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Marine Wood Maintenance !q ARCH BULLETIN 48 OCTOBER 1984 MARINE WOODMAINTENANCE MANUAL: AGUIDE FORPROPER USE OF DOUGLAS-FIRIN MARINE EXPOSURES JEFFERY J. MORRELL GUY G. HELSING ROBERT 0. GRAHAM FOREn REJEARCHLAB COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND SEA GaoNT coLLEGE PROGRAM OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY The Forest Research Laboratory of Oregon Forestry, Oregon State University,Corva StateUniversity was establishedbythe lis, OR 97331. Guy G. Helsing is president Oregon Legislatureto conduct research National Wood Treating Co., P.O. Box 1946 leading to expanded forest yields, increased Corvallis, OR 97339.Robert D. Graham use of forest products, and accelerated eco- professoremeritus,DepartmentofForest nomic development of the State. Its scien- Products, College of Forestry, OregonState tistsconduct thisresearchinlaboratories University. and forests administered by the University and cooperating agenciesand industries throughout Oregon. Research results are made LEGAL NOTICE availabletopotentialusersthroughthe University's educational programs and through The Forest Research Laboratory at Onego Laboratory publications such as this, which State University (OSU) prepared this man are directed as appropriate to forest land-with the support of the Sea GrantCol le owners and managers, manufacturers and users Program of OSU. Neither OSU nor SeaGra I of forest products, leaders of government and nor any person acting on behalf ofsuch industry, the scientific community, and the (a) makes any warranty orrepresentatlon4 general public. expressorimplied,withrespecttoth accuracy, completeness, orusefulness of As aresearchbulletin,thispublicationis theinformationcontainedinthisreport; one of a series that comprehensively and in (b) claims that the use of any informatio'ny detaildiscusses along,complex study or apparatus, method, or process disclosed summarizes available information on a topic. this report does not infringe privately own I rights;or(c) assumes anyliabilitieswltht respect to the use of, or for damagesresult,, DISCLAIMER ing from the use of, any information, appara- tus,method,orprocessdisclosedinth The mentionof trade names or commercial report. products in this publication does not consti- tute endorsement or recommendation for use. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO ORDER COPIES: The authors wish to acknowledge the Sea C,ra College Program of Oregon State UniveVsity Copiesofthis and other Forest Research (Grant R/CP-18) for providing financialsups Laboratory publications are available from: port; John D. Lew, University of CalIfornla Forest Products Laboratory, for hisinstrur Forestry Business Office tions on culturing fungi from wood; an";di the College of Forestry AmericanWood-Preservers'Associationfor Oregon State University permitting us to reprint its standards.,TO Corvallis, Oregon 97331 manual could not have been completedwithom the careful review and useful suggestions a Pleaseinclude author(s),title,and publi- Dr. Robert A. Zabel, SUNY College of Envimw cation number if known. mental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, Ne York; Dr. Thomas O'Neill, NavalConstruction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme,California, THE AUTHORS and Paul F. Coyne, Manager, Port of Sluslaw Florence, Oregon. We appreciate theireffort$ JeffreyD.Morrellisassistantprofessor, to make this manual a more useabletool for Department of Forest Products,College of marine wood maintenance. MARINE WOOD MAINTENANCE MANUAL: A GUIDE FOR PROPER USE OF DOUGLAS-FIR IN MARINE EXPOSURES JEFFERY J. MORRELL GUY G. HELSING ROBERT 0. GRAHAM 0 0z 1La WN W2aHmz Ll z 0 W0EZ 0 ml-w a aa Waam Q01-1-Oz 0 aQHOVWUJr-W QH NN007 WaaNhaw W NwwwmY0r00000 r r r r a3t!1N?p0rN wr mr or wr NOe-GNU N Nr pwH N o1WUQ?QJNNNNN N W-3 N 0 mmN 0 N0 2WHI0IX UN NaILMIVIn N0 Y0za4w NJ N0 w?mtoto NU lDID Na N I 0p2 02 0a N 11 avu QW oaw uU.0 (W0N z aILv0Nazo13 W waN00LL 00 0 W20>0Waz2O 044a0W 2 Oa)W213IL wJ aIL 0-3OTjO,NH asWOm0°Z aoY Z Zto wQ-0 r.a0va' 1-zO00WNaLL0WILaaw2 aw wm FawwW CLva w2aLL =LL 13J0ZOVaWaJa0WQCLW 0W waa2wI- F.wo Z aZwQ w0(9 LLa?aF WaQ WN40a40)0 Q w az cc T Zw Wawwz 0 0X-" aNwONuxJQ rntnxQ 0. N,a2aamWW aN U Na m3oai-a0ZW013 UQ I-Fa u:3 =aW 0 N N NN N NOV)om ?a0w nMM th1 V7to thwto th MN NJ UI N4 to FOREWORD Because ofitshigh strength, renewability, and wood-destroying organisms that harbor- andrelatively lowcost,Douglas-firisan masters, port managers, and maintenanceper- ideal choice for many important uses. Prop- sonnel can use in making wise decisions erly designed, constructed, and maintained, maintaining on thewaterfrontstructures in structuresofthiswood can provide long their charge. Designers and buildersmay also service, even in the ocean's harsh environ- findthismanualhelpfulin;voiding ment. con- structionpractices thatcontribute towood deterioration.The savings could amount This manual, cosponsored by the Forest Re- many millions of dollars annually. to search Laboratory and the Sea Grant College Program of Oregon State University,isa You, the well-trained inspector, playa major companion to the previously published "Wood role in achieving these savings. Earlyrecog- Pole Maintenance Manual" (Graham and Helsing nitionofdeteriorationleadsto more eco- 1979).It is directed to inspectors of marine nomicalrepairs andremedialtreatmentsto wood and provides basic information on wood control the problem. INTRODUCTION The WestCoast maritime industry includes Wood-destroying organisms and evidencesof extensive docks,pilings,and other marine their damage structures, many built with wood. Their sound Other wood-destroying agents and howto design and proper maintenance is essential to recognize them the safe and economical operation of the in- Inspection methods fordetermining wood dustry. To be effective, this maintenance re- condition above and below the waterline quires efficient inspection programs so that Remedial treatments for controlling deteri- deterioratingstructuresare bothdetected oration of wood already in service andprotectedbeforereplacementbecomes necessary.Inspectionofwood structures After studying this material, you should read should be a continuing responsibility of port the references citedin the text,as well as personnel at about 5-year intervals. those listed in Appendix A, so that you can select the inspection and maintenance proce- Although detecting badly deteriorated wood is dures bestsuited to the waterfront struc- fairlystraightforward,determining whether tures in your charge. wood isin earlier decay stages is more dif- Before inspecting wood structures inplace, ficult. The success or failure of the mainte- we recommendthatyoucarefullyinspect nance program willrest squarely upon you, members removed from service. Pay particular the inspector, and your ability to assess the attentiontothelocationofdeteriorated condition of the wood before serious damage areas;these can indicate problemsincon- has occurred. This is no easy task. struction and maintenance that need to be corrected. The best way to learn how to in- spect wood in serviceis to cut up members This manual has been developed inresponse to from sound and failing structures. Cut these the need for information on maintaining wood members intoshortsections and longitudi- structures in marine environments. Although nally split each section so that you can see itpresupposes that the readerisfamiliar thepatternsofpreservativepenetration, with the care of land-based polesas outlined decay, and marine borer attack. Sacrificing a in the "Wood Pole Maintenance Manual" (Graham few good members is a small price to pay for and Helsing 1979),it examines in detail the a valuable experience that will help you make many problems of controlling wood deteriora- better-informed decisions later. Informed tion in maritime settings. decisions can savelives and reduce costs; I incorrectdecisions can endangerlivesand In this manual, you will learn about: waste money. Wood characteristics of Douglas-fir Finally, as a reminder of the safe practices Designsthatpreventdamagebywood- you should follow when inspecting andtreat- destroying organisms ing waterfront structures, we have included a 4 checklist at the end of this manual that can thismanual,takethetimetotestyour be reproduced and carried by maintenance per- knowledge of waterfront maintenance by re- sonnel. And when you have finished reading viewing the key words in the Glossary. BACKGROUND Since people first ventured forth on the seas The emergence in the 19th century of creo- in wooden ships to fish and trade, they have sote, a byproductof the destructive dis- been accompanied by organisms that feed on tillationofcoal,helpedusherin a ren- and livein wood. The struggle to prevent aissanceinwood preservation.Noteworthy marine borers and decay fungi from consuming achievementsinthisperiodincludedthe wood used in marine environments has contin- development of pressure-treating with creo- ued,with varying degrees of success,for sote by John Bethel, the development of the thousands of years. Nearly 2,000 years ago, germ theory of disease by Pasteur,and im- builders already knew the importance of keep- proved microscopes that permitted Hartig to ing wood dry and using durable heartwoods. associate fungi with wood decay. They were aware of marine borers and decay and attempted to protect wood by treating it Inthe 20th century,avirtualinformation with crude extracts and chemicals. As theexplosion has led to effective wood designs world drifted into the Dark Ages, even thisand improved protection practices that min- knowledge was lost, and it was not until the imize biodeterioration. Thisinformation, 18th and19thcenturies that
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