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Review of Key Trends and Issues in UK Rural Land Use

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Review of Key Trends and Issues in UK Rural Land Use Review of Key Trends and Issues in UK Rural Land Use Living Landscapes Project Final Report to The Royal Society August 2020 Jeremy Burchardt, Joe Doak and Gavin Parker 1 Review of Key Trends and Issues in UK Rural Land Use - Report to The Royal Society Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 6 Governance ........................................................................................................................... 6 Integration ............................................................................................................................ 7 Multifunctionality ................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 9 1.1 State of play and areas of concern ........................................................................... 9 1.2 The Royal Society’s approach to rural land use issues .......................................... 9 1.3 The project brief: research aims, objectives and main tasks .............................. 10 1.4 Structure and content ............................................................................................. 11 1.5 Research approach .................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2: The Emergent Context: Historical Roots and Transformations.................... 14 2.1 The Recent History of Landownership ...................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Changes in the structure of UK landownership ...................................................... 14 2.1.2 Continuities in the structure of UK landownership ................................................ 15 2.2 The Recent History of Land Use Decision-making ................................................... 16 2.2.1 The abandonment of land reform ............................................................................ 16 2.2.2 The mid-twentieth century land use policy context ................................................. 17 2.3 Laying the Foundations of the UK’s Land Use Decision-making System in the post war period ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Reviewing rural land use ........................................................................................ 19 2.3.2 The Agriculture Act 1947 and its consequences ..................................................... 20 2.3.3 The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 and its consequences .......................... 22 2.3.4 The 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act and its consequences .......................................................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Wholesale Reform – or Tinkering at the Margins? .................................................. 24 2.5 Implications for future directions............................................................................... 26 Chapter 3: Regulate, Deregulate or Steer: the structure and role of the planning system .................................................................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Overview of planning system and recent changes .................................................... 27 3.1.1 Institutional continuities ......................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Policy and plan hierarchy ....................................................................................... 27 3.1.3 Designations ........................................................................................................... 30 University of Reading, 2020 2 Review of Key Trends and Issues in UK Rural Land Use - Report to The Royal Society 3.1.4 Neighbourhood plans .............................................................................................. 32 3.2 The role of the planning system .................................................................................. 33 3.3 Limits to the system ..................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Implications for key themes ........................................................................................ 37 Chapter 4: Contemporary Patterns of ................................................................................. 40 Land Use, Ownership, Control and Interest ....................................................................... 40 4.1 Land Use ....................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 Landownership ............................................................................................................. 43 4.3 Stakeholder Audit ........................................................................................................ 49 4.4 Implications and Issues................................................................................................ 52 Chapter 5: Rural Policy: The Search for a Vision .............................................................. 53 5.1 International strategies relevant to rural land use ................................................... 53 5.1.1 The UN and International Trade Organisations .................................................... 53 5.1.2 EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)................................................................. 54 5.1.3 EU - Environment ................................................................................................... 55 5.1.4 EU - Rural Development ......................................................................................... 56 5.1.5 EU - Trade and Tariff Agreements ......................................................................... 56 5.2 Current and post-Brexit UK national policy for rural land use .............................. 57 5.3 Local Policy................................................................................................................... 61 5.4 Thematic reflections..................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 6: How Others Tackle It: International Comparisons and Contexts................. 65 6.1 Context is (almost) everything .................................................................................... 65 The limitations and value of comparative analysis ......................................................... 65 6.2 Existing research on international case studies of rural land use ........................... 65 6.3 Selected international cases potentially relevant to the UK context ....................... 68 6.3.1 Japan ....................................................................................................................... 68 6.3.2 New Zealand ........................................................................................................... 70 6.3.3 Sweden .................................................................................................................... 71 6.4 Implications for key themes ........................................................................................ 71 Chapter 7: The Challenges and Opportunities: Into the Future ....................................... 73 7.1 Key questions ................................................................................................................ 73 7.2 Rural policy .................................................................................................................. 73 7.3 Management and political arrangements .................................................................. 74 7.4 The Planning System ................................................................................................... 76 7.5 Stakeholders ................................................................................................................. 77 7.6 Ideas and proposals...................................................................................................... 78 University of Reading, 2020 3 Review of Key Trends and Issues in UK Rural Land Use - Report to The Royal Society 7.6.1 Political visions ....................................................................................................... 79 7.6.2 The Private sector ................................................................................................... 79 7.6.3 Non-governmental and other not-for-profit organisations ..................................... 80 7.6.4 Academic research .................................................................................................. 81 7.7 Conclusion and synthesis ............................................................................................. 82 7.7.1 Sustainable development ......................................................................................... 82 7.7.2 Resilience ................................................................................................................ 83 7.7.3 Regulation ............................................................................................................... 83 7.7.4 Multifunctionality ...................................................................................................
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