------is 90° υ ϑ () 2 s is zero and obtain we υ co 0 =⋅ II is the angle position between both υ birefringent material. Areas with same inten behaviour a quarter of plate. wave turns It out nally oriented polarizer. polarizer. oriented nally nally aligned to each other thevalue of rection the of optical axis, the material behaves results which is a fingerprint for the specific resulting in zero transmission. Placing a half means that the half plate wave turns the polari maximum transmission. In they are orthogo tal is used. In a conoscopic set-up impressive tardationdifferentfor voltage measuredis level tion thetransmission becomes maximum, that that such a plate converts linear light into circu laser beam in ordinary and extraordinary rays larisation stage the of incident light. The corre lar ones provided the optical axis the of plate is places of same birefringence. Conoscopy is a polarizers.In casethey are oriented to the Pockels cell containing a Lithium Niobate crys interference pattern are created when the high high the when created pattern are interference is measured by using therotary polarisation is aligned orthogonally to the first one. In di isotropic and there will be no change in the po increase in the transmission. In a certain posi sponding image on the screen remains dark. All such a way that a fraction can pass the orthogo sity (same retardation) are termed as isogyres, sation Inby 90°. the sameexamine way we the same angle the value of and the half voltage wave is determined. are observed. The polarization these of rays analyser. As an example a biaxial of crystal a axis undergochangea to their polarisationin as quality control for LCD displays. Consequently, a typical intensity distribution wave platewave between the polarizers results in an other rays propagating inclined to the optical rawof crystals in optic manufacturing as well oriented with by 45° respect to the polarisation direction the of light. voltage is applied. Furthermore, the optical re very important method to find the optical axis Whereby Iceland Spar (Calcite) Jones matrix - - - otodetector r e e m conic e m nents in optics, for example as o ri er o riser ire rin ent teri ire rin ent m teri half and quarter plates, wave precision polar uniaxial and biaxal crystals principles which means a photodetector, of the transmitted in the polarization and optical activity, and Jean- ting a wavelength nm(green). 532 of Thelight the birefringentmaterial. Thesecond polarizer the two polarizer the famous Malus’ law can be tensity is measured as a function the of angle passes the first polarizer. Afocusing lens cre Baptiste Biot who defined the first principles of important compo izer to tune laser lines. The experiments may is directed to thecalcite and thesplitting the of start with the observation birefringence of shown by calcite crystal. The green probe laser crystal optics, by differentiating in particular, arestill valid today. Birefringentmaterials are ates the“conical” light beam which traverses orientation either of the birefringent material or the polarizer. Without any material between verified.
Pockels Cell
Ordinary and Extraordinary beam Crystalline quartz