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University Ss “Cyril and Methodius” Faculty of Philosophy UNESCO University Ss “Cyril and Methodius” Faculty of Philosophy UNESCO Chair in Intercultural Studies and Research Interdisciplinary MA program in International Relations - Conflict resolution, Diplomacy and Human rights MA MASTER WORK INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT THROUGH PREVENTION OF PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION МЕЃУНАРОДНО МЕНАЏИРАЊЕ HA КОНФЛИКТИ ПРЕКУ СПРЕЧУВАЊЕ HA ШИРЕЊЕ HA НУКЛЕАРНОТО ОРУЖЈЕ 3A MACOBHO УНИШТУВАЊЕ Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Lidija Georgieva Made by: Košta Mitreski 4881/15 Skopje, 2018 CONTENT: Introduction..................................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1 - International conflict management and the relationship with nuclear weapons.... 1. International Conflict Management........................................................................................11 1.1. How can we define International Conflict Management............................................... 11 1.2. Difference between International Conflict Resolution and ICM ...............................12 1.3. Main elements and approaches that define International Conflict Management.............13 1.4 The importance of International Conflict Management.................................................14 1.5. New way to achieve global peace - Conflict management and collective security.........15 1.5.1. Global response: Collective Conflict Management.................................................... 18 1.6. Nuclear weapons and International Conflicts.................................................................20 1.7. Nuclear Deterrence..........................................................................................................22 Chapter 2 - Nuclear Weapons 2.1. Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction.........................................................................24 2.1.1. What is Weapon of Mass Destruction?...............................................................26 2.1.2. What is Nuclear Weapon?................................................................................... 30 2.1.3. Difference between nuclearand conventional weapons.....................................32 2.2. Nuclear States -> Brief history of the birtH of nuclear proliferation.............................33 2.2.1. United States - The birth of the atomic bomb.......................................................33 2.2.2. The Soviet Union.................................................................................................. 35 2.2.3. THe United Kingdom............................................................................................ 37 2.2.4. France.....................................................................................................................39 2.2.5. CHina......................................................................................................................40 2.2.6. India ....................................................................................................................41 2.2.7. Israel ....................................................................................................................43 2.2.8. Pakistan..................................................................................................................44 2.2.9 North Korea............................................................................................................46 2.3. Nuclear weapons in the past and today........................................................................ 49 2 2.4. Number of the nuclear weapons and nuclear tests in the past and today .................. 57 2.5. THe cost of nuclear weapons .......................................................................................62 2.6. The role of nuclear weapons in the Cold War and Today............................................ 65 2.7. Nuclear Terrorism.......................................................................................................... 70 2.8. The risk of nuclear attack in the future..........................................................................74 Chapter 3-3. Consequences of Nuclear Weapons.............................................................. 77 3.1. The damage from tHe use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki................ 78 3.2. Effects of the use of nuclear weapons................................ .......................................... 80 Chapter 4 - Nuclear Disarmament Treaties........................................................................88 4.1. Disarmament Treaties......................................................... ......................................... 89 4.2. Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons..................................................89 4.2.1. Why is the Non-Proliferation Treaty Important?................................................. 90 4.2.2. Effectiveness of the NPT Treaty .........................................................................91 4.2.3. Optimists and Pessimist.......................................................................................... 92 4.2.4. Recommendation and ways to achieve nuclear disarmament............................... 95 Chapter 5 - Organizations and NGO's vs. Nuclear Disarmament................................... 98 5.1. European Union and Nuclear Non-Proliferation........................................................ 99 5.1.1. European Union strategy on weapons of mass destruction................................. 100 5.1.2. EU's role on weapons of mass destruction.......................................................... 103 5.1.3 How effective is the EU's role in nuclear non-proliferation................................ 107 5.2. United Nations and Nuclear Non-Proliferation......................................................... 108 - The General Assembly of the United Nations........................................................ I ll - The First UN Committee.........................................................................................I ll - The UN Disarmament Commission........................................................................112 - UN Conference on Disarmament............................................................................ 112 - THe United Nations Disarmament Office (UNODA)............................................. 113 - THe United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR)...................... 116 - THe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).................................................117 5.2.1. THe role of the UN in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation....................119 3 5.3. NGO's and nuclear disarmament..............................................................................121 5. 4. Today's Happenings regarding nuclear disarmament......... ....................................124 5.5. ICM through eXample of Iran-US Nuclear Agreement............................................127 5.5.1. THe role of the IAEA in the Iranian issue............................................................ 131 5.5.2. THe role of the United States in the Iranian issue.............................................. 131 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 133 4 INTRODUCTION Wars and conflicts did not appear yesterday, they are following us throughout the History. So much progress and still wars and conflicts are present everywhere around us where some are fighting for a freedom, human rights, independence and otHers are figHting for more power, resources, geostrategic territories hidden under the shadow of democracy and world peace. So where is the progress, when we are acting same as people acted 1000 years ago, just using different methods, weapons, technology. In this study, I will talk about that how far the human progress went, that far that now we have to create and find instruments to stop tHat progress and pull it back, and yes , a progress in knowledge, technology, modernization, progress for better tomorrow is always welcome, but why would it need us a progress in weapons, a progress that reached and maybe overtook all the limits, so that we created something and now we Have to destroy it, to forget that it eXist, to forget tHat we made it. Why would someone create a weapon that can destroy the whole planet? Everything looks so easy if that weapons, a "nuclear weapons" did not give to some countries power, which can control other countries, keep them submissive, in fear, control tHem, use them and convinces them that everything they do, they do it for the good of everybody. Today, 21st century, tHe image of war is losing under tHe shadow of international conflicts, which slowly but sure in the last 25 years occupy an important position in the international arena. The nature of international conflicts dramatically changed, especially on the field of international conflict management and it continues to be redefined. Many of the researches marked the dissolution of the USSR as end of the Cold War, but nowadays Russia takes a significant place in the international arena in any sphere starting from economic, political and military. On the other Hand, tHis is not the only concern, if we mark tHat there are new actors on tHis international arena that we cannot ignore. CHina, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel are the new members of tHe nuclear team. After WWII, the world is
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