DOCSLIB.ORG

The Politics of Defense in Antigua, 1670-1785

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Politics of Defense in Antigua, 1670-1785 Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2018 Putting Forts in their Place: The Politics of Defense in Antigua, 1670-1785 Christopher Kurt Waters Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Waters, Christopher Kurt, "Putting Forts in their Place: The Politics of Defense in Antigua, 1670-1785" (2018). Dissertations - ALL. 980. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/980 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Between 1670 and 1785, the plantation elite on the British island of Antigua built and maintained at least fifty-four fortifications to protect the island from other European competitors. Rather than being commissioned, engineered, and defended by the metropolitan government in London, the defense of the island was the sole purview of the Antiguan legislature. Money, designs, and locations for these defensive sites came from internal deliberations on the island making them unique places to study iterations of seventeenth and eighteenth century British colonialism, elite thinking, and the impact on the landscape. To interpret these sites, I use archaeological, archival, and spatial analyses to investigate their ability to provide the types of external defenses they were designated for, as well as test the corollary explanation that the forts played a role in providing internal security for the island. Neither paradigm, however, adequately explains the spatial distribution, architectural decisions, or addresses the heterogenous fort societies revealed in this research. Therefore, to better interpret Antigua’s fortifications, I develop the concept martial landscape as an explanatory framework whereby the island elites manipulate defense policy to better reflect their own social standings, rather than considering a holistic defensive structure. I conclude by showing how blanket assumptions about military sites like fortifications and the historic trajectory of colonialism in the Caribbean are concepts which need considerable tempering by a more local, island scale, perspective. Putting Forts in their Place: The Politics of Defense in Antigua, 1670-1785 by Christopher K. Waters B.A., St Olaf College, 2010 M.A., Bristol University, 2012 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology. Syracuse University December 2018 Copyright © Christopher K. Waters 2018 All Rights Reserved Table of Contents Chapter 1: In Defense of an Island Colony 1 Introduction 1 “Water, Water, every where”; what’s an archaeologist to think? 6 Local Colonialism, Global Imperialism: a Sliding Scale 9 Antigua’s Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Colonial Context 12 Tableau Vivant: Staging the Martial Landscape 21 The Royal Army in Antigua 23 The Royal Navy and the Antiguan Naval Dockyard at English Harbour 27 The Antigua Militia 33 Defining the Martial Landscape 36 Progression 37 Chapter 2: An Overview of Antigua’s Fortifications 39 Introduction 39 Physical Antigua and Prehistory 41 Sugar, Demographics and Defense: Politics of Colonial Antigua 45 Antigua’s Fortifications 59 Great George Fort on Monk’s Hill 60 Fort James and the Defense of St. John’s Harbour 66 Coastal Defense: Forts, Platforms, and Coastal Batteries 70 Guard Houses 74 Conclusion 77 Chapter 3: Islands, Gunpowder, and Defensibility 80 Introduction 80 Historical GIS and its Application 81 Establishing New Variables: Historic Sailing and Coastal Defense 84 Bathymetry 87 Sailing Rigs and Wind Direction 90 Local Knowledge 98 Historic Artillery 105 Calculating Defensibility 113 Identifying Coastline Vulnerability 113 Depth of Water 114 Combining Affordances 118 Wind Direction 123 Results 126 Conclusion 140 Chapter 4: Antigua’s Fortifications as External Defense 141 Introduction 141 What an Artillery Fort Should Look Like 142 Assessing Defensibility 150 Reevaluating and Contextualizing Defensibility in Gunpowder Warfare 151 Assessing Antigua’s Fortifications 154 iv Assessing Defensibility at an Island-Wide Scale 166 The Defensive Landscape 171 Additional Defensive Considerations 179 Caliber 183 Ordnance Quality 189 Elites and their Ability to Deploy Cannon Effectively 194 Conclusion 195 Chapter 5: Antigua’s Fortifications as Internal Security 198 Introduction 198 Coercion, Violence, and Security in Slave Societies 200 Surveillance and Caribbean Plantations 203 Surveillance Technologies in Antigua 206 Fortification in Service of Surveillance 210 Fortifications as Loci for Internal Control 216 Architectural Decisions 219 Open Forts and Enslaved Communities 229 Conclusion 230 Chapter 6: Peopling the Fortifications 233 Introduction 233 Peopling the Martial Landscape 235 Recruiting Gunners and Matrosses 237 Enslavement in the Martial Landscape 245 Fort Families 246 Materializing Life on the Fortifications 249 Spatial Organization 249 Martial Culture 253 Individuality in the Material Record 260 Conclusion 263 Chapter 7: The Politics of Defense 265 Introduction 265 The Decision Makers 267 Monk’s Hill: The Planter’s Retreat 271 How the Antiguan Legislature Seized Absolute Control 280 The Shifting Martial Landscape 283 Fort Hamilton, The Cripplegate, and the Defense of St. John’s Road 284 Shifting Defensive Patterns on the East Coast 289 Defending the South Coast 293 The Rise of St. Mary’s and the West Coast 295 Not with a Bang, but with a Whimper: The Collapse of the Fortification System and the End of the Martial Landscape 301 Conclusion 307 Appendix A: Primary Source Identification and Methodology 309 v Appendix B: Applying Bockinski’s (2014) Defensibility Model to Antigua 321 Appendix C: Critical Reflection on Defensibility Model 327 Bibliography 334 Curriculum Vitae 367 vi Illustrations Figures 1.1 Caribbean Location Map 3 1.2 Antigua Map with Historically Known Forts 4 2.1 Antigua Topography Map 41 2.2 Antigua historic political divisions 48 2.3 Demographic trends to 1774 54 2.4 Monk’s Hill, Horneck (1752) 62 2.5 “Planting the Cane,” Clark (1823) 65 2.6 Fort James, Horneck (1752) 67 2.7 Loblolly Battery Masonic Keystone 69 2.8 Corbinson’s Point Horneck 71 2.9 Guard House, Thomas Bay 75 3.1 “Shipping Sugar,” Clark (1823) 87 3.2 Upwind “Race” 92 3.3 Idealized Sailing Courses into Muddy Bay 97 3.4 Idealized Sailing Courses into Parham Harbour 98 3.5 Baker Close Up detail 100 3.6 Baker Close Up detail of Channels 101 3.7 Antigua Bathymetry 114 3.8 Antigua with Effective Cannon Ranges Buffer 117 3.9 Distance between Fort James and St. John’s Road 118 3.10 Depths impacted by 800-yard effective cannon range from Antigua’s Coastline 119 3.11 Depths impacted by 400-yard effective cannon range from Antigua’s Coastline 120 3.12 Depths impacted by 300-yard effective cannon range from Antigua’s Coastline 121 3.13 Sailing at 45° to an easterly wind around Antigua 124 3.14 Sailing at 60° to an easterly wind around Antigua 125 3.15 Intercepts of different sailing rigs and draughts around Antigua 126 3.16 Vulnerable Coastline Index for Fore-and-Aft rigged vessels 127 3.17 Vulnerable Coastline Index for Square rigged vessels 128 3.18 Coastline Vulnerability detail of the South Coast 129 3.19 Coastline Vulnerability detail of Willoughby Bay 130 3.20 Coastline Vulnerability detail of the East Coast 131 3.21 Coastline Vulnerability detail of the North Coast 132 3.22 Detail map of Crabb’s Peninsula and Parham Harbour 133 3.23 Detail map from Barnacle Point to Hodges Bay 134 3.24 Detail map from Wetherill’s Point to Fort Bay 135 3.25 Detail map from Loblolly Bay to Deep Bay 137 3.26 Detail map of Five Islands Harbour 138 3.27 Detail map from Pearne’s Point to Old Road 139 4.1 Idealized Eighteenth-Century Fortification Cutaway 145 4.2 Idealized Eighteenth-Century Fortification Plan 146 4.3 English Harbour with the locations of its defensive batteries 156 vii 4.4 Fort Berkley 1752 157 4.5 Johnson’s Point Fort with firing ranges 162 4.6 Fort Charlotte 163 4.7 Road Fort 1752 165 4.8 Total Coastline Vulnerability 167 4.9 Runaway Beach Coastline Vulnerability with hypothetical firing ranges 168 4.10 Effective and Maximum Cannon Ranges around Antigua 170 4.11 State of Antigua’s Fortifications in 1704 172 4.12 State of Antigua’s Fortifications in 1729 172 4.13 State of Antigua’s Fortifications in 1750 173 4.14 State of Antigua’s Fortifications in 1778 173 4.15 Cannon distribution in 1729 and 1754 175 4.16 An exploded 24-pounder at Blockhouse, Antigua 190 5.1 Cumulative viewshed from the state of Antigua’s fortification in 1704 212 5.2 Cumulative viewshed from the state of Antigua’s fortification in 1729 213 5.3 Cumulative viewshed from the state of Antigua’s fortification in 1752 214 5.4 Cumulative viewshed from the state of Antigua’s fortification in 1778 215 5.5 Fort James with cumulative cannon ranges 222 5.6 Fort William 1752 223 5.7 Fort Christian 1752 224 5.8 Fort Byam 1752 226 5.9 Cross section of Fort Hamilton and Fort Byam 1752 227 5.10 South Guard House 228 6.1 Feature UC 004 profile, Great George Fort 254 6.2 Fort William profile 254 6.3 Artifact assemblage from Fort Christian, Museum of Antigua 257 6.4 Artifact assemblage from Johnson’s Point Fort, Museum of Antigua 258 6.5 Artifact assemblage from Thomas Bay Guard house, Museum of Antigua 259 6.6 Afro-Antiguanware with triangle stamps, Johnson’s Point Fort 261 6.7 Ceramic plate bases with personalization marks 262 7.1 Feature UC 004, Great George Fort 272 7.2 Photo of UC 004, Great George Fort 273 7.3 Fort Hamilton, 1752 285 7.4 Landward defenses for Fort James 287 7.5 State of the defenses around St.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Skeletal Remains Found
    A3 SATURDAY/SUNDAY, DECEMBER 5-6, 2020 | YOUR COMMUNITY NEWSPAPER SINCE 1874 | $2 WEEKEND EDITION Lake City Reporter LAKECITYREPORTER.COM SUNDAY + PLUS >> FOOTBALL HAMILTON CO. Thirsty man Suwannee Hemp arrested for High’s Moore production commits to facility rolled voyeurism in Duke out in Jasper 6B Live Oak. Sean of the South SEE 5A SEE 12A SEE BELOW Skeletal Big game draws big visit remains found Discovery made while man looked for homeless friend. Staff report Looking for a friend Thursday evening, a man found more than he was looking for: skeletal remains. The Lake City Police Department said the bones were discovered in a wooded area near Levings Forest Products on NW Railroad Ave. around 8:20 p.m. Thursday. The LCPD release states a man was in the area searching for a homeless friend that had been living near there. During his search, he found the remains of an unknown individual in a tent, the release states. According to LCPD, there were no signs of foul play. Investigators also don’t yet know the race and sex of the deceased. Photos by JEN CHASTEEN/Special to the Reporter Anyone that may know the identity of the Columbia High had a special guest deceased — or has any other information for Friday night’s Region 1-6A about the incident — is asked to contact final as Gov. Ron DeSantis and his LCPD and speak with Investigator Gutshall daughter Madison attended the at 386-752-4343. Tigers’ game against St. Augustine The Florida Department of Law at Tiger Stadium. ABOVE: DeSantis Enforcement assisted LCPD investigators in performed the pre-game coin flip.
    [Show full text]
  • Order, 2007 Statutory Instrument 2007
    ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA THE NON-CITIZENS UNDEVELOPED LAND (DECLARATION OF UNDEVELOPED LAND) ORDER, 2007 STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 2007, No. 45 [ Published in the Official Gazette Vol. XXVII No. 68 dated 4th October, 2007. ] _________ Printed at the Government Printing Office, Antigua and Barbuda, by Eric T. Bennett, Government Printer — By Authority, 2007. 800—10.07 [ Price $2.60 ] The Non-citizens Undeveloped Land 2007, No. 45 (Declaration of Undeveloped Land) Order, 2007. 2007, No. 45 3 The Non-citizens Undeveloped Land (Declaration of Undeveloped Land) Order, 2007. THE NON-CITIZENS UNDEVELOPED LAND (DECLARATION OF UNDEVELOPED LAND) ORDER, 2007 ARRANGEMENT Order 1. Short title. 2. Declaration of undeveloped land SCHEDULE The Non-citizens Undeveloped Land 2007, No. 45 (Declaration of Undeveloped Land) Order, 2007. 2007, No. 45 5 The Non-citizens Undeveloped Land (Declaration of Undeveloped Land) Order, 2007. THE NON-CITIZENS UNDEVELOPED LAND (DECLARATION OF UNDEVELOPED LAND) ORDER, 2007 2007, No. 45 THE NON-CITIZENS UNDEVELOPED LAND (DECLARATION OF UNDEVELOPED LAND) ORDER, 2007 made in exercise of the powers contained in section 4 of the Non-citizens Undeveloped Land Tax Act, Cap. 294 WHEREAS the owner of the parcels of land specified in the Schedule, being Asian Village Antigua Limited, whose registered office is situated at P.O. Box 3186, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Is- lands, is a non-citizen as defined in section 2 of the Non-citizens Undeveloped Land Tax Act, Cap. 294; WHEREAS the owner of the parcels of land specified in the Schedule
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago the Creole Archipelago
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE CREOLE ARCHIPELAGO: COLONIZATION, EXPERIMENTATION, AND COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN, C. 1700-1796 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY TESSA MURPHY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MARCH 2016 Table of Contents List of Tables …iii List of Maps …iv Dissertation Abstract …v Acknowledgements …x PART I Introduction …1 1. Creating the Creole Archipelago: The Settlement of the Southern Caribbean, 1650-1760...20 PART II 2. Colonizing the Caribbean Frontier, 1763-1773 …71 3. Accommodating Local Knowledge: Experimentations and Concessions in the Southern Caribbean …115 4. Recreating the Creole Archipelago …164 PART III 5. The American Revolution and the Resurgence of the Creole Archipelago, 1774-1785 …210 6. The French Revolution and the Demise of the Creole Archipelago …251 Epilogue …290 Appendix A: Lands Leased to Existing Inhabitants of Dominica …301 Appendix B: Lands Leased to Existing Inhabitants of St. Vincent …310 A Note on Sources …316 Bibliography …319 ii List of Tables 1.1: Respective Populations of France’s Windward Island Colonies, 1671 & 1700 …32 1.2: Respective Populations of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, Dominica, and St. Vincent c.1730 …39 1.3: Change in Reported Population of Free People of Color in Martinique, 1732-1733 …46 1.4: Increase in Reported Populations of Dominica & St. Lucia, 1730-1745 …50 1.5: Enslaved Africans Reported as Disembarking in the Lesser Antilles, 1626-1762 …57 1.6: Enslaved Africans Reported as Disembarking in Jamaica & Saint-Domingue, 1526-1762 …58 2.1: Reported Populations of the Ceded Islands c.
    [Show full text]
  • Fortification Renaissance: the Roman Origins of the Trace Italienne
    FORTIFICATION RENAISSANCE: THE ROMAN ORIGINS OF THE TRACE ITALIENNE Robert T. Vigus Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2013 APPROVED: Guy Chet, Committee Co-Chair Christopher Fuhrmann, Committee Co-Chair Walter Roberts, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Vigus, Robert T. Fortification Renaissance: The Roman Origins of the Trace Italienne. Master of Arts (History), May 2013, pp.71, 35 illustrations, bibliography, 67 titles. The Military Revolution thesis posited by Michael Roberts and expanded upon by Geoffrey Parker places the trace italienne style of fortification of the early modern period as something that is a novel creation, borne out of the minds of Renaissance geniuses. Research shows, however, that the key component of the trace italienne, the angled bastion, has its roots in Greek and Roman writing, and in extant constructions by Roman and Byzantine engineers. The angled bastion of the trace italienne was yet another aspect of the resurgent Greek and Roman culture characteristic of the Renaissance along with the traditions of medicine, mathematics, and science. The writings of the ancients were bolstered by physical examples located in important trading and pilgrimage routes. Furthermore, the geometric layout of the trace italienne stems from Ottoman fortifications that preceded it by at least two hundred years. The Renaissance geniuses combined ancient bastion designs with eastern geometry to match a burgeoning threat in the rising power of the siege cannon. Copyright 2013 by Robert T. Vigus ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the assistance and encouragement of many people.
    [Show full text]
  • 447 the Royal Naval Hospital Cemetery at English Harbour
    The Royal Naval Hospital cemetery at English Harbour, Antigua: Not Just the “Grave of the Englishman” Tamara Varney Lakehead University Abstract: In his many publications, Desmond Nicholson frequently wrote about the important role that African slaves played in Antiguan history including the he King’s Negroes, slaves owned by the Navy that filled key skilled roles in the Dockyard at English Harbour. Some of these individuals are thought to be among the interred at the nearby Royal Naval Hospital cemetery (c. 1793-1822). Study of the recovered remains of 30 individuals indicates that it was a non-segregated cemetery. Individuals identified as having African ancestry based on cranio- facial features also exhibited occupational stress markers of the skeleton and had dietary signatures (based on stable isotope analysis) that are consistent with the roles that slaves occupied in the Dockyard. Their diet separated them from both the white interred individuals in the cemetery and those of slaves from plantation cemeteries on neighbouring islands emphasizing the special niche of these individuals in terms of their status. Résumé: Dans ses nombreuses publications, Desmond Nicholson a fréquemment écrit au sujet du rôle important que les esclaves Africains ont joué dans l'histoire antiguaise incluant les Nègres du Roi et les esclaves possédés par la Marine qui ont rempli des rôles habiles principaux du Chantier Naval au Port Anglais. Certains de ces individus sont pensés d’être parmi ceux qui sont enterrés au cimetière de l’hôpital de la Marine Royale avoisinant (c. 1793-1822). L'étude des restes récupérés de 30 individus indique que c'était un cimetière non-séparé.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WEST INDIAN HIP-ROOFED COTTAGE"' Enwrn Doran, }R
    THE WEST INDIAN HIP-ROOFED COTTAGE"' EnwrN DoRAN, }R. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas Among the several types of houses found in the West Indies is a distinctive cottage (Figure 1). The ubiquitous presence of this cottage on all islands except Cuba and Puerto Rico, despite differences in nation­ ality, arouses curiousity about its origin, especially in view of recent state­ ments tending to indicate relatively little contact between West Indian islands.1 The evidence suggests that the house probably originated within a hundred miles of the English Channel, that it was first introduced into the islands between 1625 and 1700, and that is has been re-diffused among the islands in complex patterns since. Fig. 1 *This is a preliminary study of a previously nearly untouched aspect of West Indian cultural geography. As such, and because of a major methodological weakness, this paper must be prefaced by an explicit reservation. In no case was the period of field work long enough to permit inspection of house interiors in more than a statistically negligible number of examples, hence the plans of houses and arrange­ ments of rooms are little known. Second, in order to obtain any feeling for the West Indian distribution of house types, a subject on which there is almost no literature, it was necessary to rely very largely on photographs, many of them taken from a considerable distance and showing only the general shape of the house. As a result it might be argued that the phenomenon under consideration is not adequate to con­ stitute a house type as such, but is simply one major facet of type recognition: the roof.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography Z-AEI0-0000-G31'0 CLASSI- N B
    AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON. 0. C. 20523 f4// BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET V- 0 A. PRIMARY I.SUBJECT Bibliography Z-AEI0-0000-G31'0 CLASSI- N B. SECONDARY FICATIO Agriculture--Agricultural economics--Caribbean 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Agriculture in the economy of the Caribbean,a bibliography 3. AUTHOR(S) (101) Wis. Univ. Land Tenure Center. Library 4. DOCUMENT DATE 1S. NUMBER OF PAGES 6. ARC NUMBER 1974 1 87p. ARC 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Wis. 8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponsorlng Organlzatlons Publishers, Availability) (In Training & methods ser.,no.24) 9. ABSTRACT 10. CONTROL NUMBER I1. PRICE OF DOCUMENT PN-RAA- 890 12. DESCRIPTORS 13. PROJECT NUMBER Caribbean 14. CONTRACT NUMBER CSD-2263 211(d) 15. TYPE OF DOCUMENT AID 590-1 (4-74) Number 24 Training & Methods Series June 1974 U.S. ISSN 0084-0823 LAND TENURE CENTER Vtt Agriculture in the Economy of the Caribbean: A Bibliography University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706 Number 24 Training& ethods Series June 1974 AGRICULTURE IN THE ECONOlfY OF THE CARIBBLAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY A bibliography of materials dealing with the Caribbean Area in the LAND TENURL CLNTER LIBRARY 434 Steenbock remorial Library University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Compiled by tue staff of the Land Tenure Center Library Teresa Anderson, Librarian June 1974 U1ALE OF CO1TENTS GEAgricul ture .. .. 1 Economy .. .... .... 5 2 Common Markets &Regidnal Integration . .... 7 Trade, Domestic & Foreign . .. ..... Politics & Government 8 Society ... ....... 8 . 10 WEST INDIES, BRITISH ...... 12 WEST INDIES, DUTCH . ... .......... 14 WEST INDIES, FRENCH . .......... .15 A.NTGUNGUILLA A .... ........... ... ......... 16 16 ANTIGUA o. ARUBA 0 .16 o oo.
    [Show full text]
  • UPP 2004 Manifesto
    A UPP Government will take Integrity Legislation to the first working session of Parliament. This Legislation will provide for Whistle Blower Protection Integrity will be the bedrock of the UPP. Transparency and Accountability will be our watchwords. The Government will be the servants of the people, that is our commitment. The people’s purpose always will come first. Ours will be a fully participatory democracy in which the people’s voices will be heard. We will respect the law. We will defend and strengthen our institutions of democracy. These values will be constants when we have Government in the Sunshine. 2 3 If we are to navigate this crisis, the involvement of all stakeholders is imperative. The condition of the nation and the impact of globalisation and trade liberalisation calls for all sectors of the Antiguan and Barbudan society to embrace change and to consider all options for flexibility, adaptability, sustainability and social justice. Antigua and Barbuda is singularly unprepared for any of this. The enduring ethos of the Bird dynasty seemed to have been to manage the nation’s affairs as though there would be The policies of the outgoing no tomorrow. government and the conduct of its leadership have brought immeasurable The United Progressive Party recognises shame and pain to the Antigua and Barbudan that there is crucial need at this time to people. develop an economy that is highly diversified, efficient and internationally With the economy in shambles, the government competitive. has been living from day to day. We consider it the collective responsibility of all Failing to pay public service salaries.
    [Show full text]
  • WWE: Five Burning Questions for Smackdown Heading Into Wrestlemaina 33 After the Elimination Chamber
    WWE: Five Burning Questions for Smackdown heading into Wrestlemaina 33 after the Elimination Chamber Author : We just came off the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view event for the Smackdown brand. On Sunday night, we saw American Alphas retain their tag team titles in a tag team turmoil match, Naomi and Bray Wyatt both won their first singles title in their WWE careers, and Randy Orton had a match of the night against Luke Harper. However, since all of that was said Smackdown now has no events until Wrestlemania. In all honesty, the next event is Fastlane for the RAW brand, which happens in the beginning of March. So after watching the show on the WWE network, I have compiled a list of questions that I feel Smackdown needs to answer over the next seven weeks leading into Wrestlemania. [Jon] Here are some questions that the blue brand needs to answer prior to Wrestlemania: 1- What do you do with American Alpha? On Sunday night, we saw Jason Jordan and Chad Gable retain their titles over the Usos, the Ascension, Slater & Rhyno, Breezeango, and the Vaudevillians. The Hype Bros were not included in this match as Zack Ryder is nursing an injury and Mojo had a match on the preshow. Since there is no viable opponent for American 1 / 3 Alpha leading into Wrestlemania, I say WWE needs to call up the Revival to the main roster. They are due to get a call-up to the main roster and the Smackdown tag team division needs a dominant heel team. I will not put the Ascension, Breezeango, or the Usos as they have all done badly in recent time.
    [Show full text]
  • Skilled Committed Focused Coaching Staff
    YOUTH WRESTLING Skilled Committed Focused Coaching Staff Johnny Manzonie Practices will be held at: • 4X Nevada State Runner Up Canton South High School • Montana State University Wrestler Wrestling Room Contact Information: 740-801-1598 Varsity Practice Schedule (Grades 4-5-6): Joe Retherford Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday & Friday • CS Head Wrestling Coach 6:00 pm – 8:00 pm Saturday - TBA 2X Team State Champion Coach (Perry HS) • Allstar Practice Schedule Kent State University Varsity Wrestler • (Grades K-3): • 2X Freestyle State Champion Tuesday & Wednesday • OHSAA Div 1 State Runner-up 6:00pm – 7:30pm * Practice Schedules Subject to Change* Participation Fee $80 Name: Grade: (Payment Options Available) • Cash & Checks Payable to CS Wrestling Club Age: DOB: • PayPal - @[email protected] • Venmo - @CS-Wrestlingclub Address: • Free Entry into Canton South Youth Wrestling Open on December 14, 2019 Phone: Email: Many famous Americans have attributed their success to the life lessons the sport of wrestling provided them. These iconic individuals are from the political, business, entertainment and professional sports worlds. Who Also Wrestled Who Also Wrestled • Brock Lesner • Rashad Evans • Brock Lesner • Otis Dozovic • Randy Corture • Josh Koscheck • Kurt Angle • Sawyer Fulton • Dan Henderson • Mark Coleman (OSU) • Chad Gable • Dolph Ziggler (Kent State) • Jonny Hendrix • Kevin Randalman (OSU) Many NFL players used the skills learned in • Jason Jordan • Tucker Knight • Jon Jones wrestling to help them in football. There are • Jack
    [Show full text]
  • A Visitor's Guide to Accessing Georgia's Coastal Resources
    A Visitor’s Guide to Accessing Georgia’s Coastal Resources Beaches & Barrier Islands Cultural & Historic Sites Rivers & Waterways Wildlife Viewing & Walking Trails FREE COPY - NOT FOR SALE A Visitor’s Guide to Accessing Georgia’s Coastal Resources acknowledgements This Guide was prepared by The University of Georgia Marine Extension Service under grant award # NA06NOS4190253 from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of OCRM or NOAA. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Georgia Department of Natural Resources’ Wildlife Resources Division and Parks and Historic Sites Division for their assistance and for permission to use certain descriptions, maps, and photographs in the drafting of this Guide. The authors also acknowledge the Coastal Resources Division and particularly Beach Water Quality Manager Elizabeth Cheney for providing GIS maps and other helpful assistance related to accessing Georgia beaches. This Access Guide was compiled and written by Phillip Flournoy and Casey Sanders. University of Georgia Marine Extension Service 715 Bay Street Brunswick, GA 31520 April 2008 Photo Credits: ~ Beak to Beak Egret Chicks by James Holland, Altamaha Riverkeeper ~ Sapelo Island Beach by Suzanne Van Parreren, Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve ~ Main House, Hofwyl Plantation by Robert Overman, University of Georgia Marine Extension Service ~ J. T. Good, A Chip Off the Block by Captain Brooks Good table of contents Acknowledgements. 2 Map of Georgia Coastal Counties and the Barrier Islands. 5 Foreword. 6 1. Beaches and Barrier Islands . 7 a. Chatham County.
    [Show full text]
  • English Style, from the Late 18Th Century)
    WHC-99/CONF.204/INF.7 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION BUREAU OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE 23rd session (5 - 10 July 1999) Paris (France) EVALUATIONS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES Prepared by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) The IUCN and ICOMOS evaluations are made available to members of the Bureau and the World Heritage Committee. A small number of additional copies are also available from the secretariat. Thank you. 1999 Mountains and down to the valley floors. Both rock art and Greater Blue Mountains (Australia) tracks are intact and authentic. The exceptional circumstances of the Greater Blue Mountains are the scale, intensity, and longevity of the No 917 cultural association. It is a place where ancient custodianship over the million hectares of dissected plateaux has been replaced by another, more recent, form of custodianship, significant nonetheless. The intense inter-relationship of nature and people over tens of thousands of years make the Greater Blue Mountains a Identification classic example of the nature-culture continuum, which has exercised the minds of the World Heritage Committee over Nomination The Greater Blue Mountains Area recent years and was given expression in its Global Strategy meeting of March 1998. Cultural criterion vi Location State of New South Wales State Party Australia Category of property Date 30 June 1998 In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a site. Note This property is nominated under both natural and History and Description cultural criteria as a mixed site. In this evaluation only that History information from the dossier relating to nomination under the cultural criteria are taken into account.
    [Show full text]