{Dоwnlоаd/Rеаd PDF Bооk} Soviet Space Dogs

Home , Baikonur Cosmodrome, Oleg Gazenko, Space Dogs, Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2

The true cause and time of her death were not made public until ; instead, it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six or, as the Soviet government initially claimed, she was euthanised prior to oxygen depletion. On 11 April , Russian officials unveiled a monument to Laika. A small monument in her honour was built near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared Laika's flight to space. It portrayed a dog standing on top of a rocket. She also appears on the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in Moscow. After the success of Sputnik 1 in October , Nikita Khrushchev , the Soviet leader , wanted a spacecraft launched on 7 November , the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution. Construction had already started on a more sophisticated satellite, but it would not be ready until December; this satellite would later become Sputnik 3. Meeting the November deadline meant building a new craft. Planners settled on an orbital flight with a dog. Soviet rocket engineers had long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight; since , they had lofted twelve dogs into sub-orbital space on ballistic flights, working gradually toward an orbital mission set for some time in To satisfy Khrushchev's demands, they expedited the orbital canine flight for the November launch. The craft was equipped with a life-support system consisting of an oxygen generator and devices to avoid oxygen poisoning and to absorb carbon dioxide. Enough food in a gelatinous form was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste. A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing, sitting, or lying down; there was no room to turn around in the cabin. An electrocardiogram monitored heart rate and further instrumentation tracked respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure, and the dog's movements. Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger. Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky , was the name popularised around the world. According to some accounts, the technicians actually renamed her from Kudryavka to Laika due to her loud barking. The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights. To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate. Laxatives did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by 30—65 torr. The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space. Before the launch, one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children. In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote, "Laika was quiet and charming I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live. Vladimir Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles. Laika was to be the "flight dog"—a sacrifice to science on a one-way mission to space. The third dog, Mushka, was a " control dog "—she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and life support. Before leaving for the Baikonur Cosmodrome , Yazdovsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs, routing the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing, pulse, and blood pressure. Because the existing airstrip at Turatam near the cosmodrome was small, the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a Tu plane to Tashkent. From there, a smaller and lighter Il plane took them to Turatam. Training of dogs continued upon arrival; one after another they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system. According to a NASA document, Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on 31 October —three days before the start of the mission. Murray: Laika was chosen because during pre-flight training, she had demonstrated an exceptional capacity for endurance and tolerance. These were the admirable characteristics that would condemn her to a martyr-like death for the benefit of the human race. In addition, she was a striking dog, light in color but with dark brown spots on her face, which possessed a surprised expression. Crucially, her image reproduced well in black-and-white photographs and film footage. This was an important factor, as it was recognized that the launch would be historically significant and, therefore, would be meticulously recorded. Murray: The ideology of the Space Race meant that there was no time to develop a recovery system before sending Laika into space. Following the sensational launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, , Khrushchev had told the scientists that another space satellite needed to be launched in honor of the rapidly approaching 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution on November 7, This meant that Sputnik 2 had been prepared in a frantic rush. Made by S. Toys, this spinning top depicts Laika standing on a version of Sputnik 2 surrounded by a space-themed frieze. Initially, the lack of images released by the Soviet space program meant it was assumed that Sputnik 2 had the same design as Sputnik 1. The West felt genuine compassion for Laika. She was perceived as an innocent victim, caught up in the brutal Cold War drive to be first at any cost. To Soviet children, the story of Laika was a heroic fairy tale about a kind and intelligent dog that had flown away into space. To adults, her fate ostensibly resembled their own. This foot silver obelisk in the shape of an exhaust plume is crowned by a rocket ascending into the sky. It came to symbolize the hopes and dreams of an entire generation of Soviet people. A Chinese matchbox label depicts Laika in a Sputnik-style spacecraft. Murray: After the initial excitement that followed the launch of Sputnik 2, they now had to explain to the rest of the world why Laika would never return. After this period, an announcement was made that stated she had lived in orbit for a week, during which time she had served as a source of priceless data on the plausibility of life in space; then, she had been painlessly euthanized. There were several accounts of how she had died. First, a euthanasia drug was remotely injected. Second, a euthanasia drug was administered with food. Third, by the eighth day, she ran out of oxygen. In reality, due to a thermal conductivity miscalculation, Laika had suffocated just a few hours after the launch; this fact was only revealed in In the s, the international press accused the Soviet totalitarian regime of inhumanity and suggested that General Secretary Khrushchev should have been sent into orbit instead. In response, the Soviet press wrote about the hypocrisy of capitalist morality, the exploitation of entire nations in the colonies, and racism. Regardless of these arguments, Soviet ideology was faced with a serious dilemma. Murray: Their capsule had been fitted with a camera that transmitted live images from space to Earth in real time. The whole nation watched Strelka merrily spinning in zero-gravity, while Belka, on the contrary, remained reserved and watchful. They courageously endure cold and heat in the training capsule, and are confined for several days at a time in a cramped re-entry module, where they are unable to walk, only sit or lie down. Inside, they learn how to eat gelatinous food delivered by an automatic dispenser. They are spun on a merry-go-round and trained to tolerate rocket noise by listening to recordings. They are tested on a vibrating table and have to sleep in a brightly lit kennel. They are even flown in an airplane. But the most severe trial for the dogs is the ejector seat, in which they are suddenly shot up into the air, descending slowly down by means of a parachute. Originally, the team of Chaika and Lisichka were intended to make this mission. However, they died tragically on July 28, , when their rocket exploded on the launch pad. They had been the favorite dogs at the institute. It was later suggested that sending a red-haired dog into space was a bad omen. Murray: The launch of the rocket containing Belka and Strelka took place on August 19, , at Alongside Belka and Strelka, the space mission included an ejecting container with twelve mice, insects, plants, fungi cultures, various germs, sprouts of wheat, peas, onions, and kernels of corn. In addition, the cabin contained twenty-eight lab mice and two white rats. Only after the first orbit did the dogs begin to bark. Vladimir Yazdovsky, the lead scientist of biological research in the upper layers of the atmosphere and outer space, declared that as long as the dogs were barking, and not howling, they were sure to return to Earth. A huge step forward was the televisual transmission from the spacecraft, which allowed the scientists to closely monitor the dogs in flight for the first time. They became so quiet at the launch, that were it not for data from sensors attached to their bodies, it would have been difficult to ascertain whether they were still alive. As expected, owing to the g-forces of blast-off, their heart rates and breathing had speeded up, but they quickly returned to normal. However, on the fourth orbit, Belka began to wriggle out of her harness, barking and vomiting. This reaction played a key role in the subsequent decision to send the first human cosmonaut into space for the shortest period possible: a single orbit. Belka and Strelka remained in flight for more than 24 hours, allowing the scientists enough time to study the prolonged influence of zero-gravity and radiation on live organisms. During the 18th orbit, on August 20, at , the order was given to decelerate, and a short time later the re-entry capsule containing the dogs landed safely on the ground. Soviet space researcher Oleg Gazenko holds Strelka left and Belka right aloft at the press conference immediately after their landing. In his memoirs, Gazenko referred to this as the proudest moment of his life. Murray: Following their triumphant landing, they appeared on radio and television, and their portraits were featured in newspapers and magazines. They were chauffeured to celebratory meetings with selected Soviet citizens. Politicians, outstanding laborers, schoolchildren, and celebrities—both Soviet and international—considered it an honor to be photographed with this famous pair. Portraits of the two dogs, adorably dressed respectively in red and green spacesuits, appeared in every conceivable place: on chocolates, matchboxes, postcards, lapel badges, postage stamps, and toys. During the orbital space flight of a mission on December 1, , the trajectory of the re-entry module deviated from the programmed course. Albina was one of the dogs shortlisted for Sputnik 2 , but never flew in orbit. In the event of unscheduled return to the surface, the craft was to eject the dogs and self-destruct, but the ejection seat failed and the primary destruct mechanism shorted out. The animals were thus still in the intact capsule when it returned to the surface. The backup self-destruct mechanism was set to a hour timer, so a team was quickly sent out to locate and recover the capsule. Although the capsule was reached in deep snow on the first day, there was insufficient remaining daylight to disarm the self-destruct mechanism and open the capsule. On the second day, however, the dogs were heard barking as the capsule was opened. The dogs were wrapped in sheepskin coats and flown to Moscow alive, though all the mice aboard the capsule were found dead because of the cold. After this incident Krasavka was adopted by Oleg Gazenko , a leading soviet scientist working with animals used in space flights. She went on to have puppies and continued living with Gazenko and his family until her death 14 years later. The American media dubbed her "Muttnik", making a play-on-words for the canine follow-on to the first orbital mission, Sputnik. She died between five and seven hours into the flight from stress and overheating. We did not learn enough from the mission to justify the death of the dog They were accompanied by a grey rabbit, 42 mice, two rats, flies and several plants and fungi. All passengers survived. They were the first Earth-born creatures to go into orbit and return alive. Strelka went on to have six puppies with a male dog named Pushok who participated in many ground-based space experiments, but never made it into space. Kennedy by Nikita Khrushchev in A Cold War romance bloomed between Pushinka and a Kennedy dog named Charlie, resulting in the birth of four pups that JFK referred to jokingly as pupniks. The other two puppies, White Tips and Blackie , stayed at the Kennedy home on Squaw Island but were eventually given away to family friends. She did not fly on Sputnik 2 because she refused to eat properly. The dummy was ejected out of the capsule during re-entry and made a soft landing using a parachute. Chernushka was recovered unharmed inside the capsule. Both were recovered successfully. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the Russian computer-animated film, see Space Dogs. For the Australian film, see Dogs in Space. Laika and Her Comrades: The Soviet Space Dogs Who Took Giant Leaps for Mankind | Collectors Weekly

This story also now includes updated information about the Portland Oregon Museum's exhibition "Animating Life. Continue or Give a Gift. Privacy Terms of Use Sign up. SmartNews History. History Archaeology. World History. Science Age of Humans. Future of Space Exploration. Human Behavior. Our Planet. Earth Optimism Summit. Ingenuity Ingenuity Awards. The Innovative Spirit. Travel Virtual Travel. Travel With Us. Featured: Travel to Alaska. At the Smithsonian Visit. New Research. Curators' Corner. Ask Smithsonian. Vote Now! Photo of the Day. Video Ingenuity Awards. Smithsonian Channel. Video Contest. Games Daily Sudoku. Universal Crossword. Daily Word Search. Mah Jong Quest. Subscribe Top Menu Current Issue. Like this article? Comment on this Story. Last Name. First Name. Address 1. Address 2. Enter your email address. Space Dogs weaves its ghastly tape of the Soviet space race with footage of a pair of contemporary Muscovite strays going about their daily canine lives. They trot from city sidewalks to leafy resting grounds, digging and barking and snarling and playing. The cinematography is beautiful, almost dreamy, but the scenes are pieced together to unsettle, to make the viewer acutely aware of the gulf between human and dog. In one jarringly long and close-up scene, one of the dogs tortures and kills a poor neighborhood cat. And it is a brutal and bitter movie, a more bracing testimony to cruelty than PETA has ever dreamed up. Its brutality is certainly not going to appeal to everyone. There is, however, something respectable and clarifying about its commitment to acerbity. The sad story of Laika has inspired artists and writers for decades since the guileless little dog burned up alone. She is often memorialized as a heroic creature whose martyrdom earned her immortality among the stars. Space Dogs offers dignity to its pitiable subjects by stripping away any pretensions that humans have been friends to the creatures they claim as their closest companions. Related Stories. She was previously a writer at The Ringer and Gizmodo. Senior Writer Twitter. Featured Video. Goats and chickens are more viral in Uganda than dogs and cats. Find out all you wanted to know about viral pets on the Internet. Russian Space Dogs

Soviet space dogs - Wikipedia

Related: Pioneering animals in space photos. Indeed, Kremser and Peter didn't set out to make a space-related film at all. The original idea involved simply profiling a pack of stray dogs, creating a multilayered "cinematic experience that is fully dedicated to them," Peter told Space. These creatures have their unique space to conquer. The directors also found stray dogs to be appealing protagonists, with intriguing social interactions and a language all their own. In addition, Kremser and Peter wanted to interrogate how humanity views animals. In storytelling and nature documentaries, "they always put very clear roles on animals," Kremser said. That light blazes through in "Space Dogs. And the Laika angle, which took shape after Kremser and Peter read about the pioneering dog's street origins, gives the film additional depth and emotional heft, letting it reach truly cosmic heights. After all, painting such a detailed portrait of the dangerous, complex and frequently joyful life of a Moscow street dog gives us a much better appreciation of what those Soviet space scientists sacrificed in the name of progress more than half a century ago. And it reminds us that perhaps we shouldn't be so quick to make such sacrifices in the future. The documentary will be released nationwide beginning on Sept. Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger. Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky , was the name popularised around the world. According to some accounts, the technicians actually renamed her from Kudryavka to Laika due to her loud barking. The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights. To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate. Laxatives did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by 30—65 torr. The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space. Before the launch, one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children. In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote, "Laika was quiet and charming I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live. Vladimir Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles. Laika was to be the "flight dog"—a sacrifice to science on a one-way mission to space. The third dog, Mushka, was a " control dog "—she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and life support. Before leaving for the Baikonur Cosmodrome , Yazdovsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs, routing the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing, pulse, and blood pressure. Because the existing airstrip at Turatam near the cosmodrome was small, the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a Tu plane to Tashkent. From there, a smaller and lighter Il plane took them to Turatam. Training of dogs continued upon arrival; one after another they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system. According to a NASA document, Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on 31 October —three days before the start of the mission. Two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch. Just prior to liftoff on 3 November , from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Laika's fur was sponged in a weak alcohol solution and carefully groomed, while iodine was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions. One of the technicians preparing the capsule before final liftoff stated that "after placing Laika in the container and before closing the hatch, we kissed her nose and wished her bon voyage, knowing that she would not survive the flight. The exact time of the launch varies from source to source and is mentioned as Moscow Time or Moscow Time. At peak acceleration Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate. After reaching orbit, Sputnik 2's nose cone was jettisoned successfully; however the "Block A" core did not separate as planned, preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly. The early telemetry indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food. The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanise Laika with a poisoned serving of food. For many years, the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from asphyxia , [20] when the batteries failed, or that she had been euthanised. Many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her death. In , several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth orbit. According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston, Texas , "It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints. Over five months later, after 2, orbits, Sputnik 2—including Laika's remains—disintegrated during re-entry on 14 April Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet versus U. Space Race , the ethical issues raised by this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time. It is likely that Laika died from overheating on 3 November after only several hours in orbit. Rather than have the capsule land outside of Soviet territory, the capsule with passengers was destroyed. It is curious that one dog named Palma flies several times subsequently, but it is possible those was another dog with the same name. China also flew two dogs from sounding rockets. See Chinese Space Dogs. Then came Sputnik 1, followed by Sputnik 2 with Laika. The first table lists orbital or intended to be orbital canine flights. Was poisoned and died in space.

https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/6f6ef6df-6e9f-4acd-bb9d-f6ba028c988d/der-schwarmer-968.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9591545/UploadedFiles/B44B7D95-F9AA-B824-C15F-505A64595C69.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9587814/UploadedFiles/D9F2632A-226C-7F26-4D07-557AFCAEC2D0.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4638611/normal_602055369ab99.pdf https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/2f3ab18d-5485-40b1-a319-7d3a417e4728/dieser-einhorn-fan-arbeitet-als-burokauffrau-a5-6x9-zoll- kariert-120-seiten-geburtstags-ge-430.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4642174/normal_601eeef876d35.pdf