, 101 Greeley, Horace: advocates limited Indian Line, 51 landownership as antidote to specu- Indians: driven out of western lands, lation, 162; advocates reform in na- 102; effect of on colonial settlements, tional land system, 180, 268; Critic 22, 23, 31; and Georgia-South Caro- of public land policy, 135; urges land lina land dispute, 77; and western reform in New York, 190 land disputes, 49-50 Ireland: absentee ownership in, 25; rise of "rack renting" in, 25 Hamilton, Alexander, influence of eco- Iron-ore lands, engrossment of, 210, nomic and financial policies of, 264- 213-14 65 Iroquois Indians: in New York, 70; Harris, Marshall, on Jefferson's oppo- pre-emption of land of, 71; land sition to primogeniture and entail, 62 tenure among, 7-8 Harrison, William Henry: suggests change in national land policy, 94; on Virginia's western claims, 102-3; and western land-grabbing, 103 Jackson, Andrew, on cost and revenue Hebrews, ancient, regarded land as of public domain, 125; issues "Specie heritage of God, 5 Circular," 127 Henderson, Richard, promotes settle- Japan, feudalism in, 12 ment of Kentucky, 52 Jarrot, Nicholas, and western land- Henry, 0., on corruption and fraud in grabbing, 103 Texas, 148 Jefferson, Peter, land deals of, 51 Henry, Patrick, land deals of, 51, 52, 55 Jefferson, Thomas: denounces Geor- Holbrook, Darius B., and Illinois Cen- gia's Yazoo grants, 78; on fraudulent tral Railroad, 159-60 land practices in Louisiana, 107-8; Holland, as leading trading nation of influence of on land-tenure reform, Europe, 31 61-63; and Kentucky Territory, 52; Holland Land Co., and Genesee Coun- on King's usurpations, 55; land views try, 72 of, 45, 62, 186, 264; and Livingston's Homestead Act (1862), 166, 180, 181; Louisiana claim, 118-19; proposal of fraud and abuses resulting from, 139- on distribution of public domain, 86 43; labor's influence in passage of, Johnson, V. Webster, on disposal poli- 268; provisions of, 136-37 cies of public domain, 147 310 Index

Johnson, Sir William, 51 and settle- tiofl, 69-81, 71-73; defects in system ment of Illinois country, 56 of, 80-81 Joint stock company, development of, Land companies role of, 133-35; south- 20 - ern, 48-51. See also names of com- Julian, George W., 145; land theories panies of, 181-82 Land and Its Rent (Walker), 273 Justice, ancient concept of in relation Land-grabbing: curbed by Revolution, to landownership, 5, 6 56-57; a general practice in colonies, 21; in Kentucky, 52; as motive in establishment of colonies, 45; in Ten- nessee, 52-53; by southern land com- Kearny, Gen. Stephen W., and sale panies, 48-51 of public land in California, 239 Land-jobbing: in California, 143; in Kennebec Purchase, Me., 47, 192 Louisiana, 108; opposition to in New Kentucky: methods of land taxation in, York, 75-76; spread of, 101 253, 255; settlement of, 52 Landlordism: a detriment to early King, Rufus, on danger of property re- western development, 221; in Eng- quirement for congressmen, 65 land, 43; Gates on, 132, 133; a hin- Knox, Gen. Henry, Maine grants of, drance to agriculture and urban de- 80, 194 velopment in Britain, 16; implies tenancy, 217; in Ireland, 43; and pre-emption acts, 131-33; prevalence Labor, and "free land" agitation, 268 of, 142; system of in Britain, 16-17 La Guerra, de, claim, Calif., 144 Landownership: by aliens in N.Y., 73; Land: allotment of in Massachusetts in colonial era, 18-32, 33-58; effect Colony, 24-25, 26, 27; a chief item of Revolution on status of, 55; Euro- of wealth in colonies, 67; in Consti- pean background of, 1147; future tutional Convention, 64-67; and the of, 277-94; and land disposal in local Continental Congress, 63-64; indus- politics, 185-98; political and phil- trialization decreased dependence on osophical aspects of, 1-10; as early as source of public revenue, 253; as pre-requisite for voters and congress- different from real estate, 259; dis- men, 64-65, 66; proposed remedies tribution of in colonies, 23, 24, 29, for, 285-94 33-35, 42-43, 45; economic rent of, Land reform: and early American econ- collection of, 62-63, 259-60, 275; omists, 265-67; early pioneers in, entity distinct from improvements on, 263-64; in England, 15-17; impor- 44; essential to existence, 4; a factor tant to peace and stability, 281-82; in westward movement, 57-58; influence of George on, 275-76; and leased, statistics on, 227-29; monop- international problems, 280-82; ne- oly of by town proprietors, 27; na- cessity of, 282-84; progress of in U.S., tionalization of, as a land-reform 262-76; proposed remedies for, 285- remedy, 293-94; origin of question of 94; "safety-valve" theory of, 182-84; in America, 26; philosophic concepts U.N. resolution on, 281 of in colonial era, 44-45; progressive Land speculation: in colonies, 28, 46- tax on, 287-89; as a question of eco- 58; a factor in economic depressions, nomic justice, 4; remedies for, 285- 183-84; and railroad grants, 165-74; 94; reform in taxation as solution to after Revolution, 81. See also under question of, 257-58; restraints on cities and states alienation of in New England eol- Lane, Ebenezer, 156 onies,27-28; and Revolution, 59-68; Lehigh Coal Mine Co., and exploita- role of in human progress, 10; social tion of coal in Pennsylvania, 212 control of use of, as reform measure, Lexington, Ky., land speculation in, 291-93; a source of revenue to state 100 and local governments, 254; status Lick, James, and San Francisco real of in primitive society, 3; status of in estate, 241 colonies, 35; taxation of improve- Licking Land Co., 96 ments on, 255-56; tenure of among Limantour Claim, Calif., 144 aborigines, 7-8. See also below Livingston, Edward, and Louisiana Land, state: disposal of after Revolu- land claim, 118-19 Index 311

Livingston, John, 71 eral period, 252; and Mohawk Val- Livingston Manor, N.Y., 32 ley claim, 70; town system of land Locke, John: and "Fundamental Con- allotment in, 25 stitutions," 39, 197; philosophy of, Massachusetts Bay Co., 24-25, 29 44, 45, 63, 262 Massie, Gen. Nathan, and Chillicothe London Co., 33, 34 town-jobbing venture, 99 Longworth, Nicholas, land deals of, Maxwell, Lucien B., 145-46 101 Maxwell Grant, N. Mex., 145-46 Los Angeles, land speculation in, 239, Maxwell Land Grant and Railroad Co., 241-43 146 Louisiana Purchase, 106 McArthur, Gen. Duncan, land specula- Louisiana Territory: antedating of tions of, 99 Spanish claims in, 106-9; purchase McCormick, Daniel, and Macomb Pur- of, 106; Spanish land claims in, 110- chase, 75 23; squatter claims in, 109-10 McCulloch, Hugh, and land specula- Loyal Co., and western land grants, tion in Maine, 195 49,50 McDonogh, John, land dealings of, 122 Lubin, Isador, on importance of land McMaster, John B., on Scioto Project, reform to peace and stability, 281- 91 82; on requirements of land-reform Mechanics Free Press, advocates dona- program, 282 tion of public lands toU.S. citizens, Lynch, Col. Charles, and De Bastrop 267 Claim, 114 Merchant adventurers, 19-20 Merrick, George E., promoter of Coral Gables, 246 Macomb, Alexander, and purchases of Mesabi, Minn., engrossment of iron State land, 74-76 fields in, 210 Madison, James, philosophy of, 65-66, Mexico, land tenure in primitive soci- 67 ety, 8-9 Maine: colonial land distribution in, Miami (0.) Purchase, 91-92, 95 29; early land speculation in, 47-48; Mill, John Stuart: and English land entails in, 63; Massachusetts claims reform, 17; proposes land national- to, 79-80; squatter conflicts in, 192- ization, 294 95 Mineral lands: early legislation on dis- Maison Rouge Claim, La., 116 posal of, 207; conservation move- Manhattan Island, first settlements on, ment, 215-16; engrossment and con- 30, 31 centration of, 210-14; exploitation of Marietta, 0., founded by Ohio Assoc., oil-bearing lands, 210, 214-16; and .95 discovery of gold, 208-9; U.S. policy Mariposa Estate, Calif., 144 of leasing, 207-8 Martin's Hundred, Va., 34 Mineral Leasing Act (1920), provi- Maryland: disintegration of manorial sions of, 216 system in, 61; King's taxing. power Minnesota, rise of land values in, 172 waived in, 35; land system in, 38-39; Miranda, Guadelupe, and Maxwell method of land taxation in early fed- Grant, 146 eral period, 253; quitrents abolished Mississippi, land purchases in, 134 in, 196 Mississippi Co., 53 Mason, George, and landownership as Missouri, and New Madrid Claims, prerequisite for voters and congress- 120-21 men, 66-67 Mohawk Valley, N.Y., disnutr. Mason, John, original grantee of New pre-emption of, 70 Hampshire land, 29 Moody, William G.: advocates land re- Massachusetts: and claim to Maine form, 181; on objections to "bonanza District, 79-80; disposal of state farms," 171 lands by, 71-73; entails in, 63; and Morhouse, Abraham, and Dc Bastrop Kennebec Purchase, 47; land specu- Claim, 113-14 lation in after Revolution, 76, 77; Morris, Gouverneur, land views of, 65, ethod of land taxation in early fed- 66 312 Index

Morris, Robert: and exploitation of New York City: rise of real estate coal lands, 211-12; and Genesee values in, 234-36; sale of public do- Country, 72; and land companies, main in, 85 133; and land speculation in Wash- New York Genesee Land Co., 71, 72 ington, D.C., 232, 233-34; and land New Zealand, and taxation of land warrants, 76-77, 80 values,, 260 Morrisania, Manor of, N.Y., 32 Nicholson, John, and land warrants, Morrison, William, and western land 76-77 deals, 103 North Carolina: colonial proprietor- Morrisville, Pa., development of, 244 ship system abolished, 61; land dis- Mt. Carmel and New Albany Railroad tribution in, 39; method of land of Indiana, 158 taxation in early federal period, 252; quitrent system in, 197 North Dakota: "bonanza farms" in, Natural rights, emergence of theory of, 170; rise of land values in, 172 44 Northern Pacific Railroad: background Neri, Philip Henry, 113-16 of, 167-70; land policies of, 172, 173; Nevada, exploitation of timber lands and origin of "bonanza farms," 170- in, 202 73; reorganized, 172 New England: basis for land distribu- Northwest (Old). See Northwest Terri- tion in, 23; boundary disputes in, 24; tory Northwest Improvement Co., 173 colonial land practices in, 22-30; and quitrent system, 41; "town settle- Northwest Ordinance (1787), 63-64, ments" in, 22-25; primogenitue 82-87 modified in, 61; problems of land Northwest Territory: government es- disposal in, 191-95 tablished, 88; land speculation in, New Hampshire: and dispute over 97, 99, 100, 101-3, 103-4; land dis- New Hampshire Grants, 191; land posal in, 82-83, 85. See also North- distribution in, 29-30; method of west Ordinance land taxation in early federal period, 252-53 New Hampshire Grants, controversy Ogden, Samuel, and N.Y. land pur- over, 29, 30, 191 chases, 75 New Jersey: early history of, 36-37; Ogden, William B., and canal project land exploitation in, 36; methods of in Illinois, 159 land taxation in early federal period, Ogilvie, William, and land reform in 253; primogeniture modified in, 61 England, 17, 262, 263 New Madrid Claims, Mo., 120-21 Oglethorpe, James, founder of Georgia, New Mexico: land tenure among Pueb- 40 los, 8; and Mexican grants, 143, 144, Ohio: colonization schemes in, 87:92; 145-47 and Connecticut's claim to Western Newport News, Va., development of, Reserve, 92-93; federal land offices 244-45 in, 94; land speculation in, 95-97, New York: and alien ownership of 99, 100; method of land taxation in, land, 73; anti-rent movement in, 255-56 189-90; colonial land system in, 30- Ohio Co. of Associates: colonization 32; disposal of state land in, 69-70; scheme of, 87, 88, 89-90, 95; and and dispute over New Hampshire Northwest grant, 83; sale of public Grants, 30, 191; Dutch holdings domain to, 87-91; and western land after Revolution, 72-73; land reform grants, 49, 50 in, 187-90; laws against primogeni- Oil Land Leasing Act (1920), 215-16 ture, 31; method of land taxation in Oil lands, exploitation of, 214-16 early federal period, 252; and Mo- Oklahoma, and "opening" of Chero- hawk Valley claim, 70; Ogden and kee Strip, 139 Macomb purchases, 74-76; and Old Dominion Land Co., 245-46 Phelps-Gorham dispute, 71, 72 Omaha Indians, land tenure among, 8 Index 313

Oregon, exploitation of timber lands Pinckney, Charles, 65 in, 202 Pittsburgh: sale of public domain in, Otis, Gen. Harrison G., and Bingham' 85; and taxation land values, 260 Million Acres, 194 Plymouth Colony, early land systems Our Land' and Land Policy (George), in, 21 270, 271 Plymouth Co., nature of, 20-21; and Pilgrims, 23 Pre-emption Land Act (1841), 105, Pacific Railroad Act, 165 Paine, Thomas, philosophy of, 178, 131 262, 264 Pre-emption Land Act (1842), labor's Palatinate, in colonial Maryland, 38-39 influence on passage of, 268; public Panic of 1837, generated by land spec- domain under, 129-33 ulation, 183 Primogeniture: abolished in U.S., 60- Patroons: and land system in New 61; in colonies, 31, 62; a feature of York, 30-32; manorial privileges feudal tenure in England, 14, 15, 16 abolished, 61 Progress and Poverty (George), in- Peasants' Revolt, in England, 14 fluence of, 271-72, 275 Pejepscut Co., 48, 192 Property: ownership of, as a prerequi- Pelham Manor, N.Y., 32 site for voting, 65; philosophic Penn, William: and development of conceptions of in colonial era, 44-45; Philadelphia, 37-38, 230-31; and personal, decline in as revenue land deals in New Jersey, 36, 37; source, 254. See also Real estate and Wyoming (Pa.) land dispute, 57 Public domain: under Articles of Con- Pennsylvania: early land history of, 37- federation, 175-76; agitation for re- 38; and dispute over Wyoming re-, form in policy of, 179-82; and Brit- gion, 57; Dutch holdings in after ish speculations in, 103-4; bungling Revolution, 72; exploitation of coal administration of, 278-80; in Cali- land in, 211-12; exploitation of oil fornia, 209; changes in policy con- lands in, 214; land politics in, 195- cerning, 92; classifications of, 208; 96; land speculation in after Revo- conflicting opinions about, 176-78; lution, 76-77; method of land taxa- early engrossment of, 98-101; early tion in early federal period, 253; history of, 82-93; conservation move- primogeniture modified in, 61 ment, 215-16; disposal of to rail- Pennsylvania Railroad, 158 roads, 156-64, 165-74; and disposal Peralta Reavis Grant, N. Mex., 146 of timberland, 201-3; effect of "Spe- Petroleum: Congress curbs rapid ex- cie Circular" on sales of, 127-29; ploitation of, 210; production of, an efforts to improve administration of, important mineral industry, 214 125; and engrossment of mineral Phelps, Oliver, land purchases of in lands, 213-14; a factor in political N.Y., 71, 72, 73 sectionalism, 125; future of, 142; Phelps and Gorham Purchase, 71-73 general tax on, 253-55; and Home- Philadelphia: development of, 37-38; stead Act, 136-47; influences in fluc- and Girard's Louisiana grant to, 40, tuation in sale of, 183; land offices 116; land-warrant business in, 76; established, 92; and opening of rise of real estate values in, 230-31; prairie lands, 101-3; opposing views sale of public domain in, 85 on, 185-87; and pre-emption acts, Philipsburg Manor, N.Y., 32 131-33; problems of petroleum on, Phiipse Manor, N.Y., 32 210; reason for paucity of sales of, Phillips, W. A.: advocates land reform, 85-86; rise of speculation in, 124, 181; on failure of pre-emption and 126; and "safety-valve" theory, 182- homestead laws, 140; on land specu- 84; and squatters' rights, 129-30; sta- lation, 46; on Northwest Ordinance, tistics on, 85, 86; and Swamp Land 85 Acts, 130-31; and "town-jobbing," Pickering, Timothy, 77 95-98, 101; use of, as bait to promote Pico, Andre and Pio, 144 economic development, 157; weak- Pilgrims, type of settlement formed by, nesses in system of disposal, 124, 126. 22-23 See also Forests; Mineral lands 314 Index

Pueblo Indians, land tenure among, 8 Scheftel, Yetta, on the taxation of land Pullman, George, 244 values in Australasia, 260 Pulteney Purchase, N.Y., 72 Schurz, Carl, recommends reform in Putnam, Rufus, and Ohio colonization timberland disposal, 203 scheme, 87 Scioto Project, 88, 89; failure of, 90-91 Scottish Illinois Land Investment Co., 134 Quebec Bill (1774), 51 Seligman, E. R. A.: on landownership Quitrents: beneficial result of, 196-97; as basis of taxation, 248; on taxation in colonial Maryland, 38; failure of of urban real estate, 256-57; on taxa- system in colonies, 41-42, 197; Penn- tion of unproductive property, 254 sylvania and Maryland abolish sys- Separation-Act (1914), 215 tem of, 195, 196 Serfdom, decline of in England, 14 Sevier, John, and settlement of Ten- nessee, 52-53 Railroads: eastern and western com- Seward, William, urges land reform in pared, 163-64; and public domain, N.Y., 189 156-64, 165-74; as stimulant to spec- Seybert, Adam: on sale of public do- ulation, 165-74 main, 85, 86; survey of government Rantoul, Robert, and speculation in land in Louisiana, 121-22 Illinois Central lands, 160 Show, S. B., on public ownership of Real estate: as different from land, forest land, 204-6 259; engrossment of by corporations, Skidmore, Thomas, and views of, 117, 243-46; rapid rise in value of, 230- 267 43 Smith, Adam, influence of, 264 Reavis, James A., and Peralta-Reai'is Smith, George, and Scottish Illinois Grant, 146 Land Co., 134 Reclamation Act (1902), 138 Smith, Gerrit: against land monopoly, Rensselaerwick Manor, N.Y., 31-32 269; land-reform resolution of, 179- Rent, economic: difficult to determine, 80 259-60; and taxation, 62-63, 259-60, Smith, Malancthon, 76 275 Smith's Hundred, Va., 34 Revolutionary War: curbs land-grab- , described, 15 bing schemes, 56-57; effect of on Soulard, Antoine, and Louisiana land status of landownership, 55; and claims, 110 tenure, 59-68 South Africa, and taxation of land Rhode Island: entails in, 63; method values, 260 of land taxation in early federal South Carolina: colonial land system period, 252; proprietaries in, 27 in, 61; and land dispute with Geor- Ricardo, David, and economic law of gia, 77; land distribution in, 39; rent, 265, 266 method of land taxation in early fed- Riggs, Romulus, land practices of, 132, eral period, 253; quitrent system in, 133 197 Rogers, Thorold, on "town settle- South Carolina Yazoo Co., 78 ments," 22 Southern Pacific Railroad: and Peral- Russel, William, and Spanish grants ta-Reavis Grant, 146; and rise in Los in Louisiana, 109 Angeles real estate boom, 241-42 "Specie Circular," effect of on land sales, 127-29 Sackett, Nathaniel, 87 Spence, Thomas, and land reform in St. Clair, Arthur: and selection of site England, 17, 262-63; and Real for Dayton, 96; and western land- Rights of Man, 178 grabbing, 103 Spiegel, Henry W., 63; on failure of Salem, Mass, land distribution in, 25 legislation to improve farm tenant San Francisco, land speculation in, system, 229; on taxation and land 239-41 tenure, 288 Santillan Grant, Calif., 144 Springfield, Mass., colonial land allot- Scarsdale Manor, N.Y., 32 ment in, 28 Index 315

Squatters: in California gold rush,208- empresario system in, 148, 149, 150, 9; in New Hampshire Grants, 191; 151, 154; land disposal in, 148-55 in Maine, 192-95; rights of, 129-30; Tilden, Samuel J., land-reform recom- in San Francisco, 240 mendations of, 189-90 Stubbs, Charles W., on danger of con- Timber Culture Act (1873), 137, 201- centration of land, 283 2; repeal of, 202 Sub-infeudation, system of in Carolinas, Timber Land Act (1878), 202-3 39 Tobacco, a factor in congregation-type Suffrage, landownership as requisite settlement in Virginia, 33 for, 65, 66-67 Tobey, Thomas, and land scrip in Supreme Court: decision in Dc Bastrop Texas, 151 Claim, 116; decision in Myra Gaines' Tocqueville, Alexis de, cited, 59, 60, case, 117; and Fletcher vs. Peck, 79; 294 and Soulard claim, 110 Toledo, 0., 97, 134 Susquehanna Co., 57 Town, as basic unit of political organi- Sutter, John, and dispute over squatter zation in New England, 24 claims, 208-9 Town building, aim of, 96-97 Swamp Land Acts, 130-31 Town-jobbing: and the public domain, Symmes, John Cleves: and Northwest 95-98; after Revolution, 231-32. See grants, 83; and Miami Purchase, 91- also under cities 92, 95; and Ohio purchases, 75; site Town proprietors, role of in colonies, of Cincinnati selected by, 95; and 27-28 selection of Dayton site, 96 Train, George F., and Credit Foncier, 166; and Credit Mobilier, 167 Taussig, Frank, on special taxation of Transylvania Co., and settlement of site values, 247; taxing gains in site Kentucky, 52 value, 247 Trinity Church Corp., 235 Taxation, land: in colonial era, 249- Tucker, George, on rising land values, 51; controversy over in Constitu- 266-67 tional Convention, 67-68; in early federal period, 251-53; on economic Union Pacific Co., railroad project of, value of, 62-63, 259-61, 286-87; 166, 167 precedents of, 248-49; incidence of, United Nations: land-reform resolu- 256-57; inequitable, origin of, 26; tion of, 281; and progressive land influence of George on, 275-76; on tax in foreign lands, 288-89 improvements, 255; -merges into gen- United States: and change in national eral property tax, 253-55; suggested land policy, 94; development of land by Jefferson, 62; proposals for reform question in, 26; early history of pub- of, 257-58 lic domain in, 82-93; land reform in Tenancy: principal forms of, 217-18; after Revolution, 59-63; origin of in- rise of in West, 132-33; statistics on, equitable taxation in, 26; as prime 227-29. See also Land mover in U.N. land-reform resolu- Tenancy, farm: before and after Civil tion, 281; progress of land reform in, War, 219-23; European policy on, 262-76; and taxing power of federal 226-27; evils of, 223-25; reform government, 67-68; Yazoo lands measures, 225-26 ceded to, 79 Tennessee: land taxation in, 252; set- United States Steel Corp., 214; and tlement of, 52-53 development of Gary and Morris- Tennessee Yazoo Co., 78 ville, 244 Tenure: among aborigines, 7-8; ejido, in Mexico, 9 n.; in England, 23, 35; in New England colonies, 23; feudal Vandalia Co., and western land specu- aspects of in Maryland palatinate, lation, 55-56 38; in primitive Mexico, 8-9; in pro- Van Dyke, T. S., on Los Angeles land prietary colonies, 35; military, 15. boom, 242 See also Land Van Rensselaer, Killian, patroonship Texas: colonizing projects in, 150-51; of, 31-32 316 Index

Van Renssalaer, Stephen, 32 geniture, 61; and Clamorgan Land Vermont: dispute over land in, 191; Assoc., 112; on cause of land specu- method of land taxation in early fed- lation, 128-29; on public-land use, eral period, 252. See also New Hamp- 157 shire Grants Weiss, Jacob, and exploitation of coal Vincennes, Ind., 102 lands, 211-12 Virginia: early land systems in, 21; Wells, Davis, on opposition to taxa- land distribution in, 33-35; land tion on value of land, 272-73 speculation in, 76, 77; primogeniture Wentworth, Benning, and New Hamp- and entail abolished in, 62; and shire Grants disputes, 29, 191 Transylvania claim, 52; western land Western Land Assoc. of Minnesota, 168 claims of, 102; and western land Western Reserve, Connecticut's claim grants, 49-51 to, 93 Virginia (London) Co., 20-21 West Jersey Co., 37 Virginia Yazoo Co., 78 Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., policy of exploitation and conservation, 200, 203-4 Wadsworth, James, 73 Wheeler, John, on merchant adven- Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 73-74 turers, 19-20 Wadsworth, William, 73 Whitney, Asa, urges railroad to Pacific, Walker, Francis, on theories of George, 165 273-74 Wilkinson, James, and selection of Day- Walker, Thomas, and western land ton site, 96 grants, 50 Wilson, James, and Dutch holdings in Wallace, Henry A., on reform of farm Pennsylvania, 72 tenancy, 225 Winthrop, John, 24 Walpole, Thomas, and Illinois grant, Wolcott, Oliver, study of taxation by, 56 251 Washington, Augustine, and western World War II, effect of on farm ten- land speculation, 53 ancy, 228-29 Washington, George: interest of in Wyoming (Pa.) Massacre, 57 western lands, 53-55; opposed to Indian Line, 51; and Yazoo dispute, 78 "Yankee communism," in New Eng- Washington, Lawrence, and western land, 22 land speculation, 53 Yazoo, dispute over, 77-79 Washington, exploitation of timber York, Duke- of, and New Jersey grant, lands in, 202 36 Washington, D.C., town-jobbing in, 232-34 Webster, Daniel: on abolition of primo- Zane's Trace, 0., 156