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Indigenous Andean Women in Colonial Textual Discourses Sara Guengerich

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Indigenous Andean Women in Colonial Textual Discourses Sara Guengerich University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Spanish and Portuguese ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-27-2009 Indigenous Andean Women in Colonial Textual Discourses Sara Guengerich Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds Recommended Citation Guengerich, Sara. "Indigenous Andean Women in Colonial Textual Discourses." (2009). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ span_etds/20 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spanish and Portuguese ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INDIGENOUS ANDEAN WOMEN IN COLONIAL TEXTUAL DISCOURSES BY SARA VICUÑA GUENGERICH B.S., Advertising, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo,1997 B.A., Journalism & Mass Communication/Spanish, University of New Mexico, 2001 M.A., Spanish, University of New Mexico, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Spanish and Portuguese The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico August, 2009 iii © 2009, Sara Vicuña Guengerich iv DEDICATION A Phillip, mi esposo y mejor amigo A mi querida familia en los Estados Unidos y en Bolivia v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the people and the institutions without whose help and support this dissertation would have not been written. I have been very blessed to have an excellent committee of studies, the love of my husband, and the unconditional support of the rest of my family. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Kathryn McKnight, my dissertation director, for her invaluable help and encouragement during many years of undergraduate and graduate school. She introduced me to the field of Spanish American colonial literature when I was an undergraduate student, and then guided me through all the stages of this project until its completion. Her constructive criticism as well as her diligent revisions at every step in this process helped me tremendously in improving this manuscript. Dr. Kimberly Gauderman, whose passion for Andean history and her intellectual inquiries about women in the colonial period have also been pivotal to the development of my own project. I am tremendously grateful for her insightful advice and her confidence in my work and in me. Dr. McKnight and Dr. Gauderman have been exemplary intellectual inspirations, and I deeply admire them as individuals, teachers and scholars. I especially thank Dr. Anthony Cárdenas and Dr. Celia López-Chávez, the two other members of my dissertation committee, for providing guidance and support at key stages in my doctoral studies. Their knowledge and their feedback have been essential to this project. I am particularly grateful to both of them for sharing their experience traveling and researching abroad, which facilitated my various research trips along the way. vi The completion of this project would not have been possible without the financial assistance from many generous institutions. I would like to acknowledge the Tinker Foundation and the Latin American and Iberian Institute’s Field Research Grants at the University of New Mexico, and the Dr. Elka Klein Travel Grant at the University of Judaism for funding my initial archival research in Spain (2007). I am also grateful for the financial support from the Research Project Travel and the Feminist Research Institute at the University of New Mexico, which allowed me to conduct later research in Peruvian and Bolivian archives (2008). Finally, I acknowledge the monetary assistance from the Latin American and Iberian Institute Ph.D. Fellowship (2007-2009) at the University of New Mexico, with which I was able to write and finish this dissertation in a timely fashion. The dissertation research abroad would have been even more difficult without the gracious help of the staff at the Archivo General de Indias (AGI), Archivo Histórico Nacional and the Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid, Spain) as well as the staff at the Archivo General de la Nación (Lima, Peru), Archivo Regional del Cuzco (Peru), Archivo Departamental de La Paz (Bolivia) and the Archivos Arzobispales in Lima and Cuzco (Peru). In Spain and Peru, I received the aid and guidance of Dr. Marina Alfonso Mola and Dr. Karen Graubart who directed me to important archival holdings. Many other colleagues in Spain, Peru, Bolivia, as well as in the United States have provided me valuable insights through scholarly conversations for which I am very grateful. I would like to thank my friends Javier Pérez de la Torre, Madgalena Díaz Hernández, Angélica Afanador-Pujol, Caroline Cook, Hermes Quispe and his family, Christian Huanca and Giselle and Bertha Mego for making feel at home while I traveled vii and researched in Spain and Peru. In the United States, Rosario Johnson and María Nieves de Abajo have been a source of encouragement throughout my studies at the University of New Mexico. My deepest appreciation and sincere friendship goes to both of them. I dedicate my final, but most important thanks to my beloved husband, Phillip Guengerich, whose continuous love and patience provided me peace, happiness and unwavering support during many stressful moments. To my parents, Enrique and Lucy Vicuña, whose sacrifices in providing for my education in this country, and their good examples of Christian faith made me the person I am now. The cheerful smile of my dear sister, Jennifer, as well as her wise advice have always been a source of personal inspiration. The affection and undeserved praises from my dear sisters-in-law, Anna and Laura as well as the emotional support of my mother and father-in-law, Cheryl and Fred, have played an important part in my academic pursuits, and I owe a special debt of gratitude to them. Finally, I thank my editor and brother-in-law, Jeremy Nagorski, for the painstaking work of revising a rough version of this manuscript, which help tremendously to smooth my non-native English writing. INDIGENOUS ANDEAN WOMEN IN COLONIAL TEXTUAL DISCOURSES BY SARA VICUÑA GUENGERICH ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Spanish and Portuguese The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico August, 2009 ix INDIGENOUS ANDEAN WOMEN IN COLONIAL TEXTUAL DISCOURSES by Sara Vicuña Guengerich B.S., Advertising, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo, 1997 B.A., Mass Communication and Journalism/Spanish, University of New Mexico, 2001 M.A., Spanish, University of New Mexico, 2004 Ph.D., Spanish and Portuguese, University of New Mexico, 2009 ABSTRACT This dissertation combines historical and literary analysis to challenge a history of literary studies that reads colonial texts as reflecting a real historical domination of indigenous Andean women in a patriarchal society. Through a comparative examination of colonial chronicles and archival documents, I reconsider the portrayal of these women as having played the role of victims from the very beginning of colonial relations through the seventeenth century. Through these sources, I unveil these women’s discursive agency that was expressed in archival documents, only to be suppressed in colonial chronicles and contemporary literary criticism. Chapter I “The Filthy, The Lovely, and The Vicious: The Discursive Representations of Indigenous Andean Women in the Early Colonial Chronicles,” is an analysis of six colonial narratives produced between 1534 and the 1570s. These years span three historical periods that shaped the discursive representation of indigenous women. These texts show how the colonial vision of indigenous women was continually x recreated as these authors utilized written discourses as political tools in their quest for power. Chapter II, “Allies and Enemies: Indigenous Andean Women’s Voices and Agency in Early Colonial Society” is an exploration of notarial and civil records from the sixteenth century. I identify various native women mentioned in some of the colonial chronicles that appear participating in legal suits, requesting royal grants and claiming economic advantages for themselves and their kin. Chapter III, “Ethereal Women; Venal Women: The Portrayal of Indigenous Andean Women in the Works of Guaman Poma and the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega,” explores these authors’ dichotomous representation of native women under the Eva/Ave axis. Their portrayal of native women has been influenced by the humanist and moralist discourses of the Renaissance that praised and criticized women’s actions to correct and shape their behavior to the ideal image of a Christian woman. Chapter IV, “In the Affairs of Colonial Religion and Society: Indigenous Andean Women’s Voices and Agency in Archival Sources of the Seventeenth Century” examines three important areas of agency that Andean women exercised: the ways in which they constructed their own religious identities, negotiated their social status, and exercised economic power. xi Table of Contents INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 Literary Criticism on Indigenous Women in Colonial Literature............................. 4 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 9 Description of Chapters........................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER
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