The Later Parliamentary Enclosures of South Wales
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!'i: ? '!I The Later Parliamentary Enclosures of South Wales By JOHN CHAPMAN Abstract Parliamentary enclosures under the I845 General Enclosure Act formed a substantial proportion of the total in South Wales. They were overwhelmingly of waste, and thus contributed to a net increase in the size of the existing holdings, in contrast to some early English enclosures. Though the number of allottees per enclosure was normally relatively small, few individuals received very large acreages, and this was reinforced by the pattern of purchases of sale allotments, with little evidence of large-scale buying by large landowners. Much of the newly-enclosed land appears to have undergone little improvement in the formal sense, but, at least in the view of contemporaries, sheep-farming became much more profitable when freed from the problems associated with common usage of the waste. ARLIAMENTARY enclosures carried out is of little significance in England, where p under the auspices of the General the later enclosures make up only a small Enclosure Act of 1845 have received percentage of the total, the same is not true relatively little attention in the literature, by of Wales. Almost exactly 5o per cent of all comparison with those carried out under Welsh Parliamentary enclosures were under the individual private acts of the earlier the authority of this Act and its various period. Turner includes them in the statistics amendments, and to exclude them from in his English Parliamentary Enclosures, but consideration is to provide a distorted his detailed analysis ends in 1836, while the picture of the movement as it affected the concentration on open-field enclosure by Principality. 4 Bowen's major survey of classic works such as Slater and more recent Welsh Parliamentary enclosures is variable ones such as Yelling has tended to greatly in its treatment, and is not entirely compre- underplay the significance of the later hensive, while Dodd's account of North nineteenth century.' Even at county level, Wales specifically omits those after 1845; many authors have chosen to focus exclus- Jeffreys Jones provides details of the acts ively on the earlier period, and others have which authorized the process, but not of given only fleeting attention to the later the outcome in terms of the awards. -~ It is phase. 2 Only Ellis, in his work on Wiltshire, the aim of this paper to examine this aspect concentrates specifically on this period, and of the enclosure movement, as it affected the offers a comprehensive picture of the impact historic counties of Brecon, Carmarthen, 1 of this legislation on a whole county. 3 Glamorgan, Monmouth and Pembroke. i While it might be argued that this neglect J I ' M E Turner, English Parliamentary Enclosures, Folkestone, 198o; G Slater, The English peasantry and the enclosure of the comnzonfields, The General Enclosure Act of 1845 was z896;J A Yelling, Common Field and Enclosure in England, 145o--18.50, specifically devised for the sort of conditions I977. ~Eg, A E Davies, 'Enclosures in Cardiganshire, 175o-185o', Ceredigion, 8, pt I, t976, pp 1oo-I4O; J M Neeson, 'Common 4 113 out of 227 enclosures. Right and Enclosure in Eighteenth Century Northamptonshire', 51 Bowen, The Great Enclosures ql'Comnwn Lands in Wales, Chiswick, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 1978. t914; A H Dodd, 'The Enclosure Movement in North Wales', ~J R Ellis, 'Parliamentary enclosure in Wiltshire by Public General Bulletin Board of Celtic Studies, 3, 1927, pp 2Io-238; T l Jeffreys Acts', Wilts ArchaeologicalMag., 198o, pp 72-73. Jones, Acts ofParliament Concentitlll Wales, 1;'14-19ol, Cardiff, 1959. AgHistRev, 39, II, pp ~I6-t25 II6 THE LATER PARLIAMENTARY ENCLOSURES OF SOUTH WALES 117 which occurred in much of Wales. By that schemes to regulate, rather than enclose, time most of the substantial commons commons, and various hybrid schemes with obvious high potential for agricultural exist. As a result, the status of several of the improvement had already been enclosed, 'enclosures' within the area under study is along with others where there was an urgent dubious, and some have been differently need to establish individual ownership, regarded by different authorities. Doubts for example to allow the exploitation of arise particularly in respect of four in minerals; what remained, for the most part, Glamorgan (Llangyfelach, two for Coety were commons either of very small size or Wallia, and one for Leckwith Common, of apparently limited possibilities. Since Cardiff) plus two in Pembrokeshire (Good- there were substantial fixed costs involved wick and Monachlogddu). The problem in in obtaining a private act, the charge per each case arises from the use of the Com- acre on a small common was prohibitive, mons Regulation and Improvement Act of while the improved value of many large 1876 and its later modifications, rather than upland commons was unlikely to be high the earlier enclosure procedures. In each enough to justify the sort of outlay case, some land was actually enclosed, involved. 6 To many contemporaries this in the sense that it was removed from situation represented a serious waste of food communal use, fenced, and applied to some production capability, and the Act was seen individual purpose; however, in none of as a means of removing the barriers to these cases was the land divided amongst improvement by cheapening and simplify- the commoners. One of the Coety Wallia ing the procedures. 7 However, the legis- examples involved land being taken for lation also reflected an increasingly railway purposes, as did that at Llangy- ambivalent attitude towards enclosure, for felach, while the other seems to have been a there was a growing concern over provision regulation rather than an enclosure. At for the 'labouring poor' of the rural areas, Goodwick, land was taken for a replacement and an increasingly vociferous demand that church and at Monachlogddu for a quarry. 9 land should remain open for recreational At Leckwith, part of the common was taken purposes, especially in the vicinity of large for building purposes, sparking a long industrial towns.~ Both these concerns have wrangle during which accusations of cor- a relevance to the area under consideration, ruption were made against the town clerk, which contained remote rural areas, for and CardiffCity football ground was alleged example in parts of Breconshire and Carmar- to be technically still part of the common.l° thenshire, and also the heavily industrialized However, the acreage involved in all these and urbanized areas of Glamorgan and examples was tiny, and they have been adjoining counties. omitted from the calculations in this paper. The calculation of precise figures for the A slightly different problem occurs in the land enclosed under this Act poses some case of the Undy enclosure of 1853, since problems of definition, for subsequent this was undoubtedly a genuine enclosure, legislation allowed the substitution of and the order was certainly confirmed." However, there appears to be no evidence 6 The legislation of 184o, intended to avoid the need for a private 9 PRO, MAF 2/I7 and 2/19; MAF I/2OO; MAF 25/41/Bz615; MAF act for waste enclosures, had not been very widely adopted. 25/41/B3776. 7 See, for example, Report from the Select Committee on Commons' ,o PRO, MAF 25/99/LO/N56o. btclosure, 5 Aug, 1844, p iii. "Provisional Order of 13 July 1853, confirmed by 16--t7 Vic ' See, for example, Report of the Select Committee on (the) lnclos,ere tzo. Under the 1845 Act an 'Order' issued by the Inclosure Act, 7 July I869, pp x-xi and pp 2o-23, and Report of the Select Commissioners took the place of the earlier individual enclosure act, Committee on the Report made by the Inclosure Commissioners, 7 May groups of 'Provisional Orders' being presented for Parliamentary ,879, Minutes of Evidence, pp ,z-13. approval at intervals in a single act. I 18 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW of any award. In these circumstances, this enclosures as a whole, and less than a enclosure has been included in the overall quarter of the mean for those of Wales. '4 calculations, using the acreage given in the Nevertheless, it was by no means negligible, order, but has had to be omitted from the especially as much of it represented an more detailed examinations of such matters addition to the 'improved' area of the parish as ownership and sales due to the absence concerned. At Llanycrwys, for example, of data. the new land formed almost a third (31.48 Finally, it should be noted that the per cent) of the whole parish. enclosure of Kidwelly was formally com- As has already been indicated, the legis- pleted under an order of 1848, but has been lation was primarily intended to facilitate omitted from consideration since it was the enclosure of common waste, and the begun under a private act of 183o. Had the land involved was overwhelmingly of this Inclosure Commission not been drawn in type. 22,714 acres, or 97.1 per cent of the to settle a dispute over the appointment of open land, was waste. However, some 673 a replacement commissioner no order would acres of open field were also included, have been necessary, and it is therefore not together with a tiny acreage of old enclosed classified here as being under the General land which was redistributed during the Act. ,2 enclosure process. Unfortunately some land Within the 5 counties considered here, 5 I of this latter type cannot be clearly separated out of the 84 Parliamentary enclosures fell from the waste, since it was a frequent after I845, and 23,712 acres, or just over 23 practice to incorporate any such 'old enclo- per cent of the land affected, was dealt with sures' which were detached from the rest of after this date.