Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah Vol.5 No.1 January 2021 Page 76-89 Online ISSN : 2540-8402 | Print ISSN : 2540-8399

SHARIA HOTEL ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR URGENCY FOR MUSLIM TOURISTS' NEEDS IN MAQASID SHARIAH PERSPECTIVE

Rakhman Priyatmoko1 Addin Maulana2 Dini Oktaviyanti3

123Direktorat Kajian Strategis-Kemenparekraf/Baparekraf Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat No. 17 Jakarta [email protected]

Abstract The expansion of Sharia hotels is increasingly attracting industry players and scholars in the tourism sector. Although some researchers have focused on studying Sharia hotels' attributes, research examining these attributes deeply based on the Maslahah level in the Maqasid Shariah has not been found. By employing the literature review, this study aims to gather Sharia hotels' attributes and analyze their urgency from the Maslahah perspective using a descriptive method. The results showed that halal food availability, the prohibition of alcoholic victuals, and gender separation in fitness facilities are classified in the Dharuriyat category (fundamental). Besides, the availability of the Quran, praying amenities, and the Qibla sign are grouped in Hajiyat (secondary). Lastly, Tahsiniyat (tertiary) attributes include Ramadan special services, a particular lobby floor for women, and Muslim staff domination. Sharia hotels' other attributes can be extended for further research as long as they conform to Sharia law principles.

Keywords: Attributes, Sharia hotels, Maslahah, Maqasid Shariah

I. Introduction destination managers and tourism industry players are aware of Muslim tourists' Sharia-concept hotels, also known as potential market. halal hotels, Islamic hotels, or Muslim- The concept of a Sharia hotel is a friendly hotels, are continuously attracting combination of "hotel" and "Sharia" researchers and business players in the terminology. A hotel is defined as hospitality industry nationwide and accommodation consisting of rooms in a overseas. The surprising response by hotel building complex equipped with food and industry players is shown by the increasing drink services, entertainment, and several Sharia hotel number in countries where other facilities. Generally, hotel quality is Muslims are not the majority, such as the characterized by star and no-star labels Philippines, Thailand, and Russia (Battour, (Statistics Indonesia, 2018, p. 376). On the 2018). The mushroomed hotels with Islamic other hand, Sharia is Islamic law derived attributes in those countries confirm that

Received: 2020-07-30 | Reviced: 2020-12-03 | Accepted: 2020-12-31 Indexed : DOAJ, Garuda, Crossref, Google Scholar, Sinta | DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/amwaluna.v5i1.6464 76

Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah Vol.5 No.1 January 2021 Page 76-89 from the Quran and Sunnah, aiming to principal needs of Sharia custom; (2) the control all trade and industrial activities, swift growth of the global Muslim tourist including tourism (Battour et al., 2010). market (Salleh et al., 2014). As of 2018, As a combination of the two terms about 140 million international Muslims mentioned earlier, a Sharia hotel provides were mobilizing worldwide, and this services following Sharia principles (Kamri number is projected to increase up to 230 et al., 2018; Saad et al., 2014) by targeting million by 2026 (Mastercard & market portions where most guests are CrescentRating, 2019). Muslims (Saad et al., 2014). This typical No official data is covering the hotel adheres to a Sharia system in its number of Sharia hotels globally until now. operations: financial system, ethical Although official data regarding the number standard, entertainment styles, spatial of self-proclaimed Sharia hotels in configuration, and Zakat (Islamic tithe). Indonesia is unavailable, three Sharia hotels Furthermore, their organizational design is have received Sharia hotels certificates also adjusted to Sharia principles without issued by the National Sharia Council- neglecting the society norms and respecting Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI) all Muslim and non-Muslim citizens (DSN-MUI, 2020). In comparison, (Janitra, 2017, p. 18). Malaysia, which was on the top-rank Religious features play an essential together with Indonesia in the 2019 Global role in influencing Muslim customer Muslim Travel Index, has 42 hotels with the decisions towards the hotel and tourism status of "Muslim-friendly" under the sector (Azhani et al., 2017). These features Muslim-Friendly Accommodation can be interpreted as Islamic representations Recognition (MFAR) scheme (Yusof, implemented in a hotel. Muslim tourists will 2020). always favor hotels with Islamic attributes, In the academic discipline, the theme especially for the sake of halal food and of Sharia hotels has positive impressions. praying facilities. Based on a quest done via The practice of Sharia hotel business https://www.sciencedirect.com, as many as has now become a worldwide trend as it has 28 published journals were found containing an up-and-coming market (Mansyurah, the keyword "Sharia-compliant hotel" with 2018). The growth of Sharia hotels is a study range of 2007-2020. Meanwhile, in influenced by two factors: (1) increasing the Digital Reference Guard (GARUDA) awareness of Muslim tourists towards the through http://garuda.ristekbrin.go.id/, 58

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Rakhman Priyatmoko, et. all, Sharia Hotel Attributes And Their Urgency For Muslim Tourists' Needs In Maqasid Shariah Perspective journals were found with the keyword The absence of constitutional laws "Sharia hotels" filtered from 2012-2020. causes the managers of Sharia hotels in Moreover, in the 2015-2020 publication Indonesia to implement Sharia hotels range within the same source, ten and seven criteria based on their interpretations that articles with each keyword "Halal hotel" and may differ from one to another. Different "Islamic hotels" were found. interpretations have the potential in different When Malaysia already has "Muslim service executions, although the concepts Friendly Hospitality Services offered are similar. Regulations for Sharia Requirements" (Idris & Wahab, 2015), the hotels containing formal standards related to presence of Sharia hotels, unfortunately, has Halal tourism, including Sharia hotels, not received substantial attention from the should exist as a guideline for hotel industry Indonesian government. In terms of players to establish and operate this typical regulations, there are no laws issued by concept. Therefore, a systematic effort to Indonesia's Ministry of Tourism related to observe and investigate the basic concepts Halal tourism development by the time this of Sharia hotels is needed. research was conducted. This study attempts to answer Sharia A Fatwa (legal opinion from Islamic hotels' attributes and examine their urgency view) containing guidelines for seen from the Muslim tourists' needs based implementing national tourism based on on the above background. The results are Sharia principles was once issued by the expected as input for the central and local DSN-MUI Number 108/DSN-MUI/X/2016 governments in formulating regulations and (DSN-MUI, 2016). However, the contents standardization related to Sharia hotels. of the Fatwa are broad and not a product of Furthermore, hotel industry players are government policy. Therefore, a more expected to gain insight into understanding technical explanation is needed. Indonesia the concept of Sharia hotels once enjoyed a Regulation of the Minister of comprehensively. Tourism and Creative Economy Number 2 Literature Review of 2014 concerning the Guidelines for The studies on Sharia hotel attributes Implementing Sharia Hotel Businesses often attract the attention of researchers in (Rachmiatie et al., 2020). However, it was the tourism sector. Rosenberg & Choufany not until the 2016 revocation resulting in a (2009) divided Sharia hotels' attributes into governing vacuum for Sharia hotels. three aspects: functionality, interior design,

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Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah Vol.5 No.1 January 2021 Page 76-89 and financial. Saad et al. (2014) used the Maslahah in Maqasid Shariah, such as the Delphi approach by weighting each category Dharuriyat (primary), Hajiyat (secondary), formulated previously by Rosenberg & and Tahsiniyat (tertiary). Choufany (2009). After reviewing some former studies, Battour (2018) classified Sharia it can be inferred that no research aims hotels' attributes into two parts: Muslim- explicitly to discuss Sharia hotels' attributes friendly hotel rooms and Muslim-friendly with the Maqasid approach. Although service, while Kamri et al. (2018) divided Kamri et al. (2018) and Janitra (2017) have Sharia hotels' attributes into four aspects: provided frameworks that Sharia hotels' food and beverage, front office, staff, and attributes can be categorized using the communal facilities. Several discussions on Maqasid approach, they have not discussed Sharia hotel attributes without grouping each attribute's urgency deeply. their characteristics were also conducted by Methods previous researchers (Alam et al., 2019; El- This research employs a qualitative Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010). approach and collects data regarding the Karim et al. (2017) found two attributes of Sharia hotels, sourced from six attributes that distinguish Islamic hotels and publications by Rosenberg & Choufany Sharia hotels: the use of Islamic clothing and (2009), Henderson (2010), Battour (2018), swimming pool management. If staff in El-Gohary (2016), Alam et al. (2019), and Islamic hotels were just encouraged to dress Kamri et al. (2018). Those publications were in Islamic clothing, it was compulsory in selected purposely since they were Sharia hotels. Swimming pools in Islamic considered sufficient in accommodating the hotels have separate areas for men and data needed to satisfy the research questions. women, but there is only one swimming Data analysis was carried out using a pool with strict time management for Sharia descriptive approach to describe and hotels. interpret a state or object (Zellatifanny & In other research, Kamri et al. (2018) Mudjiyanto, 2018). This study summarized and Janitra (2017) discussed the connection the attributes of Sharia hotels from previous between the attributes of Sharia hotels and studies and categorized them based on the the Maslahah (the concept of basic level of Maslahah in the Maqasid Shariah. goodness) in Maqasid Shariah (objectives in Subsequently, the categories were Sharia). According to them, these attributes interpreted for in-depth discussions. can be grouped using the three-level

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Rakhman Priyatmoko, et. all, Sharia Hotel Attributes And Their Urgency For Muslim Tourists' Needs In Maqasid Shariah Perspective

II. Discussion The traditional classification on the The Theory of Maqasid Shariah need levels is one of the dimensional The Sharia hotels' attributes analysis classifications of Maqasid Shariah (Auda, in this study uses the Maqasid al-Sharia 2008). Al-Ghazali, in his book titled al- (Maqasid Shariah) approach. Abdul-Malik Mustashfa, divided three levels of needs into al-Juwaini (d. 478 H) first included the term (1) Dharuriyat (primary needs), (2) Hajiyat "Maqasid al-Sharia" in his book, titled al- (secondary needs), and (3) Tahsiniyat Burhan fi Ushul al-Fiqh (Busyro, 2019). As (tertiary needs) (Auda, 2008; Arfan, 2013). one of the earliest contributors to the Similar to al-Ghazali, al-Syatibi also divided Maqasid theory, al-Juwaini used the terms Maslahah levels according to three series of al-Maqasid and al-Masalih al-Ammah human needs: Dharuriyat, Hajiyat, and (public interest) interchangeably (Auda, Tahsiniyat (Betawi, 2018; Busyro, 2019; 2008). Kara, 2012; Zatadini & Syamsuri, 2018). Maqasid Shariah was recognized as Dharuriyat is any essential criteria an independent scientific discipline during that must exist in order to maintain religion the era of Imam al-Syatibi (d. 790 H) and faith. Anything that can make life easier (Khatib, 2018). Through the book, titled Al- and help get rid of difficulties (in some Muwafaqat, al-Syatibi was known as "the ways, it supports the attainment of Father of the Maqasid Shariah" (Busyro, Dharuriyat) is Hajiyat. Meanwhile, 2019). Al-Syatibi used different terms in Tahsiniyat refers to matters used to referring to Maqasid Shariah, including supplement or improve the quality of life Maqashid al-syariah, al-Maqasid al- and human dignity (Janitra, 2017, pp. 39– syar'iyyah, and Maqasid min syar'i al-hukm; 40; Kamri et al., 2018). Thus, Sharia hotels' all three have the same goals granted by implementation is inseparable from Sharia's Allah SWT to obtain benefits of this world goal as a whole (Maqasid Shariah) (Kamri and the hereafter (Abdurrahman, 2020). et al., 2018). According to al-Ghazali (d. 505 H), Categorization of Sharia Hotel Attributes Maslahah's principal aims to take advantage based on Maslahah Levels seen from the and reject disadvantage (Janitra, 2017). The Maqasid Shariah Perspective advantage appears as the benefit of religion In the present study, Sharia hotel attributes (al-din), soul (al-nafs), mind (al-'aql), based on Maslahah levels seen from the family (al-nasb), and the property (al-maal) Maqasid Shariah perspective are grouped. (Busyro, 2019).

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In this study, Dharuriyat is Muslim tourists' their religious needs to be perfectly met primary need that hotel managers must during their journey. On the other hand, provide. The attributes of Hajiyat are loose-practicing Muslims will just count the secondary needs but are also needed to need-to-have components enough as long as support the success of Dharuriyat matters. the basic requirements are sufficient, such as Meanwhile, the Tahsiniyat is a Halal food and worship facilities complementary one and could become the (Mastercard & CrescentRating, 2019). The added-value if the hotel can provide. The categorization of each Sharia hotel attribute categorization is considered necessary based on Maslahah levels can be seen in because the Muslim tourists' compliance Table 1 below: level to the Sharia law differs. Those labeled as strict-practicing Muslims would crave

Table 1. Categorization of Attributes based on Maslahah Levels Maslahah Attributes Source Levels Dharuriyat 1. Restriction for alcoholic beverages in the hotel (Alam et al., 2019; Battour, (Primary) area 2018; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Kamri et al., 2018; Rosenberg & Choufany, 2009) 2. Availability of certified Halal food (Alam et al., 2019; Battour, 2018; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Kamri et al., 2018; Rosenberg & Choufany, 2009) 3. Separate praying rooms for men and women (El-Gohary, 2016) 4. Ablution facilities inside the hotel room (Alam et al., 2019) 5. Separate fitness facilities for men and women (Battour, 2018; Kamri et al., 2018; Rosenberg & Choufany, 2009) Hajiyat 1. Availability of Quran in the hotel room (Battour, 2018; El-Gohary, (Secondary) 2016; Henderson, 2010; Rosenberg & Choufany, 2009) 2. The availability of praying equipment in the (Alam et al., 2019; Kamri et al., hotel room 2018) 3. Sign of Qibla (Battour, 2018; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Kamri et al., 2018; Rosenberg & Choufany, 2009) 4. Islamic dress protocol for hotel staff and guests (El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Kamri et al., 2018) 5. Bidet in the bathroom (Henderson, 2010)

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Maslahah Attributes Source Levels 6. The bed and toilet that are against the Qibla's (El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, rules 2010; Kamri et al., 2018) 7. A family-friendly television canal (Alam et al., 2019; Battour, 2018; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Rosenberg & Choufany, 2009) 8. Internet filters (Alam et al., 2019) 9. Zero night clubs (El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010) 10. Artwork that does not expose the shape of the (El-Gohary, 2016; Rosenberg human body & Choufany, 2009) Tahsiniyat 1. Special services and facilities during Ramadan (Alam et al., 2019; Battour, (Tertiary) 2018) 2. Specific lobby floor for women/families (Battour, 2018; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010) 3. Female staff allocation for female guest (El-Gohary, 2016; Rosenberg & Choufany, 2009) 4. Domination of Muslim workers (Henderson, 2010) (Source: based on writer’s construction, 2020)

Like the prohibition of consuming Based on Sharia hotels' attributes presented alcoholic beverages, the command to in Table 1, there are five attributes in the prioritize Halal food is also a Dharuriyat, ten attributes for Hajiyat, and four attributes for Tahsiniyat. The recommendation that must be adhered to as breakdown of those levels is as follows. written in the Quran surah Al-Maidah: 88

Dharuriyat category (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2009). Hence, Sharia hotels that provide food and The first attribute in the Dharuriyat beverage are only allowed to circulate Halal category is linked to the prohibition of liquor products to guests. consumption. Alcoholic drinks in Sharia Hotels that have a restaurant must terminology are called khamr. Referring to guarantee the status of the Halal products the Quran surah Al-Maidah: 90, liquor they serve according to the Halal consumption is forbidden and categorized as certification issued by the authorized Halal the act of Satan (Ministry of Religious authority in the administrative area of a Affairs, 2009). Therefore, hotel managers destination (Battour, 2018; Kamri et al., with a Sharia concept cannot serve alcoholic 2018; Razalli et al., 2015). Several Sharia victuals or provide bars like conventional hotels in Indonesia, such as Sofyan, Grand hotels. Dafam Rohan, and Unisi, are samples of

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Sharia hotels with Halal-certified Ablution is a legitimate requirement restaurants issued by the DSN-MUI. before a Muslim starts practicing prayers. For the worship area attribute, praying Thus, the availability of facilities for facilities are considered necessary because ablution in a hotel room equipped with prayer is the primary responsibility of sufficient access to clean water is one of Muslims as written in the Quran surah Hud: Sharia hotel's essential attributes. Hotels 114 (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2009). A must provide facilities for ablution to Muslim is required to commit to praying support the perfection of the Muslim guests' with certain conditions during their journey. praying activities. A clever hotel Separation of worship areas between configuration is essential so that guests can men and women must be performed in remain clean after the ablution. For Sharia hotels. By providing two separate illustration, the hotel must install the faucet rooms or creating a barrier in the same room for ablution away from showering ones, for each gender, the chance where male and especially faucets for defecating. female crowds are mixed can be avoided. A The last attribute in the Dharuriyat separate place for ablution must also be category is addressing separate fitness provided to avoid the potential exposure of facilities for men and women. The awrat (nakedness), which would discomfort separation of areas based on gender in other guests. swimming pool facilities aims to prevent Even though mosques are possibly adverse incidents. Blending male and available around the hotel area, a Sharia female guests in one area allows them to see hotel must provide a place for worship. The the opposite gender body parts, potentially availability of worship areas is also expected leading to sexual desire prohibited by to accommodate Muslim guests visiting the religion. hotel for general purposes other than staying Hajiyat category overnight (for example, guests who intend to The first attribute in the Hajiyat meet relatives who are staying at the hotel or category is the availability of Quran and other guests with specific purposes with the prayer mats in the hotel room. Kamri et al. hotel management.) Halal food and worship (2018) stated that the completion of Hajiyat area availability are two inseparable could lead to the perfection of Dharuriyat requirements because both are Muslim aspects; thus, hotel managers need to tourists' immediate needs in Halal tourism provide support for praying activities in (Mohsin et al., 2016). each hotel room. Online ISSN : 2540-8402 | Print ISSN : 2540-8399 83

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The Quran is the holy book for prohibited from facing or turning their backs Muslims. Reading the Quran is a must, and on the Kaaba whenever they defecate or this activity will be pleased if the Sharia urinate, especially in open spaces. For this hotel manager provides the Quran in each reason, Sharia hotel managers are expected hotel room. It is also hoped that the to wisely design the position of the toilet so availability of the Quran will affect the as not to make guests have to violate the minds of Muslim guests who have never intended Islamic values. read the Quran to start reading it. Although entertainment facilities are Sharia concept hotels also require to essential in tourism, Sharia hotel managers present attributes for the Qibla sign to make must be knowledgeable in responding to this it easier for guests to understand the subject by not providing entertainment that direction for performing prayers. That leads to negativity. Some of the feature would help Muslim guests who are entertainment properties that need to be not fully aware of the praying directions in controlled include television channels, destinations they have just visited. internet access, nightclubs, and other kinds The attribute of hotel staff and guests' of entertainment. Sharia hotel television clothing views the guidance that men and channels must prioritize family-friendly women should not show their intimate body programs to prevent guests, especially parts to others than those are allowed to children, from watching acts that do not (mahram). Accordingly, in implementing follow Sharia principles such as Sharia hotel management, dress procedures pornography and porno-action. also need to be respected. Hotel staff must The ease of access to internet follow the Islamic dress code; women are networking makes all ages ranging from required to wear a headscarf, and the male children to adults accessing anything staff is required to wear clothing that covers through their devices. The hotel should their intimate parts. Managers also need to provide an internet filter over the hotel Wi- communicate the proper dress code to hotel Fi connection favoring these attributes come guests in the hotel area. to success. The next attribute is the bed and toilet The internet filter also aims to prevent position that should not go in the same hotel guests from watching shows direction as the Qibla. This attribute is containing pornography, causing related to Islamic ethics or practices inconvenience, and lessening Sharia according to Sharia law. Muslims are concepts' quality. Still associated with

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Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah Vol.5 No.1 January 2021 Page 76-89 entertainment, hotels are prohibited from Still in the same category, the providing entertainment facilities such as availability of a particular lobby floor for nightclubs to prevent Muslim guests from female guests is an essential attribute for committing adultery and alcoholic drinking. Sharia hotels. This attribute is related to the Also, the artwork's attributes must not feature concerning staff allocation that represent the shape of the human body. adjusts the guest gender to provide Although the literature study only convenience for guests who only want to be pronounces the prohibition of displaying the served by hotel staff of the same gender. human body, drawing all breathing creatures Although this practice requires more is prohibited in Sharia law (Bahammam, complex capacity management, a special 2012, p. 263). Installing paintings depicting lobby floor for female guests can be the the shape of the human body or other contrast value between Sharia hotels and creatures as decoration should be avoided by conventional ones. Moreover, this feature Sharia hotels. Hotel managers are expected can attract Muslim women who want more to be innovative by placing permitted exclusive Sharia hotel services. decorations such as pictures of buildings, The attribute of Muslim workers' natural landscapes, or other drawing objects. domination remains debatable. Sharia hotel managers can also employ staff with Tahsiniyat category religions other than Islam. Sharia hotels' The first attribute of Tahsiniyat is the success does not rest in the religion adhered availability of specialized services during to by all hotel organizations body, but rather the month of Ramadan. Ramadan special on how staff practices Sharia hotels' services aim to support Muslims in many attributes since Muslim guests have purposes: calling for Suhoor (meals different needs from other market segments. consumed before fasting), opening The last attribute is the availability of restaurants that provide food for Iftar (break a bidet in the bathroom. In western countries the fast), as well as preparing an imam to such as America and the European region, a lead Taraweeh (communal prayers) for hotel bidet's availability is crucial. Since the guests who wish to perform Taraweeh at the bathrooms in conventional western hotels hotel's Musalla. Although Muslim travelers rely on the shower to supply water, Muslim have the privilege (ease of restrictions for guests might worry about cleaning delaying fasting), it will be an added value themselves after defecating following for Sharia hotels to provide those types of Sharia traditions. Therefore, water access services. Online ISSN : 2540-8402 | Print ISSN : 2540-8399 85

Rakhman Priyatmoko, et. all, Sharia Hotel Attributes And Their Urgency For Muslim Tourists' Needs In Maqasid Shariah Perspective based on the facilities is vital for Muslim Dharuriyat attributes should be prioritized, guests. A bidet is less common in Muslim- followed by the Hajiyat group. Additionally, majority countries like Indonesia, where the Tahsiniyat group is a complementary people are more accustomed to using a water attribute. tap or tabo to clean vital body parts after The attributes of Sharia hotels are not limited to urinating or defecating. what has been explained in the discussion section. Sharia hotel managers are expected to III. Conclusion be innovative in developing new attributes as an The classification of attributes based added value to advance guest satisfaction as long on Maslahah level helps hotel managers or as they are not contradicting Sharia principles. investors to arrange the priority attributes This research is expected to provide brand new that must be met to establish or operate a ideas for further researchers to investigate other Sharia hotel. In the present study, the

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