Access Mars: Assessing Cave Capabilities Establishing Specific Solutions: Final Report
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Los Robots En La Sociedad Del Futuro Ariel Palazzesi
Los robots en la sociedad del futuro Ariel Palazzesi Investigadores españoles han realizado un estudio sobre el impacto que tendrán los robots en la sociedad del futuro. Los resultados son inquietantes: según sus descubrimientos para el año 2020 los robots serán tan “inteligentes” y su interacción con los humanos será tan grande que existirá un desequilibrio tecnológico enorme entre quienes posean o no una estas herramientas. Hemos hablado hasta el cansancio sobre el papel que jugarán (o no) los robots en los conflictos bélicos del futuro. Pero, ¿cómo cambiaran la vida de cada uno de nosotros, en nuestro ámbito laboral o social? Afortunadamente, un equipo de investigadores españoles, liderados por Antonio López Peláez, se ha planteado esta cuestión, llegando a conclusiones sorprendentes sobre el impacto social que tendrá la robótica en las próximas décadas. Antonio López Peláez es un profesor de Sociología de la UNED, que ha entrevistado a expertos en robótica de todo el mundo para obtener un pronóstico de cómo cambiarán nuestra vida diaria los robots. Según la opinión de lo investigadores, en el año 2020 se producirá un punto de inflexión tecnológica, gracias al cual los robots “serán capaces de ver, actuar, hablar, dominar el lenguaje natural y ser más inteligentes. Entonces nuestra relación con ellos será más constante y más cercana”, dice López Peláez. Los autómatas dejarán de ser máquinas sofisticadas que llaman nuestra atención en exposiciones o series de TV para convertirse en herramientas cotidianas que nos ayudarán en las tareas más comunes. Según el investigador, los robots androides que construiremos a partir de ese año, contarán con funciones y niveles de inteligencia tales que se convertirán en compañeros para la especia humana. -
Of 13 Human Mars Mission Design – the Ultimate Systems Challenge
Human Mars Mission Design – The Ultimate Systems Challenge John F. Connolly a, B. Kent Joostenb, Bret Drakec, Steve Hoffmanc, Tara Polsgroved, Michelle Ruckera, Alida Andrewsc, Nehemiah Williamsa a NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Texas 77058, john.connolly- [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] b Consultant,2383 York Harbour Ct., League City, TX 77573, [email protected] c The Aerospace Corporation, 2310 E El Segundo Blvd, El Segundo, California 90245, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] d NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, [email protected] Abstract A human mission to Mars will occur at some time in the coming decades. When it does, it will be the end result of a complex network of interconnected design choices, systems analyses, technical optimizations, and non-technical compromises. This mission will extend the technologies, engineering design, and systems analyses to new limits, and may very well be the most complex undertaking in human history. It can be illustrated as a large menu, or as a large decision tree. Whatever the visualization tool, there are numerous design decisions required to assemble a human Mars mission, and many of these interconnect with one another. This paper examines these many decisions and further details a number of choices that are highly interwoven throughout the mission design. The large quantity of variables and their interconnectedness results in a highly complex systems challenge, and the paper illustrates how a change in one variable results in ripples (sometimes unintended) throughout many other facets of the design. -
Human Mars Architecture
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Human Mars Architecture Tara Polsgrove NASA Human Mars Study Team 15th International Planetary Probe Workshop June 11, 2018 Space Policy Directive-1 “Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations.” 2 EXPLORATION CAMPAIGN Gateway Initial ConfigurationLunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (Notional) Orion 4 5 A Brief History of Human Exploration Beyond LEO America at DPT / NEXT NASA Case the Threshold Constellation National Studies Program Lunar Review of Commission First Lunar Architecture U.S. Human on Space Outpost Team Spaceflight Plans Committee Pathways to Exploration Columbia Challenger 1980 1990 2000 2010 Bush 41 Bush 43 7kObama HAT/EMC MSC Speech Speech Speech Report of the 90-Day Study on Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars NASA’s Journey to National Aeronautics and November 1989 Global Leadership Space Administration Mars Exploration and 90-Day Study Mars Design Mars Design Roadmap America’s Reference Mars Design Reference Future in Reference Mission 1.0 Exploration Architecture Space Mission 3.0 System 5.0 Exploration Architecture Blueprint Study 6 Exploring the Mars Mission Design Tradespace • A myriad of choices define -
EMC18 Abstracts
EUROPEAN MARS CONVENTION 2018 – 26-28 OCT. 2018, LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, SWITZERLAND EMC18 Abstracts In alphabetical order Name title of presentation Page n° Théodore Besson: Scorpius Prototype 3 Tomaso Bontognali Morphological biosignatures on Mars: what to expect and how to prepare not to miss them 4 Pierre Brisson: Humans on Mars will have to live according to both Martian & Earth Time 5 Michel Cabane: Curiosity on Mars : What is new about organic molecules? 6 Antonio Del Mastro Industrie 4.0 technology for the building of a future Mars City: possibilities and limits of the application of a terrestrial technology for the human exploration of space 7 Angelo Genovese Advanced Electric Propulsion for Fast Manned Missions to Mars and Beyond 8 Olivia Haider: The AMADEE-18 Mars Simulation OMAN 9 Pierre-André Haldi: The Interplanetary Transport System of SpaceX revisited 10 Richard Heidman: Beyond human, technical and financial feasibility, “mass-production” constraints of a Colony project surge. 11 Jürgen Herholz: European Manned Space Projects 12 Jean-Luc Josset Search for life on Mars, the ExoMars rover mission and the CLUPI instrument 13 Philippe Lognonné and the InSight/SEIS Team: SEIS/INSIGHT: Towards the Seismic Discovering of Mars 14 Roland Loos: From the Earth’s stratosphere to flying on Mars 15 EUROPEAN MARS CONVENTION 2018 – 26-28 OCT. 2018, LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, SWITZERLAND Gaetano Mileti Current research in Time & Frequency and next generation atomic clocks 16 Claude Nicollier Tethers and possible applications for artificial gravity -
Buffer Gas Experiments in Mercury (Hg+) Ion Clock
Buffer Gas Experiments in Mercury (Hg+) Ion Clock Sang K. Chung, John D. Prestage, Robert L. Tjoelker, Lute Maleki California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Bldg 298 Pasadena, CA 91109 Abstract—We report measured buffer gas collision shifts of the environment and stable helium pressure this system is not 40.507347996xx GHz mercury ion clock transition using inert sufficient to meet mass, power, size, and operability helium, neon, and argon gases and getterable molecular considerations of a space clock [6]. hydrogen and nitrogen gases. The frequency shift due to Two buffer gas / vacuum pump combination are currently methane was also examined. At low partial pressures methane being considered for possible operation of a small space-born gas did not impact the trapped ion number but was observed to strongly relax the population difference in the two hyperfine clock. One approach uses a small getter pump with a fixed clock states thereby reducing the clock resonance signal. A amount of inert buffer gas. Two issues that must be similar population relaxation was also observed for other understood are the long term buffer gas pressure stability and molecular buffer gases (N2, H2) but at much reduced rate. possible evolution of non-getterable gas that could potentially adversely affect clock stability or operation. A second approach is to use a miniature ion pump and a calibrated I. INTRODUCTION micro-leak buffer gas that is not inert (inert gas can shorten In recent years, mercury ion (199Hg+) clock technology has ion pump life very quickly). demonstrated excellent inherent stability, reaching ~3 x 10-16 long-term frequency stability with continuous, free running II. -
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Chapter 6 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Jim Taylor, Dennis K. Lee, and Shervin Shambayati 6.1 Mission Overview The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) [1, 2] has a suite of instruments making observations at Mars, and it provides data-relay services for Mars landers and rovers. MRO was launched on August 12, 2005. The orbiter successfully went into orbit around Mars on March 10, 2006 and began reducing its orbit altitude and circularizing the orbit in preparation for the science mission. The orbit changing was accomplished through a process called aerobraking, in preparation for the “science mission” starting in November 2006, followed by the “relay mission” starting in November 2008. MRO participated in the Mars Science Laboratory touchdown and surface mission that began in August 2012 (Chapter 7). MRO communications has operated in three different frequency bands: 1) Most telecom in both directions has been with the Deep Space Network (DSN) at X-band (~8 GHz), and this band will continue to provide operational commanding, telemetry transmission, and radiometric tracking. 2) During cruise, the functional characteristics of a separate Ka-band (~32 GHz) downlink system were verified in preparation for an operational demonstration during orbit operations. After a Ka-band hardware anomaly in cruise, the project has elected not to initiate the originally planned operational demonstration (with yet-to-be used redundant Ka-band hardware). 201 202 Chapter 6 3) A new-generation ultra-high frequency (UHF) (~400 MHz) system was verified with the Mars Exploration Rovers in preparation for the successful relay communications with the Phoenix lander in 2008 and the later Mars Science Laboratory relay operations. -
Calculating the Potato Radius of Asteroids Using the Height of Mt. Everest
Calculating the Potato Radius of Asteroids using the Height of Mt. Everest M. E. Caplan∗ Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408 (Dated: November 16, 2015) Abstract At approximate radii of 200-300 km, asteroids transition from oblong `potato' shapes to spheres. This limit is known as the Potato Radius, and has been proposed as a classification for separating asteroids from dwarf planets. The Potato Radius can be calculated from first principles based on the elastic properties and gravity of the asteroid. Similarly, the tallest mountain that a planet can support is also known to be based on the elastic properties and gravity. In this work, a simple novel method of calculating the Potato Radius is presented using what is known about the maximum height of mountains and Newtonian gravity for a spherical body. This method does not assume any knowledge beyond high school level mechanics, and may be appropriate for students interested in applications of physics to astronomy. arXiv:1511.04297v1 [physics.ed-ph] 7 Nov 2015 1 I. INTRODUCTION Spacecraft are currently exploring asteroids and dwarf planets, such as the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission (NEAR) landing on Eros,1 the Dawn mission orbiting Ceres and Vesta,2 and the New Horizons flyby of Pluto and Charon.3 Additionally, the Mars Re- connaissance Orbiter (MRO) has observed the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos.4 These missions observe a remarkable variety of shapes for these bodies, shown in Fig. 1. Smaller asteroids have irregular shapes while dwarf planets (large asteroids) are nearly spherical. -
Bolden Testimony
HOLD FOR RELEASE UNTIL PRESENTED BY WITNESS November 17, 2011 Statement of The Honorable Charles F. Bolden, Jr. Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration before the Subcommittee on Science and Space Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation U. S. Senate Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss the outlook for NASA’s human space flight program. This has been a remarkable year, as we have completed assembling and outfitting of the U.S. On-orbit Segment (USOS) of the International Space Station (ISS), allowing us to focus on full utilization of the Station’s research capabilities; taken key steps in moving forward into the future of exploration beyond Low-Earth Orbit (LEO); celebrated the 50 th anniversary of human spaceflight; and witnessed the successful conclusion of the historic Space Shuttle Program. We are also pleased with the progress our industry partners have made in developing an American capability to transport cargo and eventually astronauts to the ISS, and end the outsourcing of this work to foreign governments. More importantly, this will add a critical level of redundancy for transporting cargo and crew to the ISS. A robust transportation architecture is important to ensuring full utilization of this amazing research facility. Enabling commercial crew and cargo transportation systems in LEO allows NASA to focus on developing its own systems for sending astronauts on missions of exploration beyond LEO. This split between commercial and Government systems allows for a cost effective approach to promote a broad base for human exploration by the United States. -
The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team
NASA Special Publication 6107 Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team Stephen J. Hoffman, Editor David I. Kaplan, Editor Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas July 1997 NASA Special Publication 6107 Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team Stephen J. Hoffman, Editor Science Applications International Corporation Houston, Texas David I. Kaplan, Editor Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas July 1997 This publication is available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934 (301) 621-0390. Foreword Mars has long beckoned to humankind interest in this fellow traveler of the solar from its travels high in the night sky. The system, adding impetus for exploration. ancients assumed this rust-red wanderer was Over the past several years studies the god of war and christened it with the have been conducted on various approaches name we still use today. to exploring Earth’s sister planet Mars. Much Early explorers armed with newly has been learned, and each study brings us invented telescopes discovered that this closer to realizing the goal of sending humans planet exhibited seasonal changes in color, to conduct science on the Red Planet and was subjected to dust storms that encircled explore its mysteries. The approach described the globe, and may have even had channels in this publication represents a culmination of that crisscrossed its surface. these efforts but should not be considered the final solution. It is our intent that this Recent explorers, using robotic document serve as a reference from which we surrogates to extend their reach, have can continuously compare and contrast other discovered that Mars is even more complex new innovative approaches to achieve our and fascinating—a planet peppered with long-term goal. -
A Future Mars Environment for Science and Exploration
Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop 2017 (LPI Contrib. No. 1989) 8250.pdf A FUTURE MARS ENVIRONMENT FOR SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION. J. L. Green1, J. Hol- lingsworth2, D. Brain3, V. Airapetian4, A. Glocer4, A. Pulkkinen4, C. Dong5 and R. Bamford6 (1NASA HQ, 2ARC, 3U of Colorado, 4GSFC, 5Princeton University, 6Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) Introduction: Today, Mars is an arid and cold world of existing simulation tools that reproduce the physics with a very thin atmosphere that has significant frozen of the processes that model today’s Martian climate. A and underground water resources. The thin atmosphere series of simulations can be used to assess how best to both prevents liquid water from residing permanently largely stop the solar wind stripping of the Martian on its surface and makes it difficult to land missions atmosphere and allow the atmosphere to come to a new since it is not thick enough to completely facilitate a equilibrium. soft landing. In its past, under the influence of a signif- Models hosted at the Coordinated Community icant greenhouse effect, Mars may have had a signifi- Modeling Center (CCMC) are used to simulate a mag- cant water ocean covering perhaps 30% of the northern netic shield, and an artificial magnetosphere, for Mars hemisphere. When Mars lost its protective magneto- by generating a magnetic dipole field at the Mars L1 sphere, three or more billion years ago, the solar wind Lagrange point within an average solar wind environ- was allowed to directly ravish its atmosphere.[1] The ment. The magnetic field will be increased until the lack of a magnetic field, its relatively small mass, and resulting magnetotail of the artificial magnetosphere its atmospheric photochemistry, all would have con- encompasses the entire planet as shown in Figure 1. -
Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – a Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration
Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration Report by the NASA Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG) November 2020 Front Cover: Artist Concepts Top (Artist concepts, left to right): Early Mars1; Molecules in Space2; Astronaut and Rover on Mars1; Exo-Planet System1. Bottom: Pillinger Point, Endeavour Crater, as imaged by the Opportunity rover1. Credits: 1NASA; 2Discovery Magazine Citation: Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG), Jakosky, B. M., et al. (2020). Mars, the Nearest Habitable World—A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration. MASWG Members • Bruce Jakosky, University of Colorado (chair) • Richard Zurek, Mars Program Office, JPL (co-chair) • Shane Byrne, University of Arizona • Wendy Calvin, University of Nevada, Reno • Shannon Curry, University of California, Berkeley • Bethany Ehlmann, California Institute of Technology • Jennifer Eigenbrode, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center • Tori Hoehler, NASA/Ames Research Center • Briony Horgan, Purdue University • Scott Hubbard, Stanford University • Tom McCollom, University of Colorado • John Mustard, Brown University • Nathaniel Putzig, Planetary Science Institute • Michelle Rucker, NASA/JSC • Michael Wolff, Space Science Institute • Robin Wordsworth, Harvard University Ex Officio • Michael Meyer, NASA Headquarters ii Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020 MASWG Table of Contents Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... -
Venus Aerobot Multisonde Mission
w AIAA Balloon Technology Conference 1999 Venus Aerobot Multisonde Mission By: James A. Cutts ('), Viktor Kerzhanovich o_ j. (Bob) Balaram o), Bruce Campbell (2), Robert Gershman o), Ronald Greeley o), Jeffery L. Hall ('), Jonathan Cameron o), Kenneth Klaasen v) and David M. Hansen o) ABSTRACT requires an orbital relay system that significantly Robotic exploration of Venus presents many increases the overall mission cost. The Venus challenges because of the thick atmosphere and Aerobot Multisonde (VAMuS) Mission concept the high surface temperatures. The Venus (Fig 1 (b) provides many of the scientific Aerobot Multisonde mission concept addresses capabilities of the VGA, with existing these challenges by using a robotic balloon or technology and without requiring an orbital aerobot to deploy a number of short lifetime relay. It uses autonomous floating stations probes or sondes to acquire images of the (aerobots) to deploy multiple dropsondes capable surface. A Venus aerobot is not only a good of operating for less than an hour in the hot lower platform for precision deployment of sondes but atmosphere of Venus. The dropsondes, hereafter is very effective at recovering high rate data. This described simply as sondes, acquire high paper describes the Venus Aerobot Multisonde resolution observations of the Venus surface concept and discusses a proposal to NASA's including imaging from a sufficiently close range Discovery program using the concept for a that atmospheric obscuration is not a major Venus Exploration of Volcanoes and concern and communicate these data to the Atmosphere (VEVA). The status of the balloon floating stations from where they are relayed to deployment and inflation, balloon envelope, Earth.