East Asia in the 1960S and Early 1970S Sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl Slides Taken by Emeritus Prof

University of Sheffield Library. Special Collections and Archives

Ref: SLI 23

Title: Grayson East Asia Slide Collection

Scope: A collection of some 1,200 slides taken by Professor James Huntley Grayson during his time spent in East Asia between 1965 and 1973 and again in 1985.

Dates: 1965-1973, 1985

Level: Fonds

Extent: c. 1,200 slides

Name of creator: James Huntley Grayson

Administrative / biographical history:

The collection consists of some 1,100 colour and black and white slides taken by James Huntley Grayson between 1965 and 1973, and constitutes a partial visual record of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong during that period. A further set of 70 slides records a visit to Shenyang, China, in August 1985.

James Huntley Grayson is Emeritus Professor of Modern Korean Studies at the University of Sheffield. He was awarded a B.A. in Anthropology from Rutgers University, New Jersey, U.S.A., in 1966, an M.A. in Anthropology from Columbia University in 1968, and a PhD in the History of Religion from Edinburgh University in 1979.

He served as a Methodist missionary in Korea from 1971 to 1987, after which he returned to the U.K. as a Lecturer (later Senior Lecturer, Reader and Professor) in Korean Studies at the University of Sheffield until his retirement in 2009.

Related collections: Grayson Papers

Source: Donated by Professor Grayson in 2014

System of arrangement: By country and category

Subjects: Korea; Taiwan; Japan; China; Hong Kong

Names: Grayson, James Huntley

Conditions of access: Available to all researchers, by appointment

Restrictions: None

Finding aids: Listed

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Slides taken by Emeritus Prof. James H. Grayson Annotations and Commentary by Prof. Grayson compiled from 1 May to 20 October, 2012.

Introduction: This set of nearly 1200 colour and black and white slides was taken by James H. Grayson between 1965 and 1973 and constitutes a partial visual record of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Japan , Taiwan, and Hong Kong during that period. There are three blocs of time represented in these slides - Summer 1965, Summer 1967, and the years 1971-1973. These represent three periods of my life.

In the Summer of 1965, between my third and fourth years as an undergraduate student doing a degree programme in anthropology and sociology at Rutgers University in New Jersey, I had the opportunity through the American Friends (Quaker) Service Committee to participate in two workcamps, one in a village in the Tōhoku [東北] region in the northern part of the island of Honshu [本州], Japan, the other in a fishing village in what was then Ch’angwŏn County [昌原郡] in South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道] in South Korea. A more detailed description of each of these workcamps may be found in front of the section containing slides taken during the period of the workcamp.

In the Summer of 1967, while I was a post-graduate student in the Department of Anthropology at Columbia University in New York City, I had the opportunity through a summer seminar programme conducted by the department to visit Taiwan. Funded by the Fulbright Commission, this programme was a module entitled ‘Seminar in Chinese Culture and Society’ which took participants throughout the whole island. It also enabled me to revisit Korea and Japan, and renew friendships.

Following completion of a three-year professional theological degree, the Master of Divinity, at Duke University in North Carolina, I was assigned to work as an educational missionary of the American United Methodist Church in association with the Korean Methodist Church [大韓監理會]. I worked in Korea from 1971 to 1987 before I was appointed to a lectureship in Modern Korean Studies at The University of Sheffield. The later Korean slides were taken mostly between 1971 and 1973, roughly the period I was in language training at Yonsei University in Sŏul. I travelled widely during that time, and the slides reflect my interest in history and ethnography.

The slides have been organised according to country, and within country by province, city or some other politico-geographical designation. The slides are then arranged by date. There is a separate index by which slides can be searched according to a set of topics.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA [大韓民國]

Kangwŏn Province [江原道] Kangnŭng [江陵] K001 - Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Street scene. Note goats being herded down narrow street. A doctor’s clinic is on the left, and a glazier’s sign is visible on the right.

K002 - Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Stone pagoda at Hwabusan-sa [花浮山寺]temple. The style appears to reflect Japanese architecture of the colonial period. Note the construction of a concrete building in the background.

K003 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. A stone sculpture at Hwabusan-sa [花浮山寺]temple.

K004 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. The gate to the kaeksa [客舍], or the former state guest house during the Chosŏn period. Note the curved lines of the pillars, and the support structure for the roof.

K005 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Detail of the roof structure of the kaeksa [客舍].

K006 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Steps leading up to a shrine dedicated to Yi Sunsin [李舜臣, 1545-1598], the great Korean naval hero of the late sixteenth century.

K007 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Haeun-chŏng [海雲亭, Sea and Cloud Pavilion], a typical Korean Confucian scholar’s retreat. Note the gracefully curved roof line.

K008 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Steps leading up to the pavilion at Kyŏngp’o-dae [鏡浦臺], a beautiful seaside hamlet near Kangnŭng. Note the animal (cat?) carved in a very naive style with a yin-yang symbol on its stomach.

K009 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Stone steps at the Kyŏngp’o-dae [鏡浦臺] pavilion.

K010 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Kangnŭng [江陵]. July, 1972. Large stone pillars used to support Buddhist flags or banners.

Wŏnju [原州] Street and City Scenes K011 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. General view of the Wŏnju area, showing the mountains surrounding the basin.

K012 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Women washing clothes in a stream. At a busy time, women would line the banks of the river to do their family wash.

K013 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Men fishing in the Wŏnju-ch’ŏn [原州川] river which flows through the city.

K014 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Left-hand shop sells a medicine made of snake.

K015 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Market. Note hand- pulled cart in the background.

K016 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Street vendors in the Chungang sijang [中央市場], or Central Market. This sections sells primarily clothing.

K017 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. More street vendors in the Chungang sijang [中央市場]. Note the sturdy bicycle in the foreground which is used by merchants and vendors to transport goods.

Farm Scenes K018 - Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Poly-tunnels for growing vegetables. In a field near the grave site in slide K037.

K019 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. A field of red peppers. Red peppers are a staple of Korean food as they are used in many ways, especially in creating the Korean condiment kimch’i [김치]. The field is near the field shown in slide K018

Church and Hospital Scenes K020 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. Revd. Na Wŏnyong [나원용목사님] and family on Christmas Day. December, 1971. Mr. Na was the Assistant Minister at Wŏnju First Methodist Church [原州第一監理敎會].

K021 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. December, 1971. Revd. Na Wŏnyong [나원용목사님] and family on Christmas Day.

K022 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. December, 1971. Interior of First Methodist Church before the current church was built. Revd. Na Wŏnyong [나원용목사님] is leading the service. Mr. Na was the Assistant Minister at Wŏnju First Methodist Church [原州第一監理敎會]. Note free-standing heating stoves and pipes which were a common feature of Korean buildings in the early 1970s.

K023 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. December, 1971. Interior of First Methodist Church before the new church was built. Revd. Na Wŏnyong [나원용목사님] is leading the service. Mr. Na was the Assistant Minister at Wŏnju First Methodist Church [原州第一監理敎會]. Note free-standing heating stoves and pipes which were a common feature of Korean buildings in the early 1970s.

K024 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. JHG and the Revd. Na Wŏnyong [나원용목사님] who was the Assistant Minister at Wŏnju First Methodist Church [原州第一監理敎會]. In the background is the entrance to Wŏnju Union Christian Hospital [原州基督病院]. This is now the Wŏnju branch of Severance Hospital in Sŏul.

K025 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Revd. Na Wŏnyong [나원용목사님] by the city archery field.

Temple Scenes K026 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Main Buddha figure in principal shrine of a local Buddhist temple.

K027 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Side view of main shrine in local Buddhist temple showing gong, and elaborate painting of various guardian figures.

K028 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. The abbot of this local temple. Note plain, white clothing and the prayer beads held by the monk.

K029 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. An ancient stone pagoda, and a statue of the Buddha.

Buildings and Monuments K030 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Monumental stele commemorating a nationalist during the Japanese colonial era (1910-1945). K031 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Memorial dedicated to people killed in the Korean War (1950-1953).

K032 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. The magistrate’s office during the late Chosŏn period [1392-1910]. At this time, the building was still being used for official business.

K033 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. A view of the interior of another traditional building on the grounds of the former magistry office.

Ch’usŏk [秋夕祭] ‘Festival’ K034 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Ch’usŏk [秋夕祭] or autumn harvest ‘festival’. At Ch’usŏk families will visit family graves, tidy them up, and hold either a Confucian ceremony [chesa, 祭祀], or if they are Christians hold a brief remembrance service called sŏngmyo [省墓]. Here a school girl gathers flowers from a field to take with her to a grave.

K035 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. A family on a visit to a family grave.

K036 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. The family of the Revd. Na Wŏnyong walking through harvested rice fields to get to the family grave on the hillside.

K037 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. The Revd. Na Wŏnyong [나원용牧師님] and his family at a grave side, trimming the grass around the grave. Note the younger daughter is dressed in Hanbok [韓服] or Korean traditional clothes.

K038 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Children from an orphanage leaving a grave site.

K039 - Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. Children from an orphanage gathered at a grave.

K040 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Wŏnju [原州]. October, 1971. A typical mounded, Korean grave. Note earth piled up in a semi-circle to the back of the grave.

Yŏngwŏl [寧越] K041 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Near Yŏngwŏl [寧越]. December, 1971. Entrance to a village. Note standing pillars at the entrance from the main road.

K042– Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Yŏngwŏl [寧越]. December, 1971. Overall view of the Hyanggyo [鄕校], or local Confucian shrine and academy.

K043– Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. Near Yŏngwŏl [寧越]. December, 1971. Thatched roof farmhouse.

South Han River [南漢江] K044– Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. South Han River [南漢江]. Spring 1973. University students from the student group at Chonggyo Methodist Church [宗橋監理敎會], Sŏul on a camping trip.

K045 – Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. South Han River [南漢江]. Spring 1973. University students from the student group at Chonggyo Methodist Church [宗橋監理敎會], Sŏul on a camping trip. Students relaxing after setting up the tent.

K046– Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. South Han River [南漢江]. Spring 1972. University students from the student group at Chonggyo Methodist Church [宗橋監理敎會], Sŏul on a camping trip. View of South Han River and camp site.

K047– Kangwŏn Province [江原道]. South Han River [南漢江]. Spring 1973. University students from the student group at Chonggyo Methodist Church [宗橋監理敎會], Sŏul on a camping trip. View of South Han River and camp site. Group picture taken at the end of the camping.

Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道] Inch’ŏn [仁川]

Temple Scenes K048 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. Yonghwa-sa [龍華寺]. November, 1971. This is a neighbourhood temple, and not one of the historic temples. Until the end of the nineteenth century, it was forbidden for temples to be built within the precinct of a walled city. This is the bell tower to the temple.

K049 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. Yonghwa-sa [龍華寺]. November, 1971. The bell in the bell tower, created according to a traditional style dating back to the Silla period (5th to 10th centuries).

K050 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. Yonghwa-sa [龍華寺]. November, 1971. Ceiling of the bell tower showing how the bell is attached to the cross beam. This beam is like a Western corner stone. It gives the cardinal orientation of the beam and the date on which the beam was raised. The date, given here in Chinese characters, is recorded in the Buddha Year and not the Western (Christian) year which would be used commonly on secular documentation.

K051 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. Yonghwa-sa [龍華寺]. November, 1971. Resident monk talking with one of JHG’s friends. Building directly behind is the main shrine. Building to the side is probably a residence or study hall. Note that the style of the roof tile is Japanese, not uncommon even in buildings built after Liberation in 1945.

K052 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. Yonghwa-sa [龍華寺]. November, 1971. ‘Mountain vegetables’ [山나물, san namul] are buried in a pile of earth to ferment.

K053 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. Yonghwa-sa [龍華寺]. November, 1971. Herbs and ‘mountain vegetables’ [山나물, san namul] are hung out to dry.

K054 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. Yonghwa-sa [龍華寺]. November, 1971. Thatched covering over the kimch’i jars [김치독] which are buried in the ground to ferment.

K055 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Inch’ŏn [仁川]. November, 1971. Station platform. Note semaphores.

Kanghwa Island [江華島]

Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇] and Mani-san [摩尼山] K056 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. Overview of Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇] atop Mari-san mountain. Tan’gun is the mythical founder of the Korean nation, who is believed to have been born here (among other places).

K057 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. Because it was so slippery when we began the assent of the Mani-san [摩尼山], some of our members wrapped their shoes in straw to give them grip. The party was led by the elderly Revd. Pak Yongik, then minister of Chonggyo Methodist Church [宗橋監理敎會] in central Sŏul.

K058 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. The garden of a middle school [中學校, chung hakkyo] below Mani-san [摩尼山].

K059 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. Distant view of Mani-san [摩尼山] from middle school playground.

K060 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. View of the West Sea (Yellow Sea) from Mani-san.

K061 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. Tan’gun shrine located on slopes of Mani-san [摩尼山] below the Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇

K062 - Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. View from atop Mani-san [摩尼山] over the Yellow Sea. In the distance, North Korea is just visible.

K063 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. View from atop Mani-san [摩尼山].

K064 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. View looking the slopes of Mani-san [摩尼山] towards the Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇] on its top.

K065 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. From atop Mani-san [摩尼山], near the Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇], a view of a ruin said to be a Christian chapel.

K066 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. View looking across the top of the Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇] on Mani-san [摩尼山] to the Yellow Sea.

K067– Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. A side view of the Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇] with a view of the islets off the coast of Kanghwa.

K068 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. General view of the front of the Tan’gun Altar [檀君壇]. Note incense burner and Government marker for an historical site on the left. There is another stone marker designating the site.

K069 - Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Kanghwa Island [江華島]. February, 1972. Close up of the historical site marker and the bronze incense burner. The formal name of the altar is Ch’amsŏng-dan [塹星檀].

Suwŏn [水原] Tomb of ‘King’ Changjo’ [莊祖] K070 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. October, 1971. Human and animal guardian figures around the tomb of ‘Sado seja’, the son and heir of King Yŏngjo [英祖王, r. 1724-1766] who was ‘presented with death’ for eccentric behaviour. He was given a royal style as ‘King’ Changjo [莊祖] by his son, King Chŏngjo (r. 1766-1800), who succeeded his grandfather.

K071 - Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. October, 1971. Further details of the tomb of ‘King’ Changjo, showing animal guardian figures.

K072 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. October, 1971. Taken near tomb of ‘Sado seja’ [思悼世子]? Shows farmer using Korean ‘A-frame’, or chige [지게], walking across a dry field.

K073 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. October, 1971. Shrine building for the tomb of ‘King’ Changjo [莊祖, 1735-1762], or ‘Sado seja’ [思悼世子]. Note tomb itself at the top of the hill in the background.

K074 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. October, 1971. Stele describing the tomb of ‘King’ Changjo [莊祖]. Modern.

K075 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. October, 1971. Overall view of the tomb of ‘King’ Changjo [莊祖]. Note the lantern, stone altar and stone balustrade around the tumulus.

Yongju-sa temple [龍珠寺] K076 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa temple [龍珠寺]. Steps on the path leading into the temple. This temple was founded in 853, but in the eighteenth century became used as a mortuary temple for the grave of the father of King Chŏngjo [正祖, r. 1766-1800], who died in tragic circumstances.

K077 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Gate leading into the temple compound. Note ticket kiosk for admission tickets.

K078 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Precinct within the gated area showing the study hall on the right, and the principal shrine in the rear left. Note the carefully tended shrubs.

K079 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Courtyard buildings. Note chimney for flues for the ondol [溫突] under-floor heating system, and the typical gently sloping Chosŏn era roof line. Note also the set of pillars used to hold Buddhist banners during outdoor ceremonies.

K080 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Detail of stairway leading up to the platform for the principal shrine.

K081 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. The temple bell inside the bell pavilion which is said to date from the Silla period (4th to 10th centuries). Dark slide.

K082 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Another view of the bell mentioned in slide K081 taken with a better exposure setting. Note that Korean bells are struck from the outside (the lotus flower on the bottom is the strike point), and the sound goes into a cavity in the ground and then rises up. There is a pipe at the top of the dragon-shaped fastening which allows the air/sound to travel upwards. The bell is made of bronze.

K083 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Principal painting behind the altar in the principal shrine of the temple.

K084 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Bottom of the painting shown in slide K083 showing the statues placed on the altar. A triad arrangement is typical, often with the historic Buddha surrounded by two bodhisattvas. Note that these gilt statues are placed on seating covered by a cushion. Also note that there are two sets of candlesticks.

K085 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺]temple. Painting to the right side of the altar in the principal shrine pavilion as shown in slides K083 and K084. Note elaborate frame in the shape of a post and lintel building with roof. Note candlesticks and incense burner.

K086 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Autumn scenery around the temple.

K087 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Friends, principal shrine and ancient tree said to have been planted by King Chŏngjo.

K088 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺]temple. Buddhist painting behind the altar of the Sansin-gak [山神閣] or Mountain God Shrine. Note incense burner, candlesticks, vessels for holding offerings, and mokt’ak [木鐸] or wooden instrument beaten by Buddhist monks when chanting.

K089 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Picture of the Mountain God to the left-hand side of the principal painting shown in slide K088. Sansin [山神] is depicted as an old man with a long white beard and is seated next to a tiger, who is understood to be his messenger. These are the standard items in these pictures. In addition are two attendant lads, a pine tree and a waterfall. Sansin, who is the god of all the mountains of Korea – and not the god of a specific mountain, is thought to be Tan’gun [檀君], the mythical founder of the Korean nation.

K090 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Two Buddhist paintings in the Sansin-gak [山神閣]. The left-hand picture depicts a white elephant which is said to be an auspicious Indian animal and is said to have been seen by the Buddha’s mother when she became pregnant. The elephant is ridden by a bodhisattva. The right-hand picture shows a Buddha riding an ox, a symbol of control of one’s self.

K091– Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. A picture to the right of the principal picture in the Sansin-gak [山神閣] depicting Toksŏng [獨星, Lone Star], a figure often found in mountain god shrines. He is also depicted as an old man and has a young boy as an attendant, and sits under a pine tree as does Sansin. In addition to the picture there is also a statue of this figure.

K092 – Kyŏnggi Province [京畿道]. Suwŏn [水原]. September, 1971. Yongju-sa [龍珠寺] temple. Mural on the outside of the Sansin-gak [山神閣] showing a rabbit offering a tiger a pipe to smoke. As there a number of Korean folktales which describe the enmity between rabbits and the tiger, this type of picture is said to represent an ideal state where natural enmity has been set aside. Traditionally, Korean folktales began with the phrase ‘yenar-e horangi tambae-rŭl p’iuldae’ [옛날에 호랑이 담배를 피울대, Long ago when tigers smoked] indicating a lost, ideal era of peace and harmony.

North Chŏlla [全羅北道] Chŏnju [全州] K093 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. P’ungnam-mun [豊南門]. This is the south or main gate of the city. The walls are no longer extant.

K094 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. P’ungnam-mun [豊南門]. This is the south or main gate of the city. The city walls are no longer extant.

K095 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. P’ungnam-mun [豊南門]. Side view of the P’ungnam-mun. Note the elephant carving under the roof brackets.

K096 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. P’ungnam-mun [豊南門]. View of carving of a daemon [鬼神, kwisin] on the P’ungnam-mun.

K097 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Near Ch’ŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Stele resting on tortoise base with entwined dragon capstone. For the stone receptacle for the umbilical cord of King Yejong [睿宗, r. 1568-1569].

K098 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Near Ch’ŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Detail of tortoise head in slide K097. This is the base for the stele to the stone receptacle for the umbilical cord of King Yejong [睿宗, r. 1568-1569].

K099 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Near Ch’ŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Umbilical cord receptacle for King Yejong [睿宗, r. 1568-1569]. Note the general lotus shape of the container which is the usual form for a Korean Buddhist pagoda to hold the cremated remains of a monk. This is an interesting use of the motif in view of the formal attempts to suppress Buddhism throughout the Chosŏn [朝鮮, 1392-1910] dynasty.

K100 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Ch’ŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Entrance to the National Museum in Chŏnju.

K101 - North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Chŏnju National Museum [國立全州博物館]. A simple, Korean stone pagoda.

K102 - North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Hyanggyo [鄕校] or provincial Confucian school and shrine. This shrine is dedicated to Confucius and the major Chinese and Korean scholars. Note the Hongsal-mun [紅살門] or ‘Red Arrow Gate’ which marks the entrance into the sacred space.

K103 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. View of the inside of Hyanggyo [鄕校] enclosure with children playing.

K104 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Decorated roof beams inside of the Confucian shrine.

K105 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. These decorations on the roof beams are unusual on a strictly Confucian building.

K106 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Confucian shrine. Stele requesting mounted riders to dismount. Referred to as a hama-bi [下馬碑].

K107 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Royal Yi family clan shrine.

K108 – North Chŏlla Province [全羅北道]. Chŏnju [全州]. March, 1973. Principal shrine building of the Royal Yi clan shrine.

North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道] Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [梅浦面, 高陽里] K109 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Bleached strip of film showing houses in the village of Koyang-ni in the snow.

K110 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. View of the village in a snow storm. Note houses roofed with thatch and with ‘slate’.

Lunar New Year K111 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year. The eldest son of the deceased persons offers respect before an altar set up in the family home. Note white clothing, rows of sacrificial fruits and biscuits (confections), and incense burner and a libation in front.

K112 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year. The three sons of the deceased person dressed in white mourning clothing before one of their family homes. Note the tie ribbon on the wearer’s right-hand upper chest. Behind is a typical farm house with wooden maru in front with papered doors leading into the main room of the house. The kitchen will be to the left-hand side, the floor of which is lower than the main room. This is so that the flues of the kitchen fire pits run under the floor of the main room, heating it.

K113 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Two young villagers bowing before the grave of an ancestor. This is a common custom celebrated at Lunar New Year.

K114 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year. View of altar in family home set out with sacrificial offerings. Note fruit and biscuits and large bottle of soju (燒酒, rice wine) used as a libation.

K115– North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. December, 1971. View of the village tree before which prayers will be offered to San-shin [Mountain God] for prosperity and happiness in the new year.

K116– North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year time. Members of Yi Osang’s extended family. .

K117 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year. A family visits the grave of a grandparent. Note the father of family making a full bow before the mounded grave.

Tae porŭm [大보름] Prayers and Village ‘Altar’ K118 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름]or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. On the eve of Tae porŭm, male village elders from each household would gather before the village sacred tree and offer prayers for a prosperous, happy, beneficial new year. Here a village elder bows before the simple altar. Shown is the stone altar, a broom to clean the sacred area and a candle and a traditional lamp to light the area. The prayers are addressed to San-sin [山神], the Mountain God, who is a master spirit in charge of all the mountains of Korea, and is also thought to be a guise of Tan’gun [檀君], the mythical founder of the Korean nation.

K119 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Similar to content of slide K118.

K120 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. This village was the home of JHG’s friend Yi Osang [李五相]. This village was situated in the midst of an area for the mining of materials for making cement. It had been identified by the Tonga ilbo [東亞日報] newspaper in 1972 as one of Korea’s five ‘problem’ villages. The village has since disappeared as the mountain on which it was located was removed through mining operations. The site has since been grassed over and has become a golf course.

These pictures were taken at tae porŭm [大보름], the first full moon of the first lunar month, i.e., the first ritual celebration following New Year’s Day. Pictured here is the village shrine called a chesa-dang [祭事堂]. There is no building, however, only a flat stone for an altar placed in front of an important village tree. The sacred area is marked off by twine tied around several trees. Note in the centre a broom made of twigs and a brush used to sweep the area before the performance of a ritual.

K121 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Close up of the village shrine showing the altar and the broom with twine marking out the tree as a sacred site.

K122 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. At night, ritual prayers for a good year are offered up to San-shin, the Mountain God by writing prayers on a piece of paper, lighting them, and letting them rise up into the night sky.

K123 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Lighting prayers at the village shrine on Tae porŭm [大보름] night.

K124 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Requests are written on a piece of paper which are then lit and released. The belief is that the prayers, if they rise, will be answered by San- sin [山神].

K125 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. The broom used to sweep the sacred area clean. Note the simple altar of a stone at the base of the tree. Taken on Tae porŭm day.

Tae porŭm [大보름] Customs K126 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Pul kkot nori [불꾳노리] or Fire Flower Game. This is a traditional game played by children (usually male) on the top of a hill on Tae porŭm eve. A pot or tin with a cord has a fire ignited in it which is swung around in a circle. At this time mainly an amusing seasonal sport and custom, originally it was said to be a means to drive away evil spirits who could bring about an inauspicious year.

K127 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Flying kites [yŏn, 鳶] is a traditional boys’ sport and custom at this time of year. Kites were traditionally made at home using strips of bamboo and door or writing paper. Various designs were put on them. Here a village youth, Yi Wansang, holds up two kites which his family had made. Traditionally there were competitions held in the villages which involved one competitor’s kite cutting the strings of another competitor’s kite. Another belief connected with kite flying was the idea that if a kite drifted off it would take bad fortune along with it.

K128– North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Another view of the same kites as in slide K127.

K129 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Nŏl ttwigi [널뛰기] or see-sawing. This is another seasonal custom associated with the First Full Moon. Here two village youths surrounded by village children jump up and down in front of their house. The simplest form of the see-saw was board placed on a rolled up burlap rice bag, as here.

K130 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Village girls on the see-saw as seen from a room of the house depicted in slide K129.

K131 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. Another and highly representative game of the New Year’s period is the board game yu [윷]. Played by two teams, the game originally is thought have been a means to prognosticate the future, i.e., the prediction would mean the team members and their families would have year of good fortune. The board and its implements are made before the game starts. It consists of a starting point and 5 spaces

16 between the spaces at each of the four corners. There are also diagonal lines coming from each of the four corners with two spaces between the corner spaces and the space in the centre. Movements are determined by throwing four wooden sticks with a flat and rounded side. The number of sticks showing either a flat or rounded slide up determines the number of spaces to be moved. The pieces of the opposing team may be removed from the board. Landing in a corner space allows the team to move down the diagonal line rather than the lines around the edges of the board. The board is shown on the maru [마루] or the wooden floor room of a house where the enclosed rooms are heated by underfloor pipes. Upon entering a home, shoes are removed before ascending onto the maru.

K132 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February/March, 1972. Tae porŭm [大보름] or the first full moon period of the lunar calendar. A game of yut is in progress. Note that the pieces in this case are broken bits of matches. Coins and other objects are used. The game never uses premade boards or pieces.

K133 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. On Tae porŭm [大보름] night, boys light fires in containers and swing them around in a great arc. Often children will climb up to the top of a nearby hill so that they can show their fire to a great distance and to see what is going on in a neighbouring village. Said originally to have been to chase away evil spirits at the beginning of the year. The custom is called pul kkot nori, [불 꽃노리, Fire Flower Game].

Tano Festival [端午祭] K134 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Tano Festival [端午祭] time. Tano is the spring festival celebrated on the fifth day of the Fifth Lunar Month. Among the customs was swinging on a highly placed swing usually by girls and young women. Here the sixteen year old, immediate younger brother of Yi Osang, Yi Wansang [李完相], swings out on a swing which is attached to a tree leaning over the edge of slope above the village.

K135 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Tano Festival. Village teenaged girl in Hanbok [韓服] clothing.

K136 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Yi Wansang and two friends swinging out over the top of the village.

K137 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County. Mae-p’o Township, Koyang-ni village [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. In the middle of the picture, children are playing nŏl ttwigi [널뛰기] a Korean version of see-saw.

Village Life K138 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Teenaged boys and two youths making rope.

K139 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Silk cocoons spread out on the maru [마루] or wooden floor room of a farm house. The Saemaŭl undong [새마을運動], or New Village Movement, was an attempt by the Korean Government of the day to raise the standard of rural life to the level of urban life. One means to do this was to introduce local industries into the villages, of which one industry was the raising of silk worms.

K140 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Yi Wansang showing the cultivation of silk cocoons on the branches of fir trees.

K141 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County. Mae-p’o Township, Koyang-ni village [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Farmhouse near the village. Note the date under the roof eave.

K142 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County. Mae-p’o Township, Koyang-ni village [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Children playing games.

K143 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Village boys playing football near the village. Note that as the reforestation programme of the ROK Government had just begun many of the hills were still denuded.

K144 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. December, 1971. An overview of the workers’ village across from the agricultural village. The village well is in the right foreground. The workers’ quarters were for the ‘cement’ mining operation which was taking place on the far side of the village. Eventually the village disappeared as the mountain was ‘eaten’ away, the site becoming a golf course.

K145 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year time. View of the village in winter showing the deep ravine in which it was situated. Note the large structures which are tobacco drying barns.

K146 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. December, 1971. View of village buildings, including farm house and tobacco barn on the right, mining workers’ residences, hillside behind the village, and the ‘cement’ mining works.

K147 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. December, 1971. View of the inner village from the outer village and the junction of the village road and the main road to the city of Chech’ŏn [堤川].

K148 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. February, 1972. A distant view of the village ceremonial tree described in slide 624. This is in the inner village.

K149 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township, Koyang-ni [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面, 高陽里]. December, 1971. A view of the village and ‘cement’ mining works.

Songni-san [俗離山] K150 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. The temple was founded in 553. Stele on tortoise base of a stone, royal umbilical cord container, called a t’aesil [胎室].

K151 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Side view of tortoise base of stele shown in slide K150.

K152 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Back of stele in slide K150 showing inscription.

K153 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. View of t’aesil [胎室] and its base.

K154 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. View of base of t’aesil [胎室] and its surrounding balustrade.

K155 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Detail of carving on t’aesil [胎室].

K156 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa temple. Displaced capstone to the t’aesil [胎室].

K157 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Grounds of Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Detail of balustrade around the t’aesil [胎室] showing how the stones were fitted together.

K158 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Chungsaja-am [中獅子庵] hermitage, interior of Samsŏng-dang shrine [三星堂, Shrine of the Three Stars], the spirit of the Pole Star. The picture behind the main altar shows the Buddha and two bodhisattvas.

K159 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Stele in front of the entrance to the temple grounds.

K160 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Stones piled up on a ledge on the path going to the Sŏng-mun

[石門, Stone Gate]. Placing a stone on a pile of stones along a path or at the high point of a mountain pass was a common practice as a form of offering to San-sin [山神], the Mountain God.

K161 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Terraced rice fields about the temple site.

K162 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Detail of the roof of the middle gateway leading into the temple precinct.

K163 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺]temple. Signboard on the inside of the middle gateway. Note that the Chinese characters are a given in an ancient form with the modern forms in a much reduced size underneath them as a guide.

K164 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Ceiling of the middle gateway showing cloud motifs and a sun and a moon, representing the yin and yang symbols.

K165 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺]temple. Detail of the elaborate wooden pillar structure supporting the middle gateway.

K166 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. The P’alsang-jŏn [捌相殿] multi-storey pavilion in the centre of the temple precinct was erected in 1624.

K167 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. This the Tae’ung pojŏn [大雄寶殿], or central shrine of the temple, which was erected in 1624.

K168 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa temple. Stone statue of a monkey in front of the principal shrine of the temple.

K169 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Rear view of the temple complex from the fields around it.

K170 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san [俗離山]. April, 1972. Pŏpchu-sa [法住寺] temple. Stone wall around a building in the temple precinct showing layers of stone, roof tiles imbedded in the wall as a decorative element, and roof tiles used as a capping to the wall. Note the Chinese character for happiness outlined in the surface of the wall.

K171– North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san Pŏpchu-sa temple [俗離山法住寺]. April, 1973. Unified Silla period rock carving of the historic Buddha.

K172 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san Pŏpchu-sa temple [俗離山法住寺]. April, 1973. Another view of the same carving as in slide K171.

K173 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道]. Songni-san Pŏpchu-sa temple [俗離山法住寺]. April, 1973. View of the temple from a hill overlooking the entire temple site.

K174 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸北道] Songni-san Pŏpchu-sa temple [俗離山法住寺]. April, 1973. Another rock carving of a Buddha figure. Probably Unified Silla period (7th to 10th centuries).

Tanyang (Todam) sambong [丹陽島潭三峯] K175 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡]. February, 1972. Being ferried across the South Branch of the Han River. The spot is the location of the Todam sambong [島潭三峯], or Three Peaks of Todam, rocky outcrops in the middle of the river. Todam sambong is one of the eight ‘views’ of Tanyang County [丹陽八景].

K176 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year time. A view of Todam sambong [島潭三峯, Three Peaks of Todam], one of the Eight Views of Tanyang County, a traditional set of beauty spots in the county.

K177 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面]. February, 1972. Lunar New Year time. A ‘side’ view of the Todam sambong [島潭三峯] described in slide K176.

K178 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面]. February, 1972. Yi Osang. A view of Todam sambong [島潭三峯] after we had landed on the island.

K179 - North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County, Maep’o Township [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡, 梅浦面]. February, 1972. A view of the Song-mun [石門, Stone Gate] seen from the Todam sambong [島潭三峯]. Note the pillars used to support the railway which was destroyed in the Korean War in the 1950s.

K180 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡]. March, 1973. The Sŏng-mun [石門, Stone Gate], one of the ‘Tanyang P’algyŏng’ [丹陽八景, Eight Views of Tanyang], the famous traditional views and sites of the county. Taken from a boat on the South Han River.

K181 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡]. March, 1973. The Sŏng-mun [石門, Stone Gate], one of the ‘Tanyang P’algyŏng’ [丹陽八景, Eight Views of Tanyang].

K182 – North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡]. March, 1973. Another view of the Sŏng-mun [石門, Stone Gate].

K183– North Ch’ungch’ŏng Province, Tanyang County [忠淸北道, 丹陽郡]. March, 1973. Another view of the Sŏng-mun [石門, Stone Gate.

North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道] Kyŏngju [慶州]

View of Countryside en route to Taegu [大邱] by Rail K184 – En route to Taegu [大邱], on the main north/south railway line. August, 1967. Note boy collecting bottles to get some extra cash.

K185 – En route to Taegu [大邱]. Thatch-roofed farm house by the side of the road. August, 1967. The tree-lined highway is probably National Highway 1 [國道一番, Kukto 1].

K186 – En route to Taegu [大邱]. River, fields and mountains scene. August, 1967. Note lack of trees on mountains.

View of the City from Nam-san [南山] K187 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. Ancient capital of the Silla [新羅, 57BC? - 935] kingdom. March, 1973. Scenic view from the top of Nam-san [南山], the mountain to the south of the city. This is a ‘sacred’ mountain with numerous Buddhist temple sites. View shown facing east.

K188 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. Altar (?). March, 1973. On the rock face of the east side of Nam-san [南山].

K189. North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. View over the city facing east from east side of Nam-san [南山]. March, 1973.

Street Scenes K190 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Ancient capital of the Silla [新羅] kingdom until the 10th century. Main street looking up towards the railway station. Note plantings in the centre of the street, bicycles, carts and lack of cars.

K191 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. House in the city. Note mud walls, thatched covering over walls, and elaborating guttering and drain pipes.

K192 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Women washing clothes in a stream near rice fields.

K193 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Women washing clothes in a stream near rice fields.

K194 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Local government office with slogans on fence to produce more, consume more, and to export.

These slogans formed the words which the government of the day used to encourage people to build a more prosperous economy.

Rural Scenes K195 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Irrigation ditch near the site of the Hwangyong-sa [黃龍寺] temple. Pictured is JHG’s friend Kim Mansu [金萬壽] who acted as his guide to the city. He emigrated to Australia in the late 1970s where his sister Kim T’aesu lived with her Australian Quaker husband.

K196 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Farmhouses near the city. Note the different types of roofs and walls.

K197 - North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Cropwatcher’s hut in a field.

K198 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Irrigation of fields using a hand operated bucket to take water from one level to a higher one.

Temple Scenes K199 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Punhwang-sa [芬皇寺] temple, established circa 634 AD.

K200 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa temple [佛國寺, Temple of the Buddha’s Land, established 538] at sunset. Monks ascend the steps of the lower temple precinct. This photograph and what follows were taken just before the major reconstruction of the temple in the late 1960s.

K201 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Sŏkkur-am grotto [石窟庵, c. 751 AD] on T’oham-san [吐含山] mountain behind the Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. The sunrise is seen over the East Sea [Sea of Japan].

K202 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Vaulted staircase up to the main temple precinct.

K203 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Sunrise at Sŏkkur-am [石窟庵] overlooking the East Sea.

K204 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Sunrise at Sŏkkur-am [石窟庵] overlooking the East Sea. The person pictured is Kim Mansu.

K205 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Exterior (recently reconstructed) of the Sŏkkur-am [石窟庵] grotto.

K206 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Pavilion on the right front side of the upper precinct.

K207 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Workmen repainting the principal shrine. Note bamboo scaffolding.

K208 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Sŏkka-t’ap [釋迦塔, c. 751] pagoda flanking the main shrine on the left. When the reconstruction of the temple was undertaken in the 1960s, this pagoda was taken apart section by section. Among the treasures buried with the cremated remains of a monk was the oldest known printed book.

K209 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. A view of the Tabo-t’ap [多寶塔, c. 751AD] pagoda which flanks the main shrine on the right. The unusual design is said to be based upon a vision of the temple architect.

K210 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. View of main shrine from the left hand pavilion.

K211 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Pulkuk-sa [佛國寺] temple. Detailed view of stone steps up to the main temple precinct.

Buddhist Statues K212 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Stone seated Buddha in the grounds of the then National Museum, which had been the magistrate’s office during the Chosŏn period [1392-1910].

K213 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. JHG and Kim Mansu at the Sambul-sang [三佛像], three Buddhist statues from the middle Silla [新羅] period. The site would have been a temple.

K214 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. July, 1972. Samyŏn sŏkpul [四面石佛, Four-sided Buddha Carving]. Silla period. K215 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. July, 1972. Samyŏn sŏkpul [四面石佛, Four-sided Buddha Carving]. Silla period. Another view of item in slide K214.

Ch’ŏmsŏng-dae [瞻星臺] Observatory K216 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Ch’ŏmsŏng-dae [瞻星臺, Platform for Observing the Stars]. It was constructed during the reign of Queen Sŏndŏk [善德女王, 632-647]. It is the oldest extant observatory in East Asia.

K217 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Looking up from the base of Ch’ŏmsŏng-dae [瞻星臺] showing the curvature of the structure and the stone framework imitating wooden construction on the top.

Shrines K218– North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Kyerim Forest [鷄林] and shrine commemorating Kim Alchi [金閼智], the mythical founder of the royal Kim clan of Kyŏngju. It is said that Kim Alchi was born from a golden box found hanging from the limbs of one of the trees in this forest.

K219 - North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. The Hyang- gyo [鄕校], or Confucian shrine and school for the city. This is the Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿], the principal shrine containing the ‘ancestral’ tablets to Confucius and eminent Chinese and Korean Confucian scholars. The current group of buildings dates from the mid-seventeenth century.

Royal Tombs K220 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. One of the grand royal tumuli found throughout Kyŏngju. This is possibly the tomb of King Mich’u [味鄒王, r. 272-284], the first king of Silla [新羅] from the Kyŏngju Kim clan. Pictured is Kim Mansu who is member of the Kyŏngju Kim clan.

K221 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. The tomb of King Muryŏl [武烈王, r. 654-661] of Silla [新羅] who, in the 7th century, unified, the three kingdoms on the Korean peninsula. Kim Mansu, a member of the Kyŏngju Kim family here gives a full bow of reverence. Although he is a Christian, this traditional gesture is not seen to be an idolatrous act.

K222 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Red arrow gate [hongsal-mun, 紅살門], marker of a sacred site. This gate is to the Sungsin-jŏn [崇信殿], a shrine to Sŏk T’arhae [昔脫解], the reputed first king of the Sŏk [昔] clan to rule Silla [新羅].

K223 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. Tumulus of King Wŏnsōng [元聖王, r. 785-798] of the Silla [新羅] kingdom. This tomb is unique in that the avenue to the tumulus is lined with guardian figures.

K224 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. July, 1972. Tomb of Kim Yusin [金庾信, 595-673], the general responsible for Silla’s [新羅] victories over the Korean kingdoms of Paekche [百濟], Koguryŏ [高句麗], and Tang [唐] China in the seventh century. His tomb, which was enlarged and embellished to the status of a royal tomb in a later period, is famous for the carvings of the twelve calendrical animals on panels around its base. Note the altar in the centre, and the stele detailing information about Kim Yusin at the right-hand side. Kyŏngju was the capital of the Silla Kingdom (5th to 10th centuries).

K225 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. July, 1972. Crudely carved guardian figures along the approach to Kim Yusin’s tomb.

K226 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. July, 1972. Dragon carving. One of the twelve calendrical animal panels adorning the base of Kim Yusin’s tomb.

Ancient Structures K227 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. In the grounds of the Panwŏl-sŏng [半月城, Half Moon Fortress] is an underground ice storage cell called the Sŏk-pinggo [石氷庫]. This was built at some time during the Chosŏn [朝鮮王朝] period [1392-1910]. Pictured is Kim Mansu.

K228 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Kyŏngju [慶州]. August, 1967. View of the interior of the Panwŏl-sŏng [半月城] and the Sŏk-pinggo [石氷庫].

Taegu [大邱] K229 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa [宋林寺] on Mt. P’algong [八公山]. Paintings on the exterior of the principal shrine. The scenes are of the tortures of Hell. The temple was founded around the ninth century.

K230 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa [宋林寺] on Mt. P’algong [八公山]. Paintings on the exterior of the principal shrine. The scene of the judgement of souls depicts the Judge of Hell as looking like a king. There is also a scene depicting hellish torture.

K231 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa [宋林寺] on Mt. P’algong [八公山]. The five-storey brick pagoda at the temple. The pagoda is from the Silla [新羅] period, probably the 9th century .

K232 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa [宋林寺] on Mt. P’algong [八公山]. A stone box with a cap like a tortoise, and a base also like a tortoise done in a ‘naive’ style.

K233 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa [宋林寺] on Mt. P’algong [八公山]. San-sin [山神] or the god of the mountains is depicted seated on a tiger. Note the candlesticks, incense burner, and storage container for incense sticks. The picture also shows a serving ‘lad’. This is the main picture in the Sansin- gak [山神閣], or Hall of the Mountain God.

K234 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa [宋林寺] on Mt. P’algong [八公山]. An elegant pyŏljang [別莊]or scholar’s retreat a short walk from the temple. Overlooking a stream, the pavilion has a fine view of a small rock face on the opposite side of the stream. Note the gracefully curved roof line in this slide and in the subsequent slides.

K235 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa [宋林寺] on Mt. P’algong [八公山]. A view of the side of the pyŏljang [別莊] showing an entrance into its courtyard.

K236 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. November, 1972. Songnim- sa on Mt. P’algong. A side view of the eaves of the pyŏljang [別莊] in slides K234 and K235.

K237 – Taegu-bu ŭpchi [大丘府邑誌 , Record of the City of Taegu]. September, 1974. This is a magistrate’s record of the city of Taegu, one of the principal cities of Chosŏn [朝鮮, 1392-1910] Korea. It contained information about the history and legends associated with the city, its current economic condition, important places in and around the city and prominent people. This is housed in the library of Kyungpook National University [國立慶北大學校]. Picture taken in the home of JHG in Taegu, Tong-gu, Sinch’ŏn-dong [大邱市東區新川洞].

K238 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. September, 1974? Picture of large, traditional home in the central area of old Taegu. Note brickwork and roof.

K239 - North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. September, 1974. Kwiam sŏwŏn [龜岩書院], the ancestral shrine and Confucian school for the Talsŏng Sŏ clan [達城徐氏]. Note the caretaker wearing tradition Hanbok clothes for men. Young man is Chang Chongil [張宗一] wearing the summer uniform for high school students. He became a Korean Methodist missionary to the Ukraine during the first two decades of the twenty-first century.

K240 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. September, 1974. The large blue building in the background is the Tŏksan-t’ang [德山湯], which was reputed to be the largest public bath house in Korea. It had a full complement of cold and hot water pools of varying temperatures, ranks of taps of hot and cold water at floor level for people to use to wash themselves before entering the pools of water, showers, and steam rooms. The main cold pool was large enough to swim in. The main hot pool had another attached smaller pool which sent a mild electric shock through the bather. At the lower end was an attached pool with a central revolving fountain in the shape of the planet Saturn which spewed out a constant stream of hot water. One of the steam rooms had steam forced through layers of the medicinal herb mugwort. Note street scene and Korean assembled versions of Japanese cars, especially the Datsun Bluebird called in Korea Shinjin Bluebird.

K241 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. Kyŏngbuk National University [國立慶北大學校] Museum, outdoor display. November, 1972. Base of pagoda formed of dragons flying in the clouds

K242 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. Kyŏngbuk National University [國立慶北大學校] Museum, outdoor display. November, 1972. Another pagoda showing the same flying dragon motif, this time graphically emerging from the side of the base.

K243 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Taegu [大邱]. Kyŏngbuk National University [國立慶北大學校] Museum, outdoor display. November, 1972. Another view of the same pagoda as in slide K242.

Yŏngju [榮州] K244 – North Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙北道]. Yŏngju [榮州]. December, 1971. Terraced rice fields.

Sŏul [서울] Chongno [鍾路] K245 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Chong-no street [鍾路, Bell Street]? Near Tong Taemun [東大門],? Note tram, buses, and Shinjin Bluebird cars, which were Datsun Bluebirds assembled in Korea. They are most probably taxis rather than private vehicles.

K246 - Sŏul. [Chong-no, 鍾路?]. August, 1967. Street scene. Note the hording for a film atop a cinema.

K247 - Sŏul. [Chong-no, 鍾路?]. August, 1967. Street scene. Vendor selling a mouse trap.

K248 - Sŏul. Chong-no [鍾路]. August, 1967. Concrete building under construction on Chong-no street. Note use of bamboo scaffolding.

K249 - Sŏul. Chong-no [鍾路]. August, 1967. Fruit vendor.

Chongno-gu, T’ongŭi-dong [鍾路區, 通義洞] K250 – Sŏul. July, 1972. Unknown location but probably in the area of Chongno-gu, T’ongŭi-dong [鍾路區, 通義洞]. The concrete wall of this home built probably in the late 1960s has an elaborately carved, twisting dragon etched into its surface. This is an unusual feature for the wall around a Korean house compound.

Tong taemun [東大門] Area. K251 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Street scene near Tong Taemun [東大門] showing street vendors and a child playing a version of ‘Hide and Seek’.

K252 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Interior of a market near the Tong Taemun [東大門].

K253 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Tong Taemun [東大門]. The walls have been torn down to allow for traffic to flow around. The left side shows the inside of the wall, while the right side shows the curved exterior wall which provided a further line of defence in front of the gate’s massive doors.

K254 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Hillside shacks in the distance in an area near Tong Taemun [東大門]. Note the older woman holding an umbrella to protect herself from sunshine. As tanned skin indicated that one worked outdoors or in fields, protection against sun tan showed one’s social status.

K255- Sŏul. August, 1967. Street scene near Tong Taemun [東大門]. Note shacks in the distance, an oxcart, and a man-pulled cart.

K256 - Sŏul. August, 1967. House near Tong Taemun [東大門]. The exterior with decorated red brick walls and rooms with high windows facing the street is typical of Korean

28 houses in the capital. Note the high steps up and into the house gate, and the high roof over the gate itself.

K257 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Neighbourhood near Tong Taemun [東大門]. Beggars sleeping in the recessed area of a grand home. Note both the main door to the house and the side door.

K258 - Sŏul. August, 1967. A portion of the city wall near Tong Taemun [東大門].

K259 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Exterior view of Tong Taemun [東大門] showing the curved extended wall which would have forced any attacker to approach the gate through a narrow opening. Note the buses, cart, and overhead wires for the electric trams.

K260 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Area around Tong Taemun [東大門]. Long distance coach in colourful livery.

K261 – Sŏul. August, 1967. Entrance to a home.

K262 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Local Buddhist temple near city wall in area around Tong Taemun [東大門].

K263 - Sŏul. August, 1967. View of the city from atop the city wall. The wall was subsequently reconstructed during the 1970s.

K264 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Men sweeping streets with dust cart.

K265 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Example of a modern home of a wealthy person. Said to be the home of the mistress of a national legislator. Near the Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮].

Historic Structures K266 - Sŏul. Independence Arch [Tongnim-mun, 獨立門 ]. October, 1971. The Arch is shown under renovation. Note farm produce being hauled by wheeled cart, and the rubbish cart to the right. Slide should be seen from the side reverse of the number. The pillars in front of the Arch, which was erected to symbolise the breaking of traditional ties with China at the end of the nineteenth century, were the supports for a ceremonial gate at which the representative of the King of Korea would greet the embassy from the Emperor of China.

K267 - Sŏul. Independence Arch [Tongnim-mun, 獨立門 ]. October, 1971. The Arch is shown under renovation. Note the buildings on the hill slope behind the arch.

Shrines K268 – Sŏul. Hwanggong-u [皇穹宇, Pavilion of the Imperial Heaven]. August, 1967. This stands in the grounds of the Chosun Hotel in central Sŏul and was formally part of the ritual complex called the established in the late 1890s when Korea became an ‘empire’, the Empire of Tae Han [大韓帝國]. This was equivalent to the Hall for Prayers for a Good Harvest at the ‘Altar of Heaven’ in Beijing. The altar called the Wŏn’gu-dan [圓丘壇, Round Hill Altar] which it accompanied was demolished by the Japanese when they built the hotel. Its location is the dining room facing this building.

K269 - Sŏul. Sŏnggyun-gwan [成均館]. August, 1967. This group of buildings is the Confucian ‘university’ during the Chosŏn dynasty, and the national Confucian shrine. The picture shows the ondol or hypocaust heating system. VERY DARK.

K270 - Sŏul. Sŏnggyun-gwan [成均館]. August, 1967. Courtyard behind shrine and in front of academy. Note ginko trees, associated with Confucianism.

K271 - Sŏul. Sŏnggyun-gwan [成均館]. August, 1967. Main academy building. Early 17th century.

K272 - Sŏul. Sŏnggyun-gwan [成均館]. August, 1967. Mun-myo [文廟], or the central Confucian shrine. Tripartite main gate.

K273 – Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Gate to the main ancestral shrine in the Chong-myo [宗廟] or Royal Ancestral Shrine for the ruling Yi [李氏] family of the Chosŏn dynasty.

K274 – Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. View of the interior of one of the two shrine buildings of the Chong-myo. Shows the large paved area in front of the shrine and a raised platform for the reading of a section of the ancestral ritual or chesa [祭事].

K275 - Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Another view of the paved area in a shrine building in the Chong-myo showing the gates into the precinct.

K276 - Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Paved precinct in front of a shrine in the Chong-myo showing the paving, and a ritual pathway in darker stone from the paving.

K277 - Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Close-up detail of a Chong-myo shrine building showing individual shrine chambers for each king commemorated. Altar table is placed in front of each chamber.

K278 - Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Roof detail of shrine building in the Chong-myo.

K279 - Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Raised ritual walkways and ritual reading platforms outside the main shrine, the Chŏng-jōn [正殿], in the Chong-myo. Note Buddhist priests walking towards the camera in the back right of picture.

K280 - Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Ritual well beside main ancestral shrine in the Chong-myo.

K281– Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Sŏul. Side gate to the robing hall in the Chong-myo. Note design on the supports to the gate roof.

K282 – Sŏul. Chong-myo [宗廟]. October, 1971. Ritual musical instruments used at the Chong-myo.

K283– Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟] shrine, Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] hall. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. The Sŏkchŏn ceremony is a twice yearly ritual offered on behalf of Confucius and his chief Chinese and Korean disciples. The ceremony is held twice a year on a variable date according to the East Asian lunar calendar. The pictures here were taken on the Spring Sŏkchŏn for 1973 in the grounds of the central Confucian shrine in Korea, the Mun-myo. The principal building in the shrine is the Taesŏng-jŏn hall. ‘Taesŏng’ is a courtesy name for Confucius. This slide shows the chief celebrants, dressed in court robes, entering the Taesŏng-jŏn. Notice the plaque stating the location of a certain action, the modern floral tributes, the bamboo (symbolic plant of Confucianism and scholarship), and the musical instruments (bronze bells) on the veranda of the Taesŏng-jŏn.

K284 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Boy dancers with instruments. They are in the courtyard in facing the Taesŏng-jŏn.

K285 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Celebrants, who had entered the Taesŏng-jŏn by the right-hand door (of three) leaving the shrine by the left-hand door. Note jade instruments on the veranda.

K286– Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Boy dancers bowing.

K287 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Celebrants and officiants looking into the interior of the shrine. Note the large, round floral tribute with the character ‘ch’uk’ [祝, congratulations] in the centre. Also note the microphone in front of the officiants. The black-robed officiant second from the left is probably the chief celebrant who reads out the text of the ritual, section by section. This is written entirely in Chinese and is read out (in Korean pronunciation) as a Chinese not a Korean text.

K288 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Celebrant dressed in court robes. Note square silk patch with double crane emblem symbolic of status as a high civil servant.

K289 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Queue of celebrants dressed as scholars who begin the ceremony by first ritually washing their hands.

K290 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Queue of celebrants dressed as scholars who begin the ceremony by first ritually washing their hands.

K291 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Dancers instruments laid out on the ground of the courtyard of the Taesŏng-jŏn before the ritual begins.

K292 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Taesŏng-jŏn before the beginning of the ceremony showing floral tribute, musical instruments (bells and drums) on the veranda.

K293 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Chief celebrant and others waiting outside the left-hand door of the Taesŏng-jŏn before the ceremony begins and the door is opened.

K294 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Boy dancers lined up in their places in the courtyard of the Taesŏng-jŏn before the ceremony begins.

K295 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Musical instruments at the back of the courtyard by the gate giving entrance into the Taesŏng-jŏn precinct. The instruments are being placed and tested before the ceremony begins.

K296 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Jade stones area being fitted in place in their frame and being tested for the correct sound. Note the male high school students dressed in the quasi-military uniform typical of this period.

K297 – Sŏul. Mun-myo [文廟], Taesŏng-jŏn [大成殿] shrine. March, 1973. Sŏkchŏn [釋奠祭] ceremony. Right rear of Taesŏng-jŏn courtyard before the ceremony begins.

K298 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Slide should be viewed from the side reverse to the number. Ceremonial gate around the grassed precinct of the Hwan’gu-dan, the ‘Temple of Heaven’. This ritual complex, now on the grounds of the Chosun Hotel, was created in the late 1890s when the King of Korea assumed the title of Emperor, asserting his symbolic parity with the Emperor of China. In traditional times only the Emperor of China could offer up prayers to Heaven. With the break in traditional diplomatic ties, the King of Korea, now Emperor, could do this.

K299 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Slide should be viewed from the side reverse to the number. Raised platform with three stone ceremonial drums, the Sŏkko-tan [石鼓壇].

K300 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Bronze with celestial markings.

K301 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Another view of the platform of ceremonial drums.

K302 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Side view of ceremonial drums showing motifs of entwined dragons.

K303 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Entrance to Chosun Hotel behind which is the former ceremonial complex.

K304 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Three-gate ceremonial entrance to the ceremonial complex. Note series of raised steps and guardian figures which are the mythical haet’ae [해태].

K305 - Sŏul. Hwan’gu-dan [圜丘壇]. October, 1971. Inside the ceremonial precinct showing a side of the octagonal central shrine and the Bando-Chosun arcade between the Bando and Chosun hotels.

Kuksa-dang [國師堂] K306 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. The Kuksa-dang is the central shamanistic shrine in Sŏul. Originally located on top of Nam-san, it was moved to the present site around the time of the construction of the central Shintō shrine for Korea by the Japanese colonial government. The site is on Inwang-san, just outside of the western wall of the capital, and overlooking the Independence Arch. This view of the main building is taken from the Sŏn pawi [禪바위, Priest Rocks] on the slopes above the shrine. Subsequent to the removal of the shrine to its current site, a number of other shamanistic shrines have been built below it, some of which are in the form of a ‘Buddhist temple’, an example of syncretism.

K307 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. View of a shamanistic ceremony, called kut [굿], which is in progress. A shaman, or mudang [巫堂], can be seen through the open door. Note the shoes at the bottom of the door lintel.

K308 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Another view of the ceremony through the open door.

K309 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Another shrine building.

K310 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Another view of the ceremony. Note participants seated on the floor.

K311 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Another view of the ceremony.

K312 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Interior view of the shrine. The whole interior on three sides is given up to a counter-like altar above which there are a number of paintings of different spirits and various ritual implements. The altar here is directly in front of the door as one enters. The different halbards and other sword-like implements are used by the mudang in the kut.

K313 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. A view of the left-hand and left front side of the shrine as one enters. Candlesticks, low dining tables used as offering tables, supports for offering vessels and a capped incense bowl are all seen in addition to the pictures of various deities. Above the pictures various materials used in ceremonies are stored on a ledge.

K314 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Two women who had been present at the kut. The steps lead up to the Sŏn pawi rocks. The women are wearing a modern form of Hanbok which was common at the time.

K315 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Two further women participants in Hanbok.

K316 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. A portrait of the four women participants.

K317 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. Well behind main shrine. Note carved stone figure.

K318 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Kuksa-dang [國師堂]. October, 1971. These are the rocks called the Sŏn pawi, or Sŏn [Zen] priest/monk rocks. This is probably due to their shape. They are a very strange, weather-beaten shape, such as one might find on a beach. They were considered to be sacred from an ancient time. When the city walls for the new capital were being constructed at the end of the fourteenth century, it was decided that it would be inauspicious to include them within the city. The sacred character of the rocks as a place of worship probably accounts for its choice as the site for the removed Kuksa-dang. Note the modern brick wall around the ritual area. There is a large altar situated within the walls.

Tong-myo [東廟] The Tong-myo or ‘East Shrine’ was erected outside the Great East Gate of Sŏul in 1602 by the order of the Emperor Shenzong [神宗 , r.1572-1620] of the Chinese Ming Dynasty . Dedicated to the Chinese god of war, Guan Yu [關羽] , it is said to have been erected for the souls of Chinese soldiers killed in the 1590s when China came to the assistance of Korea following the invasion of Korea by Japanese forces under the authority of Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉 1536/1537 –1598). The style of the building is Chinese and not traditional Korean.

K319 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區], Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Overall view of an altar site.

K320 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區], Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. View of edge of main shrine building. Note curiously shaped tree.

K321 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區], Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Carved ceremonial stand in front of the entrance to the principal shrine building.

K322 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Left-side view of principal shrine building. Note the more ‘Chinese’ style of construction (i.e., extensive use of brick and curved doorways).

K323 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. View of roof on the left-hand, rear side of the principal shrine building. Note ‘guardian’ figures on the roof.

K324 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Door at the back of the principal shrine building.

K325 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Guardian figures and the steps on the altar shown in slide K319.

K326 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Rear view of guardian figure shown in slide K325.

K327 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Corner guardian figure on the altar shown in slide K319.

K328 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. View from outer courtyard over the wall into the inner courtyard. In the background is the principal shrine. To the right is a storage building.

K329 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Roof corner of the principal shrine showing details of the tile covering.

K330– Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Dragon painted on the door of the gate giving entrance to the inner courtyard.

K331 – Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Paintings on the inside of the frame of the gate leading into the inner courtyard.

K332– Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. Storage building to the right-hand side of the inner courtyard. Principal shrine is the left of the picture.

K333– Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu [東大門區]. Tong-myo [東廟]. April, 1972. View of end tiles on the end of the storage building in the inner courtyard. Principal shrine is to the back of the photographer.

Temples K334– Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. Chogye-sa [曹溪寺]. August, 1967. Entrance through an alley to the Chogye-sa [曹溪寺], head temple of the principal Buddhist order in Korea, the Chogye-jong [曹溪宗].

K335 – Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. Chogye-sa [曹溪寺]. August, 1967. Main shrine in the Chogye-sa. This building was originally the head temple of a Korean new religion based in the provinces and was brought to the capital to be the centre of the major Buddhist order. Note the elaborate lattice work on the doors.

K336 - Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. Chogye-sa [曹溪寺]. August, 1967. Left front eave of the roof of the main shrine.

K337– Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. Chogye-sa [曹溪寺]. August, 1967. A typical stone pagoda in front of the main shrine at Chogye-sa.

K338– Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. Chogye-sa [曹溪寺]. August, 1967. A view of a side of the main shrine showing the elaborate carvings on two levels, and a part of a series of painted side panels illustrating the search for nirvana, the Buddhist goal.

K339– Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. Chogye-sa [曹溪寺]. August, 1967. Private quarters of the monks, now demolished. Note a well, a raised wooden veranda, typical Korean papered door panels, and traditional Korean-style tile roof.

K340 – Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. Chogye-sa [曹溪寺]. August, 1967. Elaborate bracket and beam structure to the right front of the main shrine. Korean roofs have a gently sweeping curve at the roof ends. Note the backwards swastika which is the traditional symbol of Buddhism.

K341 – Sŏul. Sŭngga-sa temple [僧伽寺]. June, 1972. The Sŭngga-sa temple is located on the upper slopes of Pukhan-san [北漢山] just outside the north wall of the old city. The temple was founded in 756. The temple and the large carved statue of a Buddha dates to the same time, the mid-Silla period. This shows the approach to the statue before the installation of a long set of steps leading up to it at the end of the 1970s. K342 – Sŏul. Sŭngga-sa temple [僧伽寺]. June, 1972. Modern shrine placed in the crevice of the rock cliff near the principal shrine building. Note the modern carved lion, a symbol of the Buddha.

K343 - Sŏul. Sŭngga-sa temple [僧伽寺]. June, 1972. Shows the principal complex of the temple. Note the Sansin-gak [山神閣], or shrine to the Mountain God, on a ledge above the main temple area. The Mountain God Shrine on the grounds of a Buddhist temple is an indication of the syncretism between Buddhism and local traditions. The Mountain God is not simply the god of this particular mountain but in Korean tradition is the god of all the mountains of the nation. He is also thought by some to be a guise of Tan’gun [檀君], the mythical founder of the Korean nation.

K344 - Sŏul. Sŭngga-sa temple [僧伽寺]. June, 1972. A view of the back of the main building showing the curved roof line and the chimney coming from the flue of the ondol [溫突] or heated floor of the building’s rooms.

K345 - Sŏul. Sŭngga-sa temple [僧伽寺]. June, 1972. A hermitage associated with the temple deep in the ravine of Pukhan-san [北漢山] mountain.

K346 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1973. Paekpul [白佛,White Buddha]. Mid-Koryŏ period.

K347 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1973. Paekpul [白佛,White Buddha]. Mid-Koryŏ period.

K348 - Sŏul, Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1973. Paekpul [白佛,White Buddha]. Mid-Koryŏ period. View of shrine covering the painted Buddha figure by the stream-side.

K349 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1972. Overview of the White Buddha [Paek-pul, 白佛] in Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley.

K350 - Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1972. Detail of the face of the White Buddha [Paek-pul, 白佛].

K351 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1972. Pebbles and stones placed in the crevices of the rock upon which the White Buddha [Paek-pul, 白佛] is built. This offering of stones is a traditional form of ‘offering’ found in many situations, notably the offering of stones to the Mountain God on a mountain pass.

K352 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1972. Temple building in the vicinity of the White Buddha [Paek-pul, 白佛].

Royal Tombs K353 – Sŏul. Sŏo-nŭng [西五陵, West Five Tombs]. April, 1972. This complex is a set of five royal tomb groupings located west of the old walled city of Sŏul. This building appears to have been the residence for the official responsible for the upkeep of the grounds.

K354 – Sŏul. Sŏo-nŭng [西五陵, West Five Tombs]. April, 1972. These two tombs are the final resting place for King Sukchong (肅宗, r. 1674-1720) and his queen. Note the stone railings around each tomb, and the large slabs set up as altars for the sacrificial offerings on their memorial day. Note also the lantern in the centre.

K355 – Sŏul. Sŏo-nŭng [西五陵, West Five Tombs]. April, 1972. This is the roof of the hall of ceremonies for the tomb of ‘King’ Tŏkchong (德宗, 1438-1457). Tŏkchong is the royal ceremonial name of a crown prince of Chosŏn who died before he could ascend the throne. He was given the title ‘Tŏkchong’ as if he had been a king, and his ancestral ceremonies were conducted accordingly. His son ascended the throne as King Sŏngjong [成宗, r. 1469-1494].

Palaces K356 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung palace [德壽宮, Palace of Virtuous Longevity]. August, 1967. Steps leading up to the throne hall, the Chunghwa-jŏn [中和殿], showing the guardian figures and the central slab with the royal insignia.

K357 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung palace [德壽宮]. August, 1967. Throne hall, the Chunghwa-jŏn [中和殿], of the Tŏksu-gung taken through the Chunghwa-mun [中和門], the central gate into the precinct of the throne hall.

K358 - Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung palace [德壽宮]. August, 1967. Private quarters of the royal family.

K359 - Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung palace [德壽宮]. August, 1967. Chunghwa-mun [中和門], view from the outside.

K360 - Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung palace [德壽宮]. August, 1967. Another view of the private quarters for the royal family.

K361 - Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung palace [德壽宮]. August, 1967. Gate within the personal quarters for the royal family.

K362 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. Statue of King Sejong [世宗王, r. 1418-1450] who was responsible for the creation of the Korean alphabet, examples of which are shown on the base of the statue. The king created the Chiphyŏn-jŏn [集賢殿, Hall of Assembled Worthies] as a royal research institute. One of its creations was this alphabet.

K363 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. A water clock. This was also said to be another creation of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, the Chiphyŏn-jŏn [集賢殿].

K364 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. Buddhist statues housed in an open air museum in the palace. The figures appear to be the Four Heavenly Kings [四天王], the guardians of the four cardinal points of the universe.

K365 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. The rear of the throne pavilion, the Chunghwa-jŏn [中和殿]. Note the intricate wooden designs on the paper covered doors. This palace was a former minor royal palace which became the principal palace in the late nineteenth century following the murder of Queen Min [閔妃, 1851-1895] in the Kyŏngbok Palace and the period of sanctuary of King Kojong [高宗王, 1863-1907] in the Russian Legation.

K366 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. Urn placed to the right-hand side of the throne pavilion, the Chunghwa-jŏn [中和殿]. In the background is seen an unusual two-storey residential pavilion.

K367 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. Ornate doorway into residential gardens. Note door folded away into the frame of the arch. Also note elaborate brickwork and phoenixes flanking the top of the door arch.

K368 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. Private royal buildings constructed in a Western style. Note intricate lattice work above pillars.

K369 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. Personal quarters for the royal family. Note the connecting corridor between the two buildings and the Sŏk-kung [石宮] or Stone Palace in the rear. Underneath the connecting corridor, the iron doors over the fire pits are for the ondol floors of the far pavilion may be seen.

K370 – Sŏul. Tŏksu-gung [德壽宮] palace. October, 1971. Chimneys for the flues from the private quarters of the palace from the ondol floors. Note the intricate brickwork designs, and the elaborate tiled ‘roof’ of the chimneys.

K371 – Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮, Welcoming Blessings Palace]. August, 1967. Hyangwŏn-jŏng pavilion [香遠亭, Distant Fragrance Pavilion] in the Kyŏngbok-kung, the central royal palace. The pavilion is set in a pond at the far north end of the palace in the extensive personal quarters for the royal family.

K372 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. Royal library in the Kyŏngbok-kung palace located to the left of the Hyangwŏn-jŏng [香遠亭] pavilion.

K373 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. East front tower to the Kyŏngbok- kung. The walls to the palace were torn down during the colonial period and the tower moved so that traffic could flow around it.

K374 – Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮] site. August, 1967. Rear view of the Capitol Building [中央廳 ], the former Government-General Building [總督府廳] during the Japanese colonial period. This was constructed behind the central Kwanghwa-mun [光化門, Gate of Brilliant Changes] gate to the Kyŏngbok Palace and in front of the throne hall, the Kŭnchŏng-chŏn [勤政殿, Pavilion of Diligent Government]. This picture shows the inside of the precinct of the throne hall with the gate into the precinct and the edge of the first of three levels upon which the throne hall is sited. Under the presidency of Kim Yŏngsam [金泳三, 1927 -] in the 1990s, the Capitol Building was demolished and extensive reconstruction of the palace was begun.

K375 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. Kŭnchŏng-chŏn [勤政殿] or throne hall of the palace. Note the stone markers, arranged by bureaucratic rank at which the ministers of state stood while waiting upon the king. Behind the pavilion is Pukak-san [北岳山, North Mountain] mountain.

K376 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. Kŭnchŏng-chŏn [勤政殿]. Steps leading up to the throne pavilion itself. Note guardian figures on the steps and as the base to the balustrades. On the top of the balustrade are carved figures of animals from the East Asian calendar.

K377 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. Corridor surrounding the Kŭnchŏng-chŏn [勤政殿] containing royal palanquins, umbrellas of status, and other objects used during royal processions.

K378 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. Kyŏnghoe-ru [慶會樓, Pavilion of Felicitious Meetings], the banqueting pavilion of the Kyŏngbok Palace.

K379 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. Site of one of three buildings located directly behind the throne pavilion of the palace which constituted the ‘office space’ for the king and the royal court.

K380 – Sŏul. Kyŏngbok-kung [景福宮]. August, 1967. Private quarters of the royal family in the palace. Note the elaborate decoration on the doors, and the decoration under the eave of the roof.

K381 - Sŏul. Kyŏngbok Palace [景福宮]. August, 1967. Information board to the palace showing those parts which were accessible in 1967.

K382 - Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [昌德宮, Palace of Felecitous Virtue]. August, 1967. Main avenue proceeding from principal gate, the Tonhwa-mun [敦化門]. After the bridge, the pedestrian turns right to go into the main area of the palace.

K383 - Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [昌德宮]. August, 1967. Pi-wŏn [秘苑] or Secret Garden; now called the Hu-wŏn [後苑], or Rear Garden. This large area contains a number of gardens, houses and pavilions. Near the entrance is the Royal Library which overlooks a lotus pond.

K384 - Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [昌德宮]. August, 1967. Pi-wŏn [秘苑]. Small pavilion on far side of lotus pond. Royal Library is to the right and out of sight. This is the Sajŏng kinyŏm pigak [四井記念碑閣] which commemorates the discovery of the four springs feeding the pond by two princes in the late seventeenth century.

K385 - Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [昌德宮]. August, 1967. Entrance to royal living quarters. Modern porch (early twentieth century?) added to traditional building for cars to drive up to the ‘main' door.

K386 - Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [昌德宮]. August, 1967. The private living and sleeping quarters of the king, the Taejo-jŏn [大造殿, Pavilion of Great Accomplishments]. Note the early twentieth century globe lamps on the stone pavement in front of the building, and the lack of an exterior ridge on the building. As both the king and the ridge were referred as a dragon, there could be no dragon over the king, so the exterior tile ridge was not placed on the roof. Also note women in traditional Korean clothes, Hanbok [韓服].

K387 - Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [昌德宮]. August, 1967. The Injŏng-jŏn [仁政殿, Pavilion of Benevolent Government], or the throne pavilion. Note the stone markers denoting the location where ministers of state were to stand waiting upon the king, the royal crest on the roof ridge, and the guardian figures on the eaves.

K388 - Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [昌德宮]. August, 1967. Ch’angdŏk Palace grounds. Pictured is Ch’oe Kyŏngsik, a Korean Japanese who guided me around the palace.

K389 – Sŏul. Ch’angdŏk Palace [`昌德宮]. July, 1972. Pi-wŏn [悲怨] or Secret Garden. Mythical animal, possibly a haet’ae [해태]?

K580 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Details of the central steps leading up to the throne pavilion, the Myŏngjŏng-jŏn [明政展, Hall of Bright Governance].

K581 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Detail of the central steps leading up to the throne pavilion, Myŏngjŏng-jŏn [明政展, Hall of Bright Governance].

K582 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Overall view of the throne pavilion, Myŏngjŏng-jŏn [明政展, Hall of Bright Governance], showing the processional way and the stone locator posts by which the state officials would stand waiting to be called up by the king at the beginning of a court session. Other than the throne hall, the current buildings in the palace date from around 1616. The palace is laid out on an east-west axis typical of the Koryŏ period (9218-1392), rather than the north-south axis which is normal for palaces of the Chosŏn period (1392-1910).

K583 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Stele on the grounds of the palace located in front of K586.

K584 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Roof of the Changsŏ-gak [藏書閣, Book Repository]. This was built by the Japanese colonial government in 1937 to house the 70,000 volume library of the former royal family. It is built in a distinctively Japanese style. Note dragons on the roof.

K585 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Covered porch added on to the rear of the throne pavilion, the Myŏngjŏng-jŏn.

K586 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. I have no notes on this object, but I presume that it is t’aesil [胎室], or repository for the umbilical cord of a king or other royal figure. The stele in K583 is in front of this.

K587 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Detail of roof eave of subsidiary building showing dragon-shaped cap to eave beam.

K588 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. View of same eave as in K587 showing the underneath side.

K589 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. The T’ongmyŏng-jŏn [通明展, Hall of Clear Thinking], the personal quarters of the king. Note that there is no external ridge. The tiles roll over the top. As the ridge like the king was referred to a dragon, there could only be one dragon in the building - the king. Following a fire, this pavilion was rebuilt in 1833.

K590 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. The T’ongmyŏng-jŏn [通明展, Hall of Clear Thinking], the personal quarters of the king. Detail of the underside of the extended roof eave showing the elaborate system of brackets.

K591 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. The Sabang yŏnji [四方蓮池, Square Lotus Pond], in the precinct of the T’ongmyŏng-jŏn. The stone bridge over the small pond has a lotus-shaped feature. Note the use of the lotus on the balustrades, bridge-end posts, and supports underneath the bridge. The lotus is a

Buddhist flower and its extensive use is indicative of the strong influence of Buddhism in the Koryŏ period (926-1392).

K592 – Sŏul. Ch’anggyŏng Palace [昌慶宮, Palace of Glorious Blessings]. October, 1971. Wall separating the Ch’angdŏk and Ch’anggyŏng palaces, with a modern set of steps leading from one to the other.

Street Scenes K390 - Sŏul. August, 1967. This would appear to be taken on the outside of the city wall. Note the buses, bicycles, and largely empty streets. There is a subway to take pedestrians from one side of the wide street to the other.

K391 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Shacks near the Tong Taemun [東大門, Great East Gate], probably near the Ch’ŏnggye-chŏn [淸溪川, Clear Brook] river running through the centre of the old city of Sŏul. The construction work may be for the creation of an elevated highway over the river which was covered up. This elevated highway has since been demolished and the river restored to form a riverine park through the centre of the old city.

K392 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Shop selling Buddhist ritual goods. This is probably located by the entrance to the Chogye-sa [曹溪寺] temple, where there are many such shops today.

K393 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Rubbish sorting. There would be several locations throughout the city where rubbish would be sorted according to type. Note the rubbish cart to the left. Note the modern (probably post-Korean War) Korean houses with high exterior walls and a large gate into the house. Also note the differing roof structures in the front house and the house to its rear.

K394 - Sŏul. Tongdaemun-gu, Hyehwa-dong [東大門區, 惠化洞]. August, 1967. Alley leading up to the home of American friends. Note high walls and barbed wire.

K395 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Chungang High School [中央高等學校]. This is the high school which JHG’s friend Kim Mansu had attended.

K396 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Chungang High School [中央高等學校]. This is the high school which Kim Mansu had attended. Pictured is Kim Mansu.

K397 - Sŏul. T’oegye-ro [退溪路] street. August, 1967. Pedestrian overpass located near Kim Mansu’s home. This kind of structure was a familiar part of Korean roads at this time.

K398 – Sŏul. October, 1971. Young shoeshiner, Kim Namchu, with friend near the General Government Office Building, the Chonghap ch’ŏngsa [綜合廳舍, Unified Government Office Building].

K399 – Sŏul. October, 1971. Kim Namchu in front of the Chonghap ch’ŏngsa.

K400 – Sŏul. October, 1971. Kim Namchu and fellow workers. Note street sellers in the background.

K401 – Sŏul. September, 1967. Men playing a game of changgi [將棋], the East Asian version of chess. At this time, board games would often be played out on the street in a place where people would gather, or in a park. This scene is in front of a pharmacy.

K402 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Boys playing a game on the pavement. Note that the boys are wearing black Korean rubber shoes which were commonly worn at that time.

K403 - Sŏul. August, 1967. Another view of the same boys playing a game on the pavement as seen in slide K402. Note the city buses on the street.

K404 - Sŏul. August, 1967. A group of boys playing a card game on the street. Note that one boy is wearing a pair of white Korean rubber shoes which were quite commonly worn at that time.

K405 - Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu [西大門區] district. Remnants of the city wall. October, 1971. This view is from the rear of the Kuksa-dang shaman shrine.

K406 – Sŏul. Chongno-gu [鍾路區]. April, 1972. Street scene in Chŏksŏn-dong [積善洞], near the capitol building. Modern and traditional buildings are both used as shops. From right to left is a joinery, stationers, and other shops. Note lack of cars.

K407 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, Sinch’on-dong [西大門區, 新村洞]. October, 1971. Sinch’on Market [新村市場]. Shops on the main street. Note the line of shoeshine boys. This work was a common way for poor male adolescents in the early 1970s to earn money to live on or to assist their families.

K408 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, Sinch’on-dong [西大門區, 新村洞]. October, 1971. Sinch’on Market [新村市場]. Outer sector of the market showing fruit being put out for display.

K409 - Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, Sinch’on-dong [西大門區, 新村洞]. October, 1971. Sinch’on Market [新村市場]. Note the large, round Korean pears [배] for sale in the foreground and a clothing shop in the background.

K410 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, Sinch’on-dong [西大門區, 新村洞]. October, 1971. Sinch’on Market [新村市場]. Cloth shops.

K411 – Sŏul. November, 1971. Boys flagging traffic. At this time, as a safety measure, certain high school boys were assigned the task of being crossing guards. There were two boys on each side of the street. When the four boys lowered their flags, drivers were supposed to stop and school children would then cross safely.

K412 – Sŏul. Han’gŭl calligraphy of the aphorism of Jesus ‘The Truth will set you free.’ Gift to James H. Grayson. January, 1972.

K413 – Sŏul, Chongno-gu, Chŏksŏn-tong [서울, 鍾路區, 積善洞]. Spring, 1973. Interior of room in which JHG lived with the family of Kim Ch’ŏlho.

K414 - Sŏul, Chongno-gu, Chŏksŏn-tong [서울, 鍾路區, 積善洞]. Interior of room in which JHG lived with the family of Kim Ch’ŏlho. Spring, 1973. Another view showing wall decor.

K415 – Sŏul, Chongno-gu, Chŏksŏn-tong [서울, 鍾路區, 積善洞]. Spring, 1973. Roof of house in slides K413 and K414 with eave and tree.

K416 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1972. Renovation of a house at the junction of the road coming down from Little North Gate [北小門, Puk somun] to the road running through the Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. Note the more ‘Chinese’ style of the upper building.

K417 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1972. Gate into the compound of the house in slide K416. Note shape of walls and roofs of the neighbouring houses.

K418 – Sŏul. Segŏm-jŏng [洗劍亭] valley. June, 1972. The Puk somun [北小門], or Little North Gate taken from inside the walled city area. Note the yin-yang symbol on the door to the pavilion atop the gate.

Customs K419 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, T’ongŭi–dong [西大門區, 通義洞]. December, 1971/ January 1972? Home of Kim Ch’ŏlho [김철호]. Kimchang [김장] or the making of kimch’i [김치] occurs annually. It requires a large area, such as the courtyard of a house. Ordinary kimch’i is made with Chinese cabbage [배추, paech’u] and various condiments, including red pepper.

K420 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, T’ongŭi–dong [西大門區, 通義洞]. December, 1971/ January 1972? Home of Kim Ch’ŏlho [김철호]. Making kimch’i [김치]. More items piled up ready for use, including the oils in bottles.

K421 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, T’ongŭi–dong [西大門區, 通義洞]. December, 1971/ January 1972? Home of Kim Ch’ŏlho [김철호]. Making kimch’i [김치]. In this slide note the jars in which the kimch’i will be stored. Some of these can be of a very large size.

K422 – Sŏul. Sŏdaemun-gu, T’ongŭi–dong [西大門區, 通義洞]. December, 1971/ January 1972? Home of Kim Ch’ŏlho [김철호]. Making kimch’i [김치] . Folding the elements into the leaves of the cabbage.

K423 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Dance called Hwagwan-mu [花冠舞].

K424 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Dance called Hwagwan-mu [花冠舞].

K425 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Dance called Hwagwan-mu [花冠舞].

K426 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Dance called Kanggang sulle [剛剛술래].

K427 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Dance called Kanggang sulle [剛剛술래].

K428 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Dance called Kanggang sulle [剛剛술래].

K429 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. General view of the assembled girls before the start of the folk dance festival.

K430 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Farmers’ dance or Nong-mu [農舞].

K431 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Farmers’ dance or Nong-mu [農舞].

K432 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Farmers’ dance or Nong-mu [農舞].

K433 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Farmers’ dance or Nong-mu [農舞].

K434 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Farmers’ dance or Nong-mu [農舞].

K435 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Shamanic Knife Dance [칼춤].

K436 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Shamanic Knife Dance [칼춤].

K437 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. A dance called Sogo ch’um [小鼓춤, Small Drum Dance] where the dancers go around in a circle beating small hand drums.

K438 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Kyŏnggi Girls’ High School [京畿女子高等學校] Folk Dance Festival. Another view of the Sogo ch’um [小鼓춤, Small Drum Dance] dance as shown in slide K437.

K439 – Sŏul. June, 1972. JHG made a set of four liturgical stoles for use during Christian worship which used motifs taken from Korean folklore. This is the first stole. They were embroidered using Korean silk thread on Korean silk cloth. This is the reverse of the stole for Trinity/Pentecost Season, called Kingdomtide in US Methodism. The reverse emblem is a Celtic cross where use of the observe side with its dragon motif might cause offense.

K440 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Obverse side of the stole on slide K439 showing the curled dragon motif. In East Asia, the dragon is an auspicious animal and is a symbol of the ‘king’. Here it represents Christ as king.

K441 – Sŏul. June, 1972. JHG wearing the Kingdomtide stole over the Duke University Master of Divinity gown and hood.

K442 – Sŏul. June, 1972. Neck of the stole in slides K439, K440, and K441 showing a plum blossom, one of the floral friends of the scholar.

South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道] Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple K443 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Founded in 544, and named for the Buddhist scripture the Hwaŏm-gyŏng [華嚴經, Garland Sutra], this temple is one of the major, historic temples of Korea.

K444 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Gate into the temple. World Vision staff worker from Sŏul, director of orphanage and child from orphanage.

K445 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Five-storey stone pagoda supported on four lions which are a symbol of the Buddha. This pagoda, a national treasure is called the Sa saja samch’ŭng-t’ap [四獅子三層塔, Four Lions, Three Storey Pagoda]. There is a Buddha figure in the centre of the base level. Each level has a stone door surrounded by two guardian figures. Designated as National Treasure 35, it was erected in the Unified Silla Period (late 7th to early 10th centuries).

K446 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Interior of slide K445 showing a Buddha figure as a supporting pillar. Note lotus carving on the ceiling.

K447 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. View of central courtyard showing a portion of the the Kakhwang-jŏn [覺皇殿, Enlighted King Pavilion] hall on the left and the Sansin-gak [山神閣, Mountain God Shrine] in the right background. Erected in 1703, the Kakhwang-jŏn has been designated as National Treasure 67.

K448 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Yaksu-t’ŏ [藥水터], medicinal spring.

K449 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Pagoda in front of the five-storey lion pagoda.

K450 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. General view taken from the Nahan-jŏn [羅漢殿,

Disciples’ Hall] hall. The Nahan [羅漢, Ch. Lohan] were the followers of the Path of the historic Buddha, but not his closest associates.

K593 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. The Chŏn saja t’ap [前獅子塔, Earlier Lions Pagoda] in front of the Wŏnt’ong-jŏn [圓通展] hall. This pagoda, dating from the Unified Silla Period (late 7th to early 10th century) is a distinctive feature of the Hwaŏm-sa. It is National Treasure 300.

K594 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Line of lotus-shaped stone pagodas at the entrance to the temple.

K595 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Figure within the Kŭmgang-mun [金剛門, Diamond Gate] , the first of two gates which mark the entrance into the temple precinct proper. The white elephant on which the figure is seated is associated with the birth of the Buddha.

K596 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Guardian figure in the Kŭmgang-mun [金剛門, Diamond Gate].

K597 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Monk emerging from the Ch’ŏnwang-jŏn [天王展, Hall of the Heavenly Kings], which is the second of the two gates which mark the formal entrance into the precinct of the temple. The Four Heavenly Kings [四天王, Sach’ŏn-wang] are the guardians of the four cardinal points of the compass.

K598 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. One of the Four Heavenly Kings in the Ch’ŏnwang-jŏn [天王展, Hall of the Heavenly Kings].

K599 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. One of the Four Heavenly Kings in the Ch’ŏnwang-jŏn [天王展, Hall of the Heavenly Kings].

K600 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. The Taeung-jŏn [大雄展] or principal hall of the temple. Designated as National Treasure 299, the current building was erected in 1630.

K601 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Twisted tree, piled rocks, and stones laid out in patterns in front of the Kakhwang-jŏn. The usage of piled rocks and stones is often found on mountain passes as an offering the spirits of the mountain by travellers. What the purpose of this pile of stones is was not known at the time the picture was taken.

K602 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Kurye-gun [求禮郡] county. Hwaŏm-sa [華嚴寺] temple. November, 1971. Five-storey pagoda in front of the Kakhwang-jŏn. Also note the large, stone lantern on the top level in front of the principal hall of the temple.

Mokp’o [木浦] Area K451 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service called sŏngmyo [省墓]. Note thatched roof temporary shelter over ‘shrine’ area in back, and tables and tents set up in the foreground.

K452 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service, [省墓]. ‘Shrine’ with offerings of biscuits and fruit on table with memorial tablet on small chair in the background. Note decorations of traditional East Asian floral paintings. In front of the ‘shrine’ is a small table with the libation offering.

K453 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service, [省墓]. Confucian grave-side memorial service. A view of the outside of the ‘shrine’ showing the tent for mourners in front

K454 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service, [省墓]. Another view of the interior of the ‘shrine’.

K455 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service, [省墓]. Mourners gathering by the grave mound.

K456 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service, [省墓]. Mourners beside the grave mound with a temporary altar with offerings and libations on it. Note many people are wearing simple white clothing, white being the mourning colour.

K457 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service, [省墓]. Tidying the grave mound.

K458 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave- side memorial service [省墓]. Mourner bowing.

K459 – South Chŏlla Province. [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service [省墓]. Mourners lining up by grave-side.

K460 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service [省墓]. Mourners in a line going to the hillside grave site through fields.

K461 - South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Near Mokp’o [木浦]. Spring, 1973. Confucian grave-side memorial service [省墓]. Mourner examining the inscription on the stele by the grave describing the deceased.

Sunch’ŏn [順川] K462 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Sunch’ŏn [順川]. November, 1971. Staff at the World Vision orphanage and office.

K463 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Sunch’ŏn [順川]. November, 1971. World Vision orphanage. Child and staff worker.

K464 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Sunch’ŏn [順川]. November, 1971. Child from orphanage in front of Youth Hostel. Note black ‘jeep’. These vehicles were commonly used as private cars until the mid-1970s. White ‘jeeps’ were used as official government vehicles.

Yŏngam County [靈巖郡] K465 – South Chŏlla Province [全羅南道]. Yŏngam County [靈巖郡]. November, 1972. Typical small temple showing the main shrine built up on a raised level with two small five- storey pagodas in front.

South Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸南道] Taejŏn [大田] K466 – South Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. October, 1972. Tonghak- sa [東鶴寺] temple, founded in 724. Wall painting on the exterior of the principal shrine.

K467 – South Ch’ungch’ŏng Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. October, 1972. Tonghak-sa [東鶴寺] temple. Exterior wall painting of a tiger with her cubs beneath a pine tree.

K468 – South Ch’ungch’ong Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. November, 1972. Kap-sa [甲寺] temple, founded in 887. Note hill walkers piling stones. Traditionally this ‘ritual’ was said to appease the Mountain God, the ruler of the mountains, to avoid any adversity during travels.

K469 – South Ch’ungch’ong Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. November, 1972. Kap- sa [甲寺] temple. Eight-sided pagoda. Note that the capstone is carved to resemble a tiled roof. The body of the pagoda is formed like a reliquary with doors. The whole ensemble rests on a base shaped like clouds. Note the deeply curved roof of the main temple shrine, the Taeung-jŏn [大雄殿].

K470 – South Ch’ungch’ong Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. November, 1972. Kap- sa [甲寺] temple. Base of pagoda shown in slide K469.

K471 – South Ch’ungch’ong Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. November, 1972. Kap- sa [甲寺] temple. Another view of the base of the stone pagoda at Kap-sa.

K472 – South Ch’ungch’ong Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. November, 1972. Kap- sa [甲寺] temple. Carved stone Buddha in ‘grotto’. This is a standing statue of Yaksa yŏrae [藥師如來, Buddha of Healing].

K473 – South Ch’ungch’ong Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. November, 1972. Kap-sa [甲寺] temple. Stream running down hillside near the temple.

K474 – South Ch’ungch’ong Province [忠淸南道]. Taejŏn [大田]. November, 1972. Kap- sa [甲寺] temple. Yongmun p’okp’o [龍門瀑布, Dragon Gate] waterfall near the temple showing hikers refreshing themselves.

South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道] Haein-sa [海印寺] temple The Haein-sa is one of the five most important temples in Korea. First constructed in 802, in the mid- to late thirteenth century, it became the depository for the ‘P’alman taejang-gyŏng’ [Eighty Thousand Printing Block Canon], the most comprehensive compilation of Buddhist scriptures in East Asia placed on over 80,000 double-sided printing blocks. It is also known as the Koryŏ taejang-gyŏng [Great Canon of Koryŏ].

K475 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Memorial stele on the path into the main temple precinct.

K476 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Pond in front of the entrance to the temple complex.

K477 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Amitabha [阿彌陀佛] pole in front of the temple complex.

K478 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Rear of Amitabha [阿彌陀佛] pole.

K479 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. ‘Mileage’ marker in front of the temple complex.

K480 - South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya-myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. The first gate, or ilju-mun [一柱門], which marks out the entrance into the sacred precinct. The signboard gives the full name of the temple as (right to left) Kaya-san Haein-sa [伽倻山海印寺], ‘Haein-sa temple on Kaya-san mountain’.

K481– South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya-myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Stone with circular hole cut in it. Usage or explanation uncertain.

K482 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Vajrapani or guardian figure painted on the door to the Sach’ŏnwang-mun [四天王門, Four Heavenly Kings Gate], the final point before entering into the temple’s first courtyard. The Four Heavenly Kings are the guardians of the four cardinal points of the universe.

K483 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Floral wall paintings on far right wall of the Sach’ŏnwang-mun [四天王門, Four Heavenly Kings Gate].

K484 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Sach’ŏnwang-mun [四天王門, Four Heavenly Kings Gate]. Statue of one of the Four Heavenly Kings.

K485 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. General view of the temple complex looking back and up towards Kaya-san [伽倻山] mountain. Many of these buildings will be monastic quarters rather than shrines.

K486 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Kitchen to one of the monastic quarters within the temple. Note very high raised platform on which the building is sited. The flues for the ondol [溫突] or heated floor will come from the fire pits in the kitchen and run under the main rooms of the building. Note bell on the corridor in front of the heated rooms, and the pair of rubber Korean-style shoes placed below the corridor. Shoes must be removed before entering any traditional building.

K487 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. A view of the back of the main shrine building, the Taejŏkkwang-jŏn [大寂光殿, Hall of Great Silence and Light], from the repository of the 80,000 printing blocks of the Buddhist canon which are stored at Haein-sa. Note the three balls painted underneath the eave which are one of the symbols of Buddhism.

K488 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Guardian figure

(lion?) leading up to the platform of the main shrine, the Taejŏkkwang-jŏn [大寂光殿, Hall of Great Silence and Light].

K489 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Elaborate carving of dragon in roof beams of a building in the central courtyard.

K490 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Building in the central courtyard showing stepped passageway to next level of buildings. Note monk in prayer and another monk seated off to the side.

K491 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. It is common in Buddhist temples and other buildings in Korea to decorate the building’s pillars with sayings and aphorisms. Here is a quotation from the Hwaŏm-gyŏng [華嚴經, Garland Sutra], one of the core Buddhist texts.

K492 - South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya-myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Buddhist banner pole ‘holder’ with pole in place. Note different levels on which the temple is built.

K493– South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya-myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. First courtyard of temple as seen from the second level. Note zig-zag path.

K494 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Left side of interior courtyard. Note exercising equipment for monks including barbells!

K495 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. A general view of the hermitage which is larger in scale than most. It has a wall around it and there is a line of small Korean-style pagodas commemorating an eminent monk. The hermitage was erected in 1608.

K496 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. A closer view of the pagoda described in slide K495. A ‘pagoda’ is a reliquary for the cremated remains of a Buddhist. The shape of this pagoda and its neighbours is in the form of a lotus bud, the symbolic flower of Buddhism.

K497 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. The principal building of the hermitagte. Note how high off the ground the building is and the gentle sweeping curve of the roof line, which is typical of the Chosŏn period (1392-1910).

K498 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. The kitchen of the main heritage building. Note the openings above the large double doors, and the openings underneath the eaves.

K499 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. January, 1972. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya-myŏn [伽倻面] township. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. Detail of roof structure showing the daemon (?) motif in the cross beam.

K500 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. The outdoor water facilities at the hermitage.

K501 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. Stored farming tools at the back of one of the hermitage’s buildings.

K502 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hongje-am [弘濟庵] hermitage. Toilet facilities at the hermitage.

K503 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Distant view of another hermitage at the Haein-sa temple.

K504 - South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. January, 1972. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya-myŏn [伽倻面] township. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Hermitage perched on top of a hill. Note monk opening paper-covered windows.

K505 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Scenery from behind the temple and near a famous rock carved Buddha.

K506 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Another view of the scenery behind the temple taken from the same spot as in slide K505.

K507 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. The famous rock- carved Amida Buddha [阿彌陀佛] figure, carved on a placed, up-right slab of stone. Taken from the path immediately below the carving. Directly behind the photographer is a sheer drop to the valley floor.

K508 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. A detail of the Buddha carving in slide number K507. Note that the face is more detailed than the body or clothing. The style is typical of the Chinese Tang dynasty [618-935] and probably dates to the eighth century.

K509 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. A broom used to sweep the area around the carving in slides K507 and K508.

K510 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. The moon-shaped door into the

53 precinct of the repository buildings for the 80,000 wooden printing blocks for the entire Buddhist canon. Created in the mid-thirteenth century, the printing blocks are doubled sided. The shape and arrangement of the louvers built into the exterior walls of the repository buildings and the arrangement of the storage shelves control the flow of the cool mountain air in, through and out of the buildings. This arrangement creates a consistent temperature throughout the year and prevents a build up of moisture which could lead to wood rot.

K511 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. Doors in the repository precinct. Note the door hinges are dowels fitted into slots.

K512 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. Courtyard of the repository precinct showing buildings to the left and right, and one of two buildings at either end of the courtyard.

K513 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. Interior of one of the two repository buildings showing the structure and arrangement of the shelving.

K514 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. A statue which is a representation of the Virocana Buddha [毘盧遮那佛, Mahāvairocana] is at the end of one of the corridors in a repository building. Note that the Bodhisattva on the lower left is seated on an animal, and also note the candle stick and incense burner.

K515 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. One of the wooden printing blocks placed on a chair outside one of the repository buildings. The wood is hardened and seasoned for extended life.

K516 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. Another of the wooden printing blocks in slide K515.

K517 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Changgyŏngp’an-jŏn [藏經板殿, Repository of the Scriptural Printing Blocks]. A portion of a printing block showing an example of the illustrations which accompanied the scriptural text.

K518 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. It is said that this tree grew from the walking stick used by the late ninth century Silla official Ch’oe Ch’iwŏn [崔致遠, 857-?] after he stuck it in the ground following a visit to the temple.

K519 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Hapch’ŏn-gun [陜川郡] county, Kaya- myŏn [伽倻面] township. January, 1972. Haein-sa [海印寺] temple. Children’s game laid out as a board etched in the earth.

Workcamp at Kwangam-ni [光巖里] K520 – Japan. Moji [門司]. August, 1965. The Arirang-ho ferry . Korean ship plying between Pusan [釜山] and Moji [門司] in Japan. Our group of workcampers took boarded here in Moji to go to Pusan, where we were to be met by a Korean naval vessel to take us to our workcamp site, Kwangam-ni [光巖里], a fishing village now on the outskirts of the modern city of Ch’angwŏn [昌原市] in South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道].

K521 – Japan. Moji [門司]. August, 1965. Waiting to board the Arirang-ho in Moji. Hara Takemichi in foreground. Note the workcamper from the Cameroons.

K522 – Arirang-ho. August, 1965. Sunset taken from the bridge of the Arirang-ho.

K523 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Pusan [釜山]. August, 1965. View from a hillside near the former Merchant Marine Academy site on Yong-do island [龍島] in Pusan harbour [釜山港], looking towards the city. Workcampers had several days of training about the project using the facilities of the Academy. Afterwards, we were taken by Korean naval vessels to the workcamp site.

K524 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Pusan [釜山]. August, 1965. A view which is similar to K523.

K525 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Pusan [釜山]. August, 1965. View of fishing village near the Merchant Marine Academy. Note rocky shore and denuded hills just showing the beginnings of reforestation. Facing eastwards.

K526 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Pusan [釜山]. August, 1965. View from same site as slide K525, but looking westwards.

K527 - South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Pusan [釜山]. August, 1965. Pounding surf taken from spot where slides K525 and K526 were taken.

K528 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Pusan [釜山]. August, 1965. View taken from on top of the hill behind the Merchant Marine Academy. Taken before the workcamp departed for Kwangam-ni.

K529 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. Pusan [釜山]. August, 1965. A view of the Merchant Marine Academy and the hill behind it.

K530 – South Kyŏngsang Province [慶尙南道]. En route to Kwangam-ni [光巖里]. August, 1965. Workcampers were taken by small Korean Navy vessels to the workcamp site. We travelled past the numerous small islands dotting the submerged coastline of southeastern Korea. Here we approaching the village of Kwangam-ni.

K531 - South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. The beach at Kwangam-ni looking south towards the offshore islands.

K532 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Overview of the village of Kwangam-ni looking from the shoreline path to the hills behind.

K533 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Looking through stacked sheaves towards the village at noon. Note the smoke coming from the fires at home for the cooking of the noontime meal.

K534 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. A view of the shore path in the front of the village. Taken at noon. Note embankment, curved stone walls around houses, thatched houses, and boats tied up in the harbour.

K535 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. View of neighbouring village to Kwangam-ni taken from hillside separating the two villages. Note the thatched houses and the woman tending a field on the hillside behind the village.

K536 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Typical courtyard to house in Kwangam-ni. There is no gate, just an open space. Note thatched buildings, stone wall, storerooms to left, and main house to the right and back. The kitchen is shown with its door open. There is a raised platform just outside the kitchen with large vessels called kimch’i-dok [김치독] or containers for kimch’i, a spicy Korean condiment. Baby does not wear pants until toilet trained.

K537 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. View of the house in which I stayed. Note the kitchen to the left, and the raised veranda called a maru [마루] where people would sit out in the hot part of the day. Shoes are removed before going onto the veranda or into the rooms. Rooms are heating by a hypocaust system called an ondol [溫突], the flues of which come from the firepits in the kitchen or the firepits outside the room itself. Note also the sorghum which is growing in the kitchen garden within the property walls.

K538 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Winding back lane showing the walls around homes in Kwangam-ni. Just outside the home of the Im [林] family, the most important family in the village. Note woman carrying small child on her back.

K539 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Woman sweeping out her house and grounds first thing in the morning.

K540 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Garden of home across the lane from the Im home, Kwangam-ni.

K541 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. The formal entrance gate to the Im family home in Kwangam-ni.

K542 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. The Im family [林氏] home showing the maru. The senior Mrs. Im is shown with a German workcamper, Helga Pilwein. Note the electrical lines and a large wall clock, both of which were signs of wealth and prestige at that time.

K543 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. The senior Mr. Im, effectively the chief elder of the village, overseeing work going on in a neighbouring courtyard.

K544 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Shoreline of the village of Kwangam-ni in the morning. Note man using the A-frame [지게, chige], a universal carrying device in Korea. The tent is the place where the workcampers took their meals.

K545 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Boys from a neighbouring village who came to see from a safe distance the ‘Americans’ (= foreigners) who had arrived in the village next door.

K546 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Woman going along the shoreline path in the village to the market. Note that they carry baskets on their heads.

K547 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. The fishmarket in Kwangam-ni after the boats returned in the early morning. This market is held on one of the piers in the village.

K548 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Fishmarket in Kwangam-ni. Items are being bargained for.

K549 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Village scene in Kwangam-ni near shore front. The old man wears traditional Korean clothes and wears a stiff horse-hair

57 hat called a kat [갓]. The young man who is dressed only in bathing suit and a straw hat is a Japanese workcamper. Korean men in the same generation would never expose more than part of their arms and legs, and usually only while working. Modesty was a traditional Korean trait. Note the thatched houses, thatching (instead of tile) on the tops of walls around house property, and the denuded hills. The large building in the foreground belongs to the farmers’/fishermen’s co-operative. The two-syllable slogan on the wall, pan’gong [반공 = 反共], means ‘anti-communism’, reflecting the tense political climate of the time.

K550 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Boys gathering in the workcampers’ tent to pass the time of day with us, and see what we were like. The boy in the white t-shirt has a picture of a cowboy with the slogan ‘WSTE’.

K551 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Scrap merchant who would travel throughout the villages buying scrap. He would also sell a toffee-like sweet called yŏt [엿] to children. Note tile-roofed houses, stone walls, and laundry drying.

K552 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. View taken from the sea from a boat of a village near Kwangam-ni. The boats in the rear are setting out from the shore. The flags indicate that a mudang [巫堂] or woman shaman is aboard to conduct a ceremony addressed to Yong-wang [龍王, Dragon King] or Hae-wang [海王, King of the Sea] for a propitious year for the fishermen.

K553 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. A Kwangam-ni boy driving a family cow home from pasture in the hills behind the village.

K554 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面]. August, 1965. The seat of the township in which Kwangam-ni is situated. This is the Presbyterian Church in Chindong after the service at which several of the workcampers attended. On the far left is a Sri Lankan workcamper.

K555 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面]. August, 1965. The township offices at Chindong. The Korean workcamper shown is Hong Songyun, who later became Professor of Marine Biology at the maritime university in Pusan. The building is a traditional Korean, not Japanese, style structure.

K556 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面]. Independence Day celebration, 15 August, 1965 (twenty years after liberation from Japanese rule). Held on the grounds of the Chindong (middle?, high?) School. There are students of both sexes, so it is probable that they come from different schools. Note the summer uniforms which they both are wearing and the navy-like caps the boys wear. The building is an old Korean-style building.

K557 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Building rafts. The project on

58 which the workcamp was engaged was to assist in a Korean Government pilot project to develop the fisheries industry in villages by the creation of oyster cultivation. This was to be done by building rafts on which wire would be strung to which was attached the shells of oysters. Oyster seedlings free floating in the sea would attach themselves to these shells. Here campers are in the sea building rafts.

K558 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Timber for the rafts stacked on the shore at Kwangam-ni. Workcampers worked alongside and assisted villagers engaged in this pilot project.

K559 - South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. A Korean workcamper, Ms Chŏn. Note the oyster rafts just off shore.

K560 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Small boat unloading the fragile glass balls on which the oyster rafts would float. In the heat this could be dangerous as the balls did explode. One village youth was injured when the glass ball he was carrying exploded.

K561 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. The shore front at Kwangam-ni at high tide taken from behind the wall to our house compound. Note the misty hills, and the Fisheries Co-op building with its anti-communist slogan.

K562 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. James H. Grayson and HARA Takemichi – a Japanese workcamper, with the woman of the house in which we lived for a month. The kitchen is to the left, two rooms are straight off the maru and a third room is off to the right. Hara Takemichi later became a lecturer in Japanese Studies at the University of Hong Kong. His Chinese wife, Maggie Han, was a lecturer in Chinese philosophy at the same university.

K563 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Some workcampers – Nihal da Silva from Sri Lanka, Joe Fernandez from the Philippines, a Korean workcamper Hong Songyun, Hara Takemichi, and another Japanese workcamper. Taken from the Kwangam-ni shore front at high tide.

K564 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. View of the village of Kwangam-ni from the central square where our workcamp tent was set up. Workcampers are shown opening out the tent. Note that most of these houses have tile roofs, a sign of wealth. Also note the smoke rising from the kitchens.

K565 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Joe Fernandez doing the cooking for one of the workcamp meals in Kwangam-ni.

K566 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Women of Kwangam-ni gathering around an early morning fire for a chat.

K567 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. One of the village wells in Kwangam-ni. Note the stacked glass balls wrapped in a straw covering. Note also the stone walls around the houses.

K568 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. A group of workcampers setting out one evening for a visit to a ‘Treasure Island’ off the shore of the village.

K569 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. A gathering for entertainment with the villagers of Kwangam-ni on the second night after arrival in the village.

K570 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. A local fisherman taking some of the workcampers to the ‘Treasure Island’ in the background.

K571 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. The second (?) evening event spent with the villagers. Note Nihal da Silva wearing a typical Sri Lankan wrap.

K572 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Celebration of Children’s Day in Kwangam-ni in the workcampers’ tent.

K573 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Final evening of the workcamp with celebrations with the Kwangam-ni villagers. Here a Korean workcamper gives a demonstration of a part of a traditional Korean wedding ceremony.

K574 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Arriving at Kwangam-ni at dusk.

K575 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Approaching Kwangam-ni at dusk.

K576 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. The temporary workcamper toilet facilities which we termed the site of a ‘Golden Temple’. August, 1965.

K577 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Final night entertainment at Kwangam-ni showing Korean wedding costume. Taken by Hara Takemichi.

K578 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Final night entertainment at Kwangam-ni showing Korean wedding costume. Taken by Hara Takemichi.

K579 – South Kyŏngsang Province, Ch’angwŏn County, Chindong Township, Kwangam-ni village [慶尙南道, 昌原郡, 鎭東面, 光巖里]. August, 1965. Final night entertainment at Kwangam-ni showing Korean wedding costume. Taken by Hara Takemichi.

JAPAN [日本國]

Workcamp at Yamanoie, 1965 J001 – Tōkyō [東京]. July, 1965. Tokyo offices of American Friends Service Committee. On the left is the office manager, Mrs. Watanabe. In the centre is Ginny Stibbs who later married a Japanese diplomat who in the late 2000s was the Japanese ambassador to China.

J002 – Tōkyō [東京]. July, 1965. Home of an American Friends Service Committee Japanese staff worker with his family.

J003 – En route to Inawashiro [猪苗代町], near work camp site. July, 1965. Pictured is an Indian workcamper Seeta. The village of Yamanoie [やまの家], site of the workcamp, is in the west of Fukushima Prefecture [福島県] near the extinct volcano Bandai-san [磐梯山 ].

J004 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town [福島県, 猪苗代町]. July, 1965. Workcampers walking to village of Yamanoie [やまの家]. Workcampers came from India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan and the United States.

J005 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Village school where workcampers stayed.

J006 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家].

July, 1965. View of Bandai-san [磐梯山 ], a collapsed, extinct volcano. The collapsed shape of the volcano is distinctive.

J007 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Male workcampers were housed in these tents on the school grounds.

J008 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Local children playing around the workcamp site.

J009 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. The workcamp project was to build a road and drainage ditch. Workcampers are shown building up a drainage ditch alongside the rice fields.

J010 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Building up the road.

J011– Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. The Japanese engineer overseeing the project with the American Quaker director of the workcamp, Peter Ewald. Also depicted are Anwar from Dacca, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and a Japanese workcamper.

J012 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Resting from moving a culvert.

J013 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Diverting the course of the stream and preparing the placement of the culvert. Note the typical Japanese thatched roof farm house.

J014 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. View of the road nearing completion. Shown with the workcampers are some of the villagers with whom we worked.

J015 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. View from road across the fields to the mountains beyond.

J016 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. JHG with other workcampers and village children.

J017 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Work on the access road.

J018 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. The end point of the access road. Note bulldozer in background.

J019 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Workcampers and villagers who had worked on the road project. Taken after the completion of the work.

J020 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. JHG and a Thai and Taiwanese workcamper with village children.

J021 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. German-born (US citizen) workcamper Helga Pilwein with village girl carrying her younger brother on her back.

J022 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Clearing out the workcampers earth toilet.

J023 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Anwar playing with village children in front of the school.

J024 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Taiwanese workcamper ‘Vic’ hillwalking behind the village.

J025 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Taiwanese workcamper ‘Vic’ performs a Taiwanese aboriginal dance on Children’s Day for villagers.

J026 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家].

July, 1965. Vic and Helga Pilwein with a view towards Bandai-san [磐梯山 ].

J027 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Hillwalking around Lake Sōhara [槍原].

J028 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Lake Sōhara [槍原].

J029 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. School grounds. ‘Morning exercises’ before work!

J030 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. A village family hosting a party to thank workcampers for their help in completing the access road project.

J031 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro [福島県, 猪苗代町]. July, 1965. Inowashiro Station [猪苗代町驛].

J032 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro [福島県, 猪苗代町]. July, 1965. Inowashiro Station [猪苗代町驛]. Man selling Japanese obento [-弁当] lunches and sandwiches.

J033 – Workcampers going to Korea took the Hikari [ひかり] to Osaka [大阪] and changed to an ordinary express which then took travellers via the undersea tunnel from Honshu [本州] island to Kyushu [九州] island, where we got a boat from Moji [門司] to Pusan [釜山], Korea. Here the train emerges from the tunnel into Kyushu island.

J034 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Farm family who invited JHG and other AFSC workcampers into their home.

J035 – Kanagawa Prefecture, Hakone-san [神奈川県, 箱根山]. July, 1965. Workcampers were given a treat of travelling through this beautiful national park around the area of a volcano. The road is called in English the ‘Skyline Drive’.

J036 – Kanagawa Prefecture, Hakone-san [神奈川県, 箱根山]. July, 1965. A view from the ‘Skyline Drive’ of the scenery around Hakone-san.

J037 – Kanagawa Prefecture, Hakone-san [神奈川県, 箱根山]. July, 1965. A view of twisting rivers around Hakone-san as seen from the ‘Skyline Drive’.

J038 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. JHG leaving early from Yamanoie workcamp to get the boat for Korea. The two workcampes were from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) on the left and India on the right.

J039 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Play performed for the village children on Children’s Day by the workcampers.

J040 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Children’s Day. Village children hunt for slips with clues hidden by the workcampers.

J041 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Children’s Day. A Taiwanese workcamper performs a dance for the village children.

J042 - Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Children’s Day. A group of local school girls sing to entertain the workcampers.

J043 - Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. Farmers at the end of the road being built with the assistance of the workcampers. A break from work is being taken.

J044 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro [福島県, 猪苗代町]. July, 1965. Street scene with a towards the railway station. Note sign in English has an ‘R’ written backwards.

J045– Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro [福島県, 猪苗代町]. July, 1965. Construction site with lorry held up on hydraulic lifters.

J046 – Fukushima Prefecture, Inowashiro Town, Yamanoie [福島県, 猪苗代町, やまの家]. July, 1965. View of the extinct volcano Bandai-san [磐梯山]. This has an unusual shape because at its last eruption the volcano blew out its side rather than its top. This shape of volcano is known geologically as a Bandai-san type.

Kamakura [鎌倉] J047 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Street scene by the railway station.

J048 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Enkaku-ji [円覚寺] temple. Entrance to temple up steep steps. The temple was founded in 1282 by a Chinese monk.

J049 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Enkaku-ji [円覚寺] temple. Grave monument on grounds of the temple.

J050 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Enkaku-ji [円覚寺] temple. Grotto of Buddhas directly behind the grave monument mentioned in slide J049.

J051 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Enkaku-ji [円覚寺] temple. Rock carved Buddha figure by the side of a path within the temple grounds.

J052 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Enkaku-ji [円覚寺] temple. Shrine said to house relics of the Buddha.

J053 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. A gate to an ordinary home along a road in Kamakura which is made of logs used as pillars for the gate roof and a split log used as a roof.

J054 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Massive gate which forms a ceremonial entrance to a temple.

J055 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Film actors dressed as samurai for a costume drama photographed on the grounds of the temple in slide J054.

J056 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Temple garden in slide J054.

J057 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. JHG and HARA Takemichi (later lecturer in Japanese Studies at the University of Hong Kong. Taken in the temple grounds of slide J054.

J058 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Street scene with boy holding umbrella in rain.

J059 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. View from bridge to main shrine buildings of unidentified shrine.

J060 - Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Entrance up steps to the Hachimangu [八幡宮]Shinto shrine.

J061– Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Photograph taken after the registration of a child’s name at the Hachimangu [八幡宮]Shinto shrine.

J062 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Entrance to the precinct of the Kōtoku-in [高徳院] temple possessing the famous Daibutsu [大佛] or Great Buddha of Kamakura. At the

65 entrance is a covered basin to wash one’s hands before entering into the precinct of the temple itself.

J063 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Kōtoku-in [高徳院] temple. The Daibutsu [大佛] of Kamakura, created c.1252. Originally it would have been inside the principal shrine of temple, but the structure and its replacements were washed away repeatedly in typhoons. After the tsunami [津波] of 1498, it was decided to leave the bronze statue in the open air. It is possible to climb inside the great bronze figure from the back. Half way up, one can look out through ‘windows’. There is a smaller Buddha figure in a niche in the interior.

J064 – Kamakura [鎌倉]. June, 1965. Kōtoku-in [高德院] temple. A closer view of the Daibutsu [大佛] of Kamakura.

Kyōto [京都] Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] Neighbourhoods J065 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Poor homes belonging to members of the Eta [穢多] Burakumin [部落民] outcaste community.

J066 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] houses near the railway station. Note proximity to railway line.

J067 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] houses to the back of the Kyōto Railway Station.

J068 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. An Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] shack located between the railway lines.

J069 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Another Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] shack located between the railway lines.

J070 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Another Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] shack located between the railway lines.

J071 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] children in a playground in the Eta section of the city.

J072 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. School and playground in the Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] section of the city.

J073 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Street scene in the Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] area of the city, located near the railway line.

J074– Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Street scene in the Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] area of the city. Same area as depicted in Slide J073.

J075 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Street running through the Eta [穢多] or Burakumin [部落民] area of the city.

Palaces J076 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Outer wall of the Nijō-jō [二条城] castle which was the residence of the Tokugawa [徳川] shōgun [將軍] when visiting the emperor. The construction of the shogunal residence was ordered by the first Tokugawa shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu [德川家康, 1543-1616] in 1601. Construction was completed in 1626.

J077 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Interior view of the main gate to the Nijō-jō [二条城] castle.

J078 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Main pavilion of the Nijō-jō [二条城]castle.

J079 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Rock and water garden of the Nijō-jō [二条城] castle.

J080 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Wall surrounding the inner area of the Nijō-jō [二条城] castle.

J081 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Inner walls of the Nijō-jō [二条城]castle.

J082 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Open, grassy area in the Nijō-jō [二条城]castle.

J083 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The Kyōto Imperial Palace [京都御所, Kyōto-gosho]. The Shishin-den [紫宸殿, Hall for State Ceremonies] and the site of the Imperial Coronation ceremonies.

J084 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The Kyōto Imperial Palace [京都御所, Kyōto-gosho]. Building for storing ceremonial materials in the area of the Coronation Pavilion of the Imperial Palace.

J085 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The Kyōto Imperial Palace [京都御所, Kyōto-gosho]. A garden in the grounds of the Imperial Palace.

J086 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Path through the gardens of the Katsura Imperial Villa [桂離宮]. The villa was constructed some time before 1624.

J087 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. View of the gardens and the tea house at the Katsura Imperial Villa [桂離宮].

J088– Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. View of a wooden bridge and the water gardens at the Katsura Imperial Villa [桂離宮].

J089 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. The water gardens at the Katsura Imperial Villa [桂離宮].

Shrines J090 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Torii [鳥居] gate, the entrance to a Shinto shrine.

J091 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Main shrine of the Shinto shrine in slide J090. Note donations in sacks to the left and right of the picture. Before prayer to the enshrined deities, the worshipper pulls the large cord to ring a bell.

J092 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Copper covered gate to the Shinto shrine in slide J090 and the park.

J093 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The Shinto shrine shown in slide J090.

J094 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The main gate to the Heian Shrine [平安神宮]. This shrine was built in 1895 as a replica of the imperial palace during the Heian period [794-1185] and as a celebration of the 1100th anniversary of the founding of the city.

J095 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The main shrine building of the Heian Shrine [平安神宮].

J096 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Towers and subsidiary buildings to the side of the main shrine in the Heian Shrine [平安神宮].

J097 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Bridge over a lake in the grounds of the Heian Shrine [平安神宮].

J098 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Garden of the Heian Shrine [平安神宮].

J099 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Another view of the garden in the Heian Shrine [平安神宮].

J100 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. View of a shrine from the bridge in the Heian Shrine [平安神宮]garden.

J101 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. A small Shintō shrine near the Tenryū-ji [天龍寺] temple.

J102– Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Fushimi Inari Taisha [伏見稲荷大社] or Inari Shrine. This is the principal Inari shrine in Japan. This shrine is dedicated to the worship of the fox. The current main shrine was built in 1499. The picture shows worshippers at the main shrine building.

J103 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. JHG’s companion en route to the Fushimi Inari Taisha [伏見稲荷大社] climbing up the hillside under the 1000 torii [鳥居] gates given as a donation to the fox spirit.

Street Scenes J104 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Low cost (?) housing.

J105 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Building under construction. Note the use of bamboo scaffolding.

J106 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Street scene showing ordinary Japanese houses.

J107 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Alleyway in an average neighbourhood showing narrowness of the passageway.

J108 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Another street scene in an ordinary neighbourhood.

J109 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Typical street scene showing a mosque (?) beyond a traditional gate.

J110 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. A Tudor-style house in central Kyōtō. Note the tram. The traffic runs on the same side of the road as in the UK.

J111 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Western-style house with a mansard roof. Meiji [明治, r. 1867-1912] period.

Temples J112 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Modern Buddhist temple sited between the railway line (near Kyōto Station) and inner city highway.

J113 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Main temple building of the Higashi Hongan-ji [東本願寺] temple. The temple was founded in 1602 and rebuilt from 1895. This is the head temple of a branch of the Jōdo Shinsū sect [淨土眞宗] of Japanese Buddhism.

J114 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Higashi Hongan-ji [東本願寺] temple bell tower.

J115 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. View from bridge through entrance gate to the grounds of the Higashi Hongan-ji [東本願寺] temple.

J116 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. A subsidiary building on the grounds of the Higashi Hongan-ji [東本願寺] temple.

J117 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Eave of the main building of the Higashi Hongan-ji [東本願寺] temple.

J118 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Bell tower of a temple.

J119 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Repairs being made on a roof of a temple building.

J120 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Altar inside a temple.

J121 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Japanese Girl Scouts on the grounds of a temple.

J122 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Street-side Buddhist shrine. Note reverse swastika which identifies it as a ‘Buddhist’ shrine. Note flowers in little vases, and the Nescafé jar for receiving donations.

J123 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The Kinkaku-ji [金閣寺] temple, or ‘Golden Temple’, seen from the far side across its surrounding lake. This temple was burned down in 1950 in an arson incident and rebuilt in 1955.

J124 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. A detail view of a side of the Kinkaku-ji [金閣寺].

J125 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. The sand garden at the Ginkaku-ji [銀覺寺] or ‘Silver Temple’. This is a famous meditation spot.

J126 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. View of the water garden in the Ginkaku-ji [銀覺寺].

J127 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Principal building of the Ginkaku-ji [銀覺寺].J

J128 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. A sand garden in the Ginkaku-ji [銀覺寺].

J129 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. Monk meditating in a garden in a temple.

J130 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. View through a ‘window’ from one part of the garden of the temple in slide J99 and the further part of it.

J131 – Kyōto [京都]. June, 1965. A temple roof.

J132 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Roof of the wooden pagoda at the Tō-ji [東寺, East Temple] temple. Built in 798, this was one of two temples guarding the southern approaches of the city. The other temple, the Sa-ji [西寺, West Temple] has since disappeared.

J133 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Main shrine of the Tō-ji [東寺] temple.

J134 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Sign at the entrance to the Ryōan-ji [龍安寺] temple showing the layout of the temple grounds.

J135 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. The water gardens at the Ryōan-ji [龍安寺] temple. Note half-moon shaped bridge to the back.

J136 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Sand garden at the Ryōan-ji [龍安寺] temple. Note rocks and discolouration of the wall at the back.

J137 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Sand garden at the Ryōan-ji [龍安寺] temple. Note rocks and the discolouration of the wall at the back.

J138 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Garden of the Ryōan-ji [龍安寺] temple. A temple has been on this site since the eleventh century. The current temple dates to the fifteenth century. VERY DARK

J139– Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. View from the sand garden of the Ryōan-ji [龍安寺] temple of the hill behind the temple.

J140 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Woods at the Ryōan-ji [龍安寺] temple.

J141 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Moss gardens at the Saihō-ji [西芳寺]. It is popularly known as the Koke-dera [苔寺] or ‘moss temple’. It claims to have been founded in the Nara period [奈良時代, 710-794].

J142 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Moss gardens at the Saihō-ji [西芳寺] temple.

J143 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Water gardens of the Tenryū-ji [天龍寺] temple, which was founded in 1339.

J144 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. The Tenryū-ji [天龍寺] temple gardens showing the edge of the roof line of one of the buildings in part of the temple complex.

J145 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Tenryū-ji [天龍寺] temple. The main shrine building with a view of the gardens.

J146 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Main shrine of the Tōfuku-ji [東福寺] temple which was first established in 1236. Note the elaborate decoration under the eaves.

J147 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Sand garden in the interior of the Tōfuku-ji [東福寺] temple.

J148 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Statue of one of the Four Heavenly Kings [四天王, Shitennō], guardians of the four quarters of the universe, as a guardian of the entrance to the Tōfuku-ji [東福寺] temple.

Monkey Sanctuary J149 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Arashiyama [嵐山] monkey preserve.

J150 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. JHG and monkeys at Arashiyama [嵐山] monkey preserve.

J151 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. View of the city of Kyōto from the Arashiyama [嵐山] monkey preserve.

J152 – Kyōto [京都]. July, 1967. Steps leading up the hillside to the top of the Arashiyama [嵐山] monkey preserve.

Tōkyō [東京] Gardens J153 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後

楽園] gardens. The garden was first laid out in 1629 by Tokugawa Yorifusa [徳川頼房,, 1603-1661], the daimyo [大名] of Mito.

J154 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens.

J155 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Grove of trees.

J156 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京区]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Carefully tended ancient tree.

J157 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Tea house.

J158 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Grove of trees.

J159 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Iris garden.

J160 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Half-moon bridge.

J161 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Rock-hewn steps.

J162 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Five-plank bridge through wet garden.

J163 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Inner garden and sports stadium.

J164 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. ‘Hills of the Moon’.

J165 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Sign describing the gardens.

J166 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京區]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Sign showing layout of the gardens.

J167 – Tōkyō [東京], Bunkyō-ku [文京区]. July, 1967. Koishikawa Kōraku-en [小石川後楽園] gardens. Careful tending of the trees.

Shrines J168 – Tōkyō [東京]. June, 1965. Azabu Hikawa Shinto shrine [麻布氷川神社] in the Azabu District [麻布] near to the Japan office of the American Friends Service Committee. The shrine was founded in 939. Note torii [鳥居] gates, lion-like guardian figure, sub-shrine and woman cleaning shrine grounds.

Olympic Games Park J169 – Tōkyō [東京]. June, 1965. The Yoyogi [代々木] National Gymnasium built for the Tōkyō Summer Olympic Games in 1964. It is located in the Shibuya district [澁谷].

J170 – Tōkyō [東京]. June, 1965. Another view of the Yoyogi [代々木] National Gymnasium built for the Tōkyō Summer Olympic Games in 1964. It is located in the Shibuya district [澁谷].

J171 – Tōkyō [東京]. June, 1965. Another view of the Yoyogi [代々木] National Gymnasium built for the Tōkyō Summer Olympic Games in 1964. It is located in the Shibuya district [澁谷].

Street Scenes J172 – Tōkyō [東京]. July, 1965. Area of Edogawabashi [江戶川橋]. Soba [そば or 蕎麦] noodle shop, a ‘fast food’ restaurant selling various kinds of noodles dishes which are displayed (along with prices) in the window of the shop. JHG used to frequent this shop.

J173 – Tōkyō [東京]. July, 1965. The Hikari [ひかり] train on the Shinkan-sen [新幹線] or high-speed line which had been built in the lead-up to the 1964 Olympic Games.

J174 – Tōkyō [東京]. June, 1965. Distant view of the National Diet building [國會議事堂]. The construction of the building was completed in 1936.

J175 – Tōkyō [東京]. June, 1965. Entrance to the National Diet building [國會議事堂].

J176 – Tōkyō [東京]. Ueno [上野] district. July, 1967. Shinobazu [不忍池] pond. Shows construction work for a road or an underground railway.

J177 – Tōkyō [東京]. Ueno [上野] district. July, 1967. Man selling traditional drugs using an act to attract a crowd. Near Shinobazu [不忍池] pond.

J178 – Tōkyō [東京]. Ueno [上野] district. July, 1967. Man selling traditional drugs using an act to attract a crowd. Near Shinobazu [不忍池] pond.

J179 – Tōkyō [東京]. Ueno [上野] district. July, 1967. Man selling traditional drugs using an act to attract a crowd. Near Shinobazu [不忍池] pond.

J180 – Tōkyō [東京]. Ueno [上野] district. July, 1967. A temple or Shinto shrine in the vicinity of the Shinobazu [不忍池] pond.

J181 – Tōkyō [東京]. Asakusa [浅草] district. July, 1967. Tobu Railway Station [東武鐵道驛]. Shows train crossing river en route north to Nikko.

J182 – Tōkyō [東京]. Asakusa [浅草] district. July, 1967. Tobu Railway Station [東武鐵道驛]. Shows train crossing river en route north to Nikkō [日光].

Fuji-san [富士山] J183 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. View from Fuji-san’s slopes looking at the region around it.

J184 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Looking up towards one of the sub-stations for climbers along the route to the top of the mountain. Climbers can get refreshments and sleeping accommodation in these sub-stations. Climbers will often have a climber’s stick with them which is then stamped with the stamp of the particular sub-station.

J185 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Another view of the region around Fuji-san.

J186 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Norman Wilson, American Friends Service Committee representative who accompanied our group on the expedition to the top of Fuji- san.

J187 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Entrance to Station 9 on the route to the top of the mountain. Note the torii gate-like gateways.

J188 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Fuji-san, as a volcano, has a surface which is largely cinder. Here, tucked away in a crevice is the only snow which we saw on our ascent to the top.

J189 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Norman Wilson American Friends Service Committee before the entrance to Station 10.

J190 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Norman Wilson before the entrance to Station 10.

J191 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Looking down into the volcanic crater at the top of Fuji-san.

J192 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Photo taken moments after slide J191. The winds are so strong, and the mist quite common that a clear view of the crater may be obscured almost instantly.

J193 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Photo taken moments after slide J192 showing how quickly the mist can be blown away.

J194 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Young Japanese climbers who made the ascent at the same time as our group did.

J195 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. View into the deep crater of the volcano.

J196 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. View from the top of Fuji-san showing Ashi-no-ko [ 芦ノ湖] lake.

J197 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. A view of the region around Fuji-san from its top.

J198 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Another view from the top showing the mist enshrouded character of the top of the mountain.

J199 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Another view of the top.

J200 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Shintō shrine at the summit of the mountain. The sign on the left says that climbers can get their sticks stamped there.

J201 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. A view of the descent of Fuji-san.

J202 – Fuji-san [富士山]. June, 1965. Horses are used to carry goods up and down the mountain to supply the various stations and sub-stations on the climbers’ route.

Nara [奈良] J203 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Five-storey wooden pagoda on the grounds of the Kōfuku- ji [興福寺, Temple of the Arising Blessings]. Erected on this spot in 710, this temple was the tutelary temple for the powerful Fujiwara family.

J204 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. The Nan-endo [南円堂] is an octagonal building forming part of the Kōfoku-ji [興福寺] temple compound. The first building on this site was erected in 813, and reconstructed in 1789.

J205 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Main shrine building of the Tōdai-ji [東大寺, Great East Temple]. This building houses one of the great Buddha statues of Japan, but it is smaller than the one in Kamakura. This temple was first established in 728 as the Kinshōsen-ji [金鐘山寺] temple.

J206 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Grounds around the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple.

J207 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Another view of the grounds around the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple as in slide J112.

J208 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Grounds around the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple showing some of the many deer which live in the grounds of the temple.

J209 - Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Grounds to the back of the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple.

J210 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Darkened view of the interior of the main shrine at the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple.

J211 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Garden and parkland around the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple.

J212 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Nigatsu-dō [二月堂, Hall of the Second Month]. This shrine was established in 752 and reconstructed in 1667. It is located in the hills above the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple.

J213 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Storage building near the Nigatsu-dō [二月堂, Hall of the Second Month] shrine shown in slide J212. Note the ‘log cabin’-style of construction and the height of the floor off the ground.

J214 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. The Kasuga Grand Shrine [春日大社, Kasuga-taisha] in the hills above the Tōdai-ji [東大寺] temple. The shrine was established in 728.

J215 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Line of torii [鳥居] gates on the route to the Kasuga Grand Shrine.

J216 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. Entrance into the Kasuga Shrine[春日大社].

J217 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. View of rippling house roofs.

J218 – Nara [奈良]. June, 1965. The National Museum in Nara built in a ‘Baroque’ style.

Nikkō [日光] J219 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Well to wash one’s hands before entering the sacred space of a Shinto shrine.

J220 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Torii [鳥居] gate to complex with sacred cord strung from lower cross beam. School children are on a school holiday in summer uniforms.

J221 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Gate to the Futarasan Shrine [二荒山神社]. Note roof with raised central portion over signboard identifying the shrine.

J222 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Gate to a temple or shrine.

J223 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Gilt guardian figure to Futarasan Shrine [二荒山神社].

J224 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Elaborate decoration of the gate to the Futarasan Shrine [二荒山神社].

J225 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. A view of the inner compound of the Futarasan Shrine [二荒山神社].

J226 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Elaborately decorated side gate to the Futarasan Shrine [二荒山神社] with a distinctive shape.

J227 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Roof lines of the Futarasan Shrine [二荒山神社].

J228 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Elaborate fence-like wall surrounding the Futarasan Shrine [二荒山神社].

J229 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. JHG taken near a grave of a Tokugawa shōgun.

J230 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Overview of the inner area of the Tōshō-gū [東照宮] shrine. This shrine was erected in 1617 by the order of Tokugawa Hidetada [德川秀忠, 1579 –1632] to commemorate his father and the first shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty, Tokugawa Ieyasu [德川家康, 1543 -1616].

J231 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Path through the woods in the area of the Tokugawa shrines.

J232 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. A grave of a Tokugawa [德川] shōgun.

J233 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Dark. Monument to a Tokugawa [德川] shōgun.

J234 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. JHG’s guide through the Tokugawa [德川] grave sites.

J235 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Path through the complex of Tokugawa [德川] shrines showing a building under repair. Note use of bamboo frames.

J236 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. End view of the roof of a side building to a Tokugawa [德川] shrine. Note elaborate decoration.

J237 - Nikkō. July, 1967. A storage building on the site of the Tōshō-gū [東照宮] shrine. Note the carvings of the ‘hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil’ monkeys.

J238 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. Shows stacked ritual offerings at the Tōshō-gū [東照宮] shrine. VERK DARK

J239 – Nikkō [日光]. July, 1967. The sacks are the stacked ritual offerings made to the Tōshō-gū [東照宮] shrine.

Ise [伊勢] J240 - Ise [伊勢]. July, 1967. Ise shrine building in a very early style of architecture.

J241 - Ise [伊勢]. July, 1967. Ceremonial drawing of logs down the river to Ise to be used in the rebuilding of the main shrine every 20 years.

J242 – Ise [伊勢]. July, 1967. Logs used for the regular reconstruction of the principal shrine at Ise being drawn ashore from the river.

J243 – Ise [伊勢]. July, 1967. Ceremony connected with the drawing of the logs being conducted onto the shore of the river.

J244 – Ise [伊勢]. July, 1967. Logs being drawn along the river close to the point where they will be pulled ashore. Note wooden barriers to protect the bridge.

HONG KONG [香港] H001 - Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Aberdeen harbour and boats.

H002 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Aberdeen harbour front.

H003 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Fishing boats in Aberdeen harbour.

H004 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Shrine on Cheng Chau [長洲] island. Guardian figure on door.

H005 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. General view of the Wenwu-miao [文武廟, the local pronunciation is Manmo-miao] shrine on Holywood Road, Hong Kong Island. Note the apartment blocs in the background and the elaborate shrine roof decorations. The temple is dedicated to two deities, the deity of literature known locally as Man Tai [文帝] or Man Cheong [文昌] and the god of war known locally as Mo Tai [武帝] or Kwan Tai [關帝].

H006 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Detail of roof and wall of the Wenwu-miao [文武廟] shrine on Holywood Road, Hong Kong Island.

H007 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Pagoda? Tower in Pokfulam [薄扶林] village.

H008 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Detail of traditional house roof in Pokfulam [薄扶林] village.

H009 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Detail of roof of the T’ienhu-miao [天后廟], the shrine of the Heavenly Queen in Aberdeen.

H010 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Detail of roof of the T’ienhu-miao [天后廟], the shrine of the Heavenly Queen in Aberdeen.

H011 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Detail of roof of the T’ienhu-miao [天后廟], the shrine of the Heavenly Queen in Aberdeen. Shows pillar and linter structure and wooden fence around the perimeter of the shrine building.

H012 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Rear wall and roof detail of the Lohan Shrine.

H013 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Roof detail of Lohan Shrine.

H014 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Front entrance of the Lohan Shrine. Note elaborate pictoral decoration, and sign board with the name of the shrine reading from right to left.

H015 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. General view from above of the Lohan Shrine.

H016 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Roof detail of the Lohan Shrine.

H017 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Roof detail of the Lohan Shrine.

H018 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Detail of the edge of the left-hand side of the front roof.

H019 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Detail of the edge of the left-hand side of the front roof of the Lohan Shrine.

H020 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Looking towards Aberdeen? Stanley? on road from Pokfulam?

H021 - Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Fishing boats in Stanley harbour.

H022 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Old buildings as seen from balcony of High West, the bloc of staff flats for the University of Hong Kong on Pokfulam Road. Slide must be viewed from side reverse to number.

H023 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Edge of High West, staff flats for the University of Hong Kong on Pokfulam road showing entrance to Hong Kong harbour.

H024 – Hillside scene. Where? When? Slide frame is different from others in this sequence.

H025 - Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Unknown building.

H026 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. Stanley harbour showing docked fishing boats.

H027 – Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. View from High West, staff flats for the University of Hong Kong on Pokfulam Road, over surrounding residential area.

H028 - Hong Kong [香港]. January, 1973. View from High West, staff flats for the University of Hong Kong on Pokfulam Road, over surrounding residential area.

H029 – Hong Kong [香港]. Summer, 1972. A view over the rooftops of a fortified village in the New Territories.

H030 - Hong Kong [香港]. Summer, 1972. A view from above of the streets in a fortified village in the New Territories.

H031 – Hong Kong [香港]. Summer, 1972. A distant view of a fortified village in the New Territories. July, 1965.

TAIWAN [臺灣] Slides taken in the Summer of 1967. JHG was a post-graduate student in anthropology at Columbia University. Through the Fulbright Commission there was a summer study programme conducted in Taiwan through the Anthropology Department at Columbia called ‘Chinese Culture and Society’. This consisted of a series of seminars, and visits to various parts of the island. Students were required to write an essay based on a piece of field research. The programme lasted approximately two months and was led by Dr. Myron Cohen of Columbia’s Department of Anthropology.

Chingkua-shih [金瓜石] T001 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Chingkua-shih [金瓜石]. July, 1967. Mining town built up against the mountainside. Note house construction, and various temples in the centre and background.

T002 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Chingkua-shih [金瓜石]. July, 1967. Street market. Note steep slope of street.

T003 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Chingkua-shih [金瓜石]. July, 1967. Mountain behind the town called Half-moon Hill.

T004 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Chingkua-shih [金瓜石]. July, 1967. Temple in the neighbourhood of the Hokkien [福佬] people. Note elaborate roofs and very steep rake to the roof line.

T005 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Chingkua-shih [金瓜石]. July, 1967. View of the Pacific Ocean from the hilltop.

T006 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Chingkua-shih [金瓜石]. July, 1967. Japanese-style houses reflecting the period of Japanese rule (1895-1945).

Keelung [基隆] T007 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Keelung [基隆]. July, 1967. Fish market. Keelung is a major port and fisheries port for the island.

T008 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Keelung [基隆]. July, 1967. Colourful fishing boats elaborately painted. Taken in the early morning. These boats do not venture far from the shore.

Pingtung [屛東] Area T009 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. House in a village of the Hakka [客家] people.

T010 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Note cloth covering the doorway to this house has symbols of a felicitous marriage.

T011 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. House with dome on top of first floor.

T012 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Aboriginal home. Note thatching and wooden construction. In front of the door to the home is a small altar raised up on a rod.

T013 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Thatched house typical of the Hakka [客家] people with pictures of guardian lions on the gates. The Hakka man in the picture is said to have murdered/killed two aboriginal men.

T014 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Temple dedicated to peace between the Hakka [客家] and Hokkien [福佬] peoples. There are two prayer furnaces with an altar between them.

T015 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Crossing a river en route to an aboriginal village. Note Daoist temple with golden roof in top left background and a cable way in background.

T016 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Cableway over village en route to aboriginal village.

T017 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Typical aboriginal home with slate roof.

T018 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Exterior of aboriginal home with slate roof.

T019 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Chinese village where Dr. Myron Cohen of Columbia University, our group leader, did his field research for his doctorate.

T020 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Dr. Myron Cohen’s village. Gate to village with sign welcoming him and the members of the summer seminar.

T021 - Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Dr. Myron Cohen’s village. Shrine dedicated to ‘restless spirits’ in the nearby cemetery. Restless spirits are spirits who have died without fulfilling themselves, i.e., by not being married and/or by not having children.

T022 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Same village as in slide T019. Shows extension of family compound to accommodate newly married couples.

T023 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Same village as in slide T019. Paddy fields.

T024 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Same village as in slide T019. Farmer shows off his new tractor used for plowing paddy fields. He is wearing the traditional straw woven rain gear. This was worn especially for us to see what it looked like when worn. At that time, farmers had started using light weight plastic rain gear.

T025 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Same village as slide T019. A young boy is driving birds away from the paddy fields.

T026 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Interior of a clan temple. The ancestral tablets of individual ancestors are placed on shelves in chronological and generational order.

T027 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Steps from a farm home down to a river.

T028 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Hengchun [恆春] town in Pingtung [屛東] county. July, 1967. Remains of the south gate and the walls of the old fortified city.

T029 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Pingtung [屛東] area. July, 1967. Shrine to the ‘City God’ of a village in an area belonging to the Hakka [客家] people. Note the elaborately carved altar and the statues in a niche at the back.

Taichung [臺中] Area T030 – Taiwan. Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Constructing a concrete figure of the ‘Laughing Buddha’ or god of wealth. Note bamboo scaffolding.

T031 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Very dark. Paddy fields.

T032 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Very dark. Another view of paddy fields.

T033 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Tunghai University [東海大學] chapel. Tunghai University was founded by Methodist missionaries after the Second World War.

T034 - Taiwan [臺灣]. Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Tunghai University [東海大學]. Looking from the main gate towards the Library. The campus has been built in a modern version of traditional Chinese architecture and is laid out in a traditional layout of buildings.

T035 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Tunghai University [東海大學]. College of Science building.

T036 - Taiwan [臺灣]. Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Tunghai University [東海大學]. Women’s dormitory.

T037 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway scenery.

T038 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway scenery. Detail of rock outcrops.

T039 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway showing twisting roadway.

T040 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway rugged terrain.

T041 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway. Lishan [梨山] rest area. We were told that President Chiang Kaishek [蔣介石, 1887-1975] was in the resort buildings at the time of our stop.

T042 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway. Lishan [梨山] rest stop area showing narrow walkway.

T043 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway. Central mountain range.

T044 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway east of [梨山] Lishan. Rest stop showing aboriginal woman selling refreshments.

T045 - Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway east of Lishan [梨山]. Rugged terrain, and narrow, twisting roads.

T046 – Taiwan [臺灣]. East of Taichung [臺中]. July, 1967. Cross Island Highway east of Lishan [梨山]. JHG standing by example of a Taiwan cedar.

T047 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tienhsiang [天祥]. July, 1967. Pagoda built in the resort area in the midst of the Taroko [太魯閣] Gorge.

T048 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tienhsiang [天祥]. July, 1967. The Taroko [太魯閣] Gorge from the suspension bridge.

T049 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tienhsiang [天祥]. July, 1967. Dark. View of the pagoda.

T050 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tienhsiang [天祥]. July, 1967. Newly constructed temple to which the pagoda belongs.

T051 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taroko [太魯閣] Gorge. July, 1967. Waterfalls.

Tainan [臺南] and Kaohsiung [高雄] Area T053 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Kaohsiung [高雄]. July, 1967. The harbour of Kaohsiung showing a ship being loaded, and the dockside.

T054 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipi-ho lake. July, 1967. This lake is located south of Tainan.

T055 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipi-ho lake. July, 1967. This is a resort area. This pagoda, unattached to any temple, is there to give ambiance to the scenery! Pagodas are not towers, but reliquaries for the cremated remains of Buddhists.

T056 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Remains of Fort Zeelandia [熱蘭遮城], the fort by which the Dutch controlled the southern part of the island. It was built between 1624 nd 1634.

T057 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Shrine, funeral furnace and graveyard near Fort Zeelandia [熱蘭遮城].

T058 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Unknown object.

T059 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Funeral procession. Note large floral wreaths.

T060 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Funeral procession as in slide T059. Note large portrait of the deceased.

T061 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Final section of the funeral procession in slides T059 and T060. Note the large, portable floral shrine.

T062 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. ‘Faithful Widow’s Arch’. Arches such as this one were a common feature throughout China. They were erected to widows who did not remarry after the death of their husband. This arch was said to be the last remaining ‘Faithful Widow’s Arch’ in Taiwan.

T063 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Tainan Confucian [孔廟] shrine. The principal shrine hall. Note the sharply curved roof line and the elaborate decoration. Also note the ‘spirit way’ stone slab in between the steps up into the shrine.

T064 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Tainan Confucian [孔廟] shrine. The shrine is entered by going around the side of this false gate. The false gate, looking like the actual gate, blocks the entrance of spirits into the shrine compound. Spirits only travel in straight lines, east/west, north/south, and thus would be fooled by this gate, and would be prevented from entering the shrine’s precincts.

T065 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. View of Paoan [保安宮] temple to the City God, the protector of the city. Picture is taken from the entrance to the Confucian shrine and shows the spirit gate in front of the temple.

T066 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. A modern Buddhist temple/chapel. Note the circular light on the altar which may represent the Buddhist wheel of life.

T071 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Exterior view of the top of the modern temple/chapel in slide T066. Note the mixture of traditional and western styles of architecture, and of course the use of concrete in the construction. The gold swastika is the symbol of Buddhism and has no connection with Nazi ideology.

T067 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Shrine to Koxinga [鄭成功廟]. Zheng Chenggong or Koxinga [鄭成功, 1624-1662] is a Taiwanese national hero. After the destruction of the Ming dynasty [明朝, 1368-1664] by the Ch’ing [Qing, 淸朝, 1644-1911] at the end of the seventeenth century, he remained loyal to the Ming, holding out on Taiwan.

T068 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. JHG in front of the Koxinga shrine [鄭成功, 1624-1662].

T069 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. Village temple to the goddess Matsu [媽祖], the patron spirit of Taiwan, and of fishermen and sailors. Said to have been an actual woman who died trying to save her male relatives who were fishermen, she became deified. An impromptu altar with offerings is on the ground. Only men can ascend into the upper storey.

T070 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Tainan [臺南]. July, 1967. A stage is being set for a drama and music performance which is part of a celebration in honour of Matsu [媽祖].

Taipei [臺北] T072 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Dark. Puppet show.

T073 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Dark. Puppet show.

T074 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shi [龍山寺, Dragon Mountain Temple]. Main shrine. The temple was established in 1738 for the use of immigrants from Fujian and other coastal provinces. Note elaborately decorated roofs and eaves.

T075 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shi temple [龍山寺, Dragon Mountain Temple]. Main gate into the temple complex and the outer courtyard open to the street.

T076 - Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shih [龍山寺] temple. This is the outer courtyard in front of main shrine. This temple is dedicated to Kuanyin [觀音] and Matsu [媽祖].

T077 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shi temple [龍山寺, Dragon Mountain Temple]. Front view of main shrine.

T078 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shi temple [龍山寺, Dragon Mountain Temple]. Elaborate tower at the front end of the courtyard in front of the temple.

T079 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shi temple [龍山寺, Dragon Mountain Temple]. Rear courtyard and shrine building in the temple.

T080 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shi temple [龍山寺, Dragon Mountain Temple]. Incense burner in front of the main shrine.

T081 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Lungshan-shi temple [龍山寺, Dragon Mountain Temple]. Roof of gate into temple precinct. Note elaborate dragon decorations. Decorations made using glass.

T082 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北] area. July, 1967. Yangming-shan [陽明山]. Village nestling in the slopes of Yangming-shan.

T083 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北] area. July, 1967. Yangming-shan [陽明山]. Path and fountain in the park on Yangming-shan.

T084 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北] area. July, 1967. Yangming-shan [陽明山]. Distant view of the College of Chinese Culture [中國文化大學], the buildings of which have been constructed in the style of the Ming Dynasty [明朝, 1368-1644].

T085 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北] area. July, 1967. Yangming-shan [陽明山]. The state reception hall built in a mixture of the styles of the Ming [明朝, 1368-1644] and Ch’ing [淸, Qing, 1664-1911] dynasties.

T086 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北] area. July, 1967. Yangming-shan [陽明山]. Distant view of the state reception hall.

T087 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Reconstructed gate on Aikuo shilu [愛國西路] street. This street follows the line of the old city walls which were torn down under the Japanese administration.

T088 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Aikuo shilu [愛國西路] street. Note the wide spread use of motorcycles.

T089 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Working class housing. Note that the houses are built right to the edge of the street, excluding any view of the interior or any courtyards. Because of space limitation, washing is hung on bamboo poles extending into the street.

T090 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Poor neighbourhood. Woman washing clothes in a vessel on the side of the street.

T091 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Street scene showing bus and wide spread use of bicycles.

T092 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Housing in a middle class neighbourhood. Note walls around the properties excluding a view of the interior of the compound. Note also the trees lining the street.

T093 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Central Government administration building facing the main plaza in central Taipei. This building was the office of the Governor-General under the Japanese colonial administration (1895-1945). Construction of the building was completed in 1919.

T094 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. The great plaza in front of the administration building where grand national events are hosted. This reminded the students on the summer seminar of Tienan-men Square and was facetiously dubbed ‘New Tienan-men Square’.

T095 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. The former residence of the Governor- General of Taiwan under the Japanese colonial administration. This is near the administration building. Note the variety of forms of transport.

T096 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Confucian [孔廟] shrine. Note sharply curved roofs, and rich decoration. Note the dragons carved on the pillars.

T097 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Confucian [孔廟] shrine. Detail of roof eaves.

T098 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Street scene. Shows Supreme Court building on centre right. Just visible in the distance is the approaching motorcade of President Hastings Banda [1898-1997] of Malawi who was making a State Visit to Taiwan at this time.

T099 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Buddhist temple dating from the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945). It is said to have been a temple of the Rinzai [臨濟宗] order of Zen [禪, in Chinese Chan] Buddhism.

T100 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Chunghwa-lu [中華路]. Street scene near the railway station and the Post Office.

T101 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. School wall with a Government slogan painted on it. Such slogans were common at this time and exhorted people toward reunification of China under the Nationalist Government, or to develop the local economy.

T102 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Newspaper publishers would put the most recent issues of their papers on boards such as this for people to read.

T103 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Liberty House, the state guest house at which the summer seminar students were housed and which was our base. The young man was one of the porters in the complex.

T104 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Two of the young porters at Liberty House.

T105 - Taiwan [臺灣]. Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. The back section of Liberty House showing the students’ accommodation.

Taipei [臺北] Area, North T106 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Fields which are part of the agricultural experimental farm for Taiwan National University.

T107 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei[臺北]. July, 1967. Fields which are part of the agricultural experimental farm for Taiwan National University [國立臺灣大學].

T108 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei[臺北]. July, 1967. View of countryside, hills and farms. Note rice fields clinging to the sides of the mountains.

T109 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. View of countryside, hills and farms. Note rice fields clinging to the sides of the mountains.

T110 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Land reform village. Village pond and ducks.

T111 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Paddy fields on flat ground and a farming family compound in the background.

T112 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Farm compound showing washing line and a pig stye.

T113 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Paddy fields on flat ground showing man plowing fields with an ox.

T114 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Water buffalo in model village taking a rest from work and the heat in the water.

T115 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Model village. Wooden cage for keeping fowls.

T116 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Harvesting of rice using both manual techniques and machines. Taiwan has two or more harvests of grain per year.

T117 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Model village. School children in uniform walking down a village road.

T118 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Model village. Two men carrying a load using a bamboo pole.

T119 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Central home in a family complex belong to members of the Hokkien [福佬] people.

T120 – Taiwan [臺灣]. North of Taipei [臺北]. July, 1967. Farm house in a model land reform village.

Taitung [臺東], Hualien [花蓮] and the East Coast T121 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Hualien [花蓮]. July, 1967. Funeral ceremony conducted under canopy with Daoist priest officiating.

T122 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Hualien [花蓮]. July, 1967. Hualien Station. Boarding the northbound train.

T123 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Between Hualien [花蓮] and Taitung [臺東]. July, 1967. Distant view of (aboriginal?) farm house.

T124 – Taiwan [臺灣]. South of Taitung [臺東]. July, 1967. Beach.

T125 – Taiwan [臺灣]. South of Taitung [臺東]. July, 1967. Beach.

T126 – Taiwan [臺灣]. South of Taitung [臺東]. July, 1967. Aboriginal farm house.

T127 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Oluanpi [鵝鑾鼻]. July, 1967. Overlooking the sea to the northwest.

T128 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Oluanpi [鵝鑾鼻]. July, 1967. Overlooking the sea to the south. On a clear day it is said that one can see the northern most island groups of the Philippines.

T129 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Oluanpi [鵝鑾鼻]. July, 1967. The lava beach at the southern most point of Taiwan.

Yehliu [野柳] Beach T130 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Yehliu [野柳] Beach. July, 1967. Note the strange rock formations.

T131 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Yehliu [野柳] Beach. July, 1967. Cliffs along the beach.

T132 – Taiwan [臺灣]. Yehliu [野柳] Beach. July, 1967. View of the Pacific Ocean from atop the cliffs fringing the beach.