DOCSLIB.ORG

Cardiovascular System: Vessels Blood Vessel Anatomy: Per Human Body (Branch / Diverge / Fork)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cardiovascular System: Vessels Blood Vessel Anatomy: Per Human Body (Branch / Diverge / Fork) Over 60,000 Cardiovascular System – Vessels miles of vessels Cardiovascular System: Vessels Blood Vessel Anatomy: per human body (branch / diverge / fork) Elastic Muscular Arterioles Arteries Arteries Vessel Types: Heart (nutrient 1) Arteries (away from heart) exchange) 2) Capillaries Capillaries 3) Veins (toward heart) Veins Venules (join / merge / converge) Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels Blood Vessel Anatomy: Blood Vessel Anatomy: Only tunic present in capillaries Vessels composed of distinct tunics : O2-rich; CO2-poor 1) Tunica intima Pulmonary circuit Tunica intima • Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) (short, low pressure loop) • Connective tissue ( elastic fibers) O2-poor; CO2-rich (long, high pressure loop) 2) Tunica media Systemic circuit • Smooth muscle / elastic fibers • Regulates pressure / circulation • Sympathetic innervation Lumen O2-poor; O2-rich; Vasa CO2-rich CO2-poor 3) Tunica externa vasorum • Loose collagen fibers • Nerves / lymph & blood vessels • Protects / anchors vessel % / volume not fixed: Function: • Alteration of arteriole size 1) Circulate nutrients / waste • Alteration of cardiac output Vasomotor stimulation = vasoconstriction Tunica media 2) Regulate blood pressure • Combination of two above Vasomotor relaxation = vasodilation Tunica externa Costanzo (Physiology, 4th ed.) – Figure 4.1 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Relative tissue Cardiovascular System – Vessels Relative tissue makeup makeup Blood Vessel Anatomy: Blood Vessel Anatomy: Arteriosclerosis: Arteries: Hardening / stiffening of arteries Capillaries: Endothelium Endothelium Elastic tissue Elastic tissue Elastic Fibrous tissue Fibrous tissue Fibrous Smooth muscle Smooth Major groups: muscle Smooth D = Diameter T = Thickness 1) Capillaries: 1) Elastic Arteries (conducting arteries): D: 9.0 m D: 1.5 cm • Location of blood / tissue interface T: 1.0 m • Large, thick-walled (near heart) T: 1.0 mm • Stabilized by pericytes (smooth muscle cells) • [elastic fibers] (pressure reservior) Types of Capillaries: 2) Muscular Arteries (distributing arteries): • Deliver blood to organs D: 6.0 mm T: 1.0 mm • [smooth muscle] (vasoconstriction) 3) Arterioles: • Control blood into capillaries D: 37.0 m T: 6.0 m A) Continuous 2) Fenestrated 3) Sinusoidal: • Neural / hormonal / local controls • Uninterrupted lining • Oval pores present • Holes / clefts present • Found throughout body • Located in high absorption / • Allow passage of large (most common type) filtration regions (e.g., kidney) molecules (e.g., liver) Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed.) – Table 19.1 Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed.) – Table 19.1 / Figure 19.3 1 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels Relative tissue makeup Blood Vessel Anatomy: Blood Vessel Anatomy: Leukocyte Capillaries: Veins: margination Capillaries do not function independently – Instead they Endothelium Elastic tissue Elastic Fibrous tissue Fibrous Major groups: muscle Smooth form interweaving networks called capillary beds 1) Venules: Vascular True capillaries Not all capillaries are perfused D: 20.0 m shunt with blood at all times… • Formed where capillaries unite T: 1.0 m • Extremely porous 2) Veins (capacitance vessels): D: 5.0 mm • Large lumen; “volume” sink T: 0.5 mm • Low pressure environment Terminal Postcapillary Precapillary sphincters Venous sinuses: arteriole venule Specialized, flattened veins • 10 - 100 capillaries / bed • Sphincters control blood flow composed only of endothelium; supported by surrounding tissues a) Vascular shunt through capillary bed b) True capillaries Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed.) – Figure 19.4 Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed.) – Figures 19.3 / 19.5 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Vascular anastomoses: Blood Vessel Anatomy: Regions where vessels unite, forming interconnections Heart Heart Venous anastomoses are common; vein blockages collateral rarely lead to tissue death Arteriovenous channels anastomosis Arterial anastomoses provide alternative channels for blood to reach locations • Joints • Abdominal organs • Brain Retina, spleen, & kidney have Great saphenous limited collateral circulation vein harvest Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed.) – Figure 19.2 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels To stay alive, blood must Would you want be kept moving… Pathophysiology: Most common form to find this pipe Hemodynamics: of arteriosclerosis in your house? Atherosclerosis: Blood Flow: Formation of atheromas (small, patchy thickenings) Volume of blood flowing past a on wall of vessel; intrude into lumen point per given time (ml / min) 1) Endothelium injured 3) Fibrous plaque forms The velocity of blood flow is not related to proximity of heart, but depends • Infection / hypertension • Collagen / elastin fibers on the diameter and cross-sectional area of blood vessels deposited around dying or 2) Lipids accumulate / oxidize dead foam cells • LDLs collect on tunica intima 4) Plaque becomes unstable Foam cells: • Calcium collects in plaque v = Q / A Macrophages engorged • Vessel constricts; arterial wall with LDLs; form fatty streak frays / ulcerates (= thrombus) v = Velocity (cm / sec) Link Q = Flow (mL / sec) Outcome: A = Cross-sectional area (cm2) Statins: • Myocardial infarctions Cholesterol-lowering 2 drugs • Strokes A = r • Aneurysms Angioplasty / Stent Bypass surgery Costanzo (Physiology, 4th ed.) – Figure 4.4 2 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels To stay alive, blood must Hemodynamics: be kept moving… v = Q / A Blood Flow: A man has a cardiac output of 5.5 L / Volume of blood flowing past a min. The diameter of his aorta is point per given time (ml / min) estimated to be 20 mm, and the total cross-sectional area of his systemic capillaries is estimated to be 2500 cm2. The velocity of blood flow is not related to proximity of heart, but depends on the diameter and cross-sectional area of blood vessels What is the velocity of blood flow in the aorta relative to the velocity v = Q / A of blood flow in the capillaries? Blood velocity is highest in the aorta cm3 (1 cm) and lowest in the A = r2 A = (3.14) (10 mm)2 A = 3.14 cm2 capillaries Capillaries (5500 mL) Artery Vein 5.5 L / min 5500 cm3 / min vcapillaries = vaorta = 2500 cm2 3.14 cm2 800x difference vcapillaries = 2.2 cm / min vaorta = 1752 cm / min Randall et al. (Eckert Animal Physiology, 5th ed.) – Figure 12.23 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels To stay alive, blood must To stay alive, blood must Hemodynamics: be kept moving… Hemodynamics: be kept moving… Blood flow through a blood vessel or a series of blood vessels is Heart determined by blood pressure and peripheral resistance generates initial pressure Blood Pressure: Force per unit area on wall of vessel (mm Hg) • The magnitude of blood flow is directly proportional to the size of the pressure difference between two ends of a vessel Blood Flow (Q) = Difference in blood pressure ( P) • The direction of blood flow is determined by the direction of the pressure gradient Vessel resistance generates Always moves from high to low pressure pressure gradient Costanzo (Physiology, 4th ed.) – Figure 4.8 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels To stay alive, blood must To stay alive, blood must Hemodynamics: be kept moving… Hemodynamics: be kept moving… Blood flow through a blood vessel or a series of blood vessels is (difference in voltage) determined by blood pressure and peripheral resistance (current) Difference in blood pressure ( P) Blood Flow (Q) = Peripheral Resistance: Peripheral resistance (R) Amount of friction blood encounters (electrical resistance) passing through vessels (mm Hg / mL / min) Analogous to Ohm’s Law (V = I x R OR I = V / R) • Blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance encountered in the system Q = P / R 1 A man has a renal blood flow of 500 Blood Flow (Q) = mL / min. The renal atrial pressure R = P / Q is 100 mm Hg and the renal venous Peripheral resistance (R) pressure is 10 mm Hg. 100 mm Hg – 10 mm Hg R = What is the vascular resistance of 500 mL / min The major mechanism for changing blood flow in the the kidney for this man? cardiovascular system is by changing the resistance of blood vessels, particularly the arterioles R = 0.18 mm Hg / mL / min 3 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels To stay alive, blood must To stay alive, blood must Hemodynamics: be kept moving… Hemodynamics: be kept moving… The factors that determine the resistance of a blood vessel to The total resistance associated with a set of blood vessels also depends blood flow are expressed by Poiseuille’s (pwä-zwēz) Law: on whether the vessels are arranged in series or in parallel A) Series resistance: Powerful relationship! R = Resistance 8Lη Slight diameter change η = Viscosity of blood R = Sequential arrangement (e.g., pathway within single organ) equals r4 L = Length large resistance change r = Radius 1) Blood viscosity 2) Vessel Length 3) Vessel Diameter Arteriolar resistance is the greatest which equates to the area with the greatest decrease in pressure The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances viscosity = resistance length = resistance diameter = resistance Costanzo (Physiology, 4th ed.) – Figure 4.5 Cardiovascular System – Vessels Cardiovascular System – Vessels To stay alive, blood must To stay alive, blood must Hemodynamics: be kept moving… Hemodynamics:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 20 *Lecture Powerpoint the Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
    Chapter 20 *Lecture PowerPoint The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The route taken by the blood after it leaves the heart was a point of much confusion for many centuries – Chinese emperor Huang Ti (2697–2597 BC) believed that blood flowed in a complete circuit around the body and back to the heart – Roman physician Galen (129–c. 199) thought blood flowed back and forth like air; the liver created blood out of nutrients and organs consumed it – English physician William Harvey (1578–1657) did experimentation on circulation in snakes; birth of experimental physiology – After microscope was invented, blood and capillaries were discovered by van Leeuwenhoek and Malpighi 20-2 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the structure of a blood vessel. – Describe the different types of arteries, capillaries, and veins. – Trace the general route usually taken by the blood from the heart and back again. – Describe some variations on this route. 20-3 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Capillaries Artery: Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa Nerve Vein Figure 20.1a (a) 1 mm © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer • Arteries carry blood away from heart • Veins
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular System 9
    Chapter Cardiovascular System 9 Learning Outcomes On completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. State the description and primary functions of the organs/structures of the car- diovascular system. 2. Explain the circulation of blood through the chambers of the heart. 3. Identify and locate the commonly used sites for taking a pulse. 4. Explain blood pressure. 5. Recognize terminology included in the ICD-10-CM. 6. Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. 7. Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. 8. Describe diagnostic and laboratory tests related to the cardiovascular system. 9. Identify and define selected abbreviations. 10. Apply your acquired knowledge of medical terms by successfully completing the Practical Application exercise. 255 Anatomy and Physiology The cardiovascular (CV) system, also called the circulatory system, circulates blood to all parts of the body by the action of the heart. This process provides the body’s cells with oxygen and nutritive ele- ments and removes waste materials and carbon dioxide. The heart, a muscular pump, is the central organ of the system. It beats approximately 100,000 times each day, pumping roughly 8,000 liters of blood, enough to fill about 8,500 quart-sized milk cartons. Arteries, veins, and capillaries comprise the network of vessels that transport blood (fluid consisting of blood cells and plasma) throughout the body. Blood flows through the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart, and on to the various body parts. Table 9.1 provides an at-a-glance look at the cardiovascular system. Figure 9.1 shows a schematic overview of the cardiovascular system.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Vessels: Part A
    Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Part A Blood Vessels • Delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart – Arteries: carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus – Capillaries: contact tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs – Veins: carry blood toward heart Structure of Blood Vessel Walls • Lumen – Central blood-containing space • Three wall layers in arteries and veins – Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa • Capillaries – Endothelium with sparse basal lamina Tunics • Tunica intima – Endothelium lines lumen of all vessels • Continuous with endocardium • Slick surface reduces friction – Subendothelial layer in vessels larger than 1 mm; connective tissue basement membrane Tunics • Tunica media – Smooth muscle and sheets of elastin – Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels • Influence blood flow and blood pressure Tunics • Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) – Collagen fibers protect and reinforce; anchor to surrounding structures – Contains nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels – Vasa vasorum of larger vessels nourishes external layer Blood Vessels • Vessels vary in length, diameter, wall thickness, tissue makeup • See figure 19.2 for interaction with lymphatic vessels Arterial System: Elastic Arteries • Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics • Aorta and its major branches • Large lumen offers low resistance • Inactive in vasoconstriction • Act as pressure reservoirs—expand
    [Show full text]
  • Pathophysiology of the Cardiovascular System and Neonatal Hypotension
    Pathophysiology of the Cardiovascular System and Neonatal Hypotension Sandra L. Shead, RNC-NIC, MSN, CNS, NNP-BC Continuing Nursing Education BSTRACT (CNE) Credit A A total of 2.5 contact Hypotension is common in low birth weight neonates and less common in term newborns and is hours may be earned as CNE credit associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Determining an adequate blood pressure in for reading the articles in this issue neonates remains challenging for the neonatal nurse because of the lack of agreed-upon norms. Values identified as CNE and for completing an online posttest and evaluation. for determining norms for blood pressure at varying gestational and postnatal ages are based on To be successful the learner must empirical data. Understanding cardiovascular pathophysiology, potential causes of hypotension, and obtain a grade of at least 80% on assessment of adequate perfusion in the neonatal population is important and can assist the neonatal the test. Test expires three (3) years from publication date. Disclosure: nurse in the evaluation of effective blood pressure. This article reviews cardiovascular pathophysiology The author/planning committee as it relates to blood pressure and discusses potential causes of hypotension in the term and preterm has no relevant financial interest or affiliations with any commercial neonate. Variation in management of hypotension across centers is discussed. Underlying causes and interests related to the subjects pathophysiology of hypotension in the neonate are described. discussed within this article. No commercial support or sponsorship was provided for this educational Keywords: neonatal hypotension; definition; physiology; cardiovascular system; preterm; management; activity. ANN/ANCC does not assessment; cerebral; autoregulation; blood pressure endorse any commercial products discussed/displayed in conjunction with this educational activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood and Lymph Vascular Systems
    BLOOD AND LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEMS BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Objectives Functions of vessels Layers in vascular walls Classification of vessels Components of vascular walls Control of blood flow in microvasculature Variation in microvasculature Blood barriers Lymphatic system Introduction Multicellular Organisms Need 3 Mechanisms --------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2. Collect waste 3. Transport waste to excretory organs CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Cardiovascular System Component function Heart - Produce blood pressure (systole) Elastic arteries - Conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole Muscular arteries - Distribute blood, maintain pressure Arterioles - Peripheral resistance and distribute blood Capillaries - Exchange nutrients and waste Venules - Collect blood from capillaries (Edema) Veins - Transmit blood to large veins Reservoir Larger veins - receive lymph and return blood to Heart, blood reservoir Cardiovascular System Heart produces blood pressure (systole) ARTERIOLES – PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Cardiovascular System Elastic arteries- conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole Cardiovascular System Muscular Arteries - distribute blood, maintain pressure Arterioles - peripheral resistance and distribute blood Capillaries - exchange nutrients and waste Venules - collect blood from capillaries
    [Show full text]
  • In Sickness and in Health: the Immunological Roles of the Lymphatic System
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review In Sickness and in Health: The Immunological Roles of the Lymphatic System Louise A. Johnson MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; [email protected] Abstract: The lymphatic system plays crucial roles in immunity far beyond those of simply providing conduits for leukocytes and antigens in lymph fluid. Endothelial cells within this vasculature are dis- tinct and highly specialized to perform roles based upon their location. Afferent lymphatic capillaries have unique intercellular junctions for efficient uptake of fluid and macromolecules, while expressing chemotactic and adhesion molecules that permit selective trafficking of specific immune cell subsets. Moreover, in response to events within peripheral tissue such as inflammation or infection, soluble factors from lymphatic endothelial cells exert “remote control” to modulate leukocyte migration across high endothelial venules from the blood to lymph nodes draining the tissue. These immune hubs are highly organized and perfectly arrayed to survey antigens from peripheral tissue while optimizing encounters between antigen-presenting cells and cognate lymphocytes. Furthermore, subsets of lymphatic endothelial cells exhibit differences in gene expression relating to specific func- tions and locality within the lymph node, facilitating both innate and acquired immune responses through antigen presentation, lymph node remodeling and regulation of leukocyte entry and exit. This review details the immune cell subsets in afferent and efferent lymph, and explores the mech- anisms by which endothelial cells of the lymphatic system regulate such trafficking, for immune surveillance and tolerance during steady-state conditions, and in response to infection, acute and Citation: Johnson, L.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Arterial System Lecture Block 10 Vascular Structure/Function
    Arterial System Lecture Block 10 Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Vascular Structure/Function Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Functional Overview Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Vessel Structure Aorta Artery Vein Vena Cava Arteriole Capillary Venule Diameter 25 mm 4 mm 5 mm 30 mm 30 µm 8 µm 20 µm Wall 2 mm 1 mm 0.5 mm 1.5 mm 6 µm 0.5 µm 1 µm thickness Endothelium Elastic tissue Smooth Muscle Fibrous Tissue Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Aortic Compliance • Factors: – age 20--24 yrs – athersclerosis 300 • Effects – more pulsatile flow 200 dV 30--40 yrs C = – more cardiac work dP 50-60 yrs – not hypertension Laplace’s Law 100 70--75 yrs (thin-walled cylinder): [%] Volume Blood T = wall tension P = pressure T = Pr r = radius For thick wall cylinder 100 150 200 P = pressure Pr Pressure [mm Hg] σ = wall stress r = radius σ = Tension Wall Stress w = wall thickness w [dyne/cm] [dyne/cm2] Aorta 2 x 105 10 x 105 Capillary 15-70 1.5 x 105 Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Arterial Hydraulic Filter Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Arterial System as Hydraulic Filter Arterial Cardiac Pressure • Pulsatile --> Output t Physiological smooth flow t Ideal • Cardiac energy conversion Cardiac • Reduces total Output Arterial cardiac work Pressure t Pulsatile t Challenge Cardiac Output Arterial Pressure t Filtered t Reality Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Elastic Recoil in Arteries Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Effects of Vascular Resistance and Compliance Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Cardiac Output vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Peripheral Resistance and Compliance in the Lobster Homarus Americanus
    The Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 477–485 (1997) 477 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 JEB0437 VASCULAR PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE AND COMPLIANCE IN THE LOBSTER HOMARUS AMERICANUS JERREL L. WILKENS*,1, GLEN W. DAVIDSON†,1 AND MICHAEL J. CAVEY1,2 1Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 and 2Department of Anatomy, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1 Accepted 24 October 1996 Summary The peripheral resistance to flow through each arterial become stiffer at pressures greater than peak systolic bed (in actuality, the entire pathway from the heart back pressure and at radii greater than twice the unpressurized to the pericardial sinus) and the mechanical properties of radius. The dorsal abdominal artery possesses striated the seven arteries leaving the lobster heart are measured muscle in the lateral walls. This artery remains compliant and compared. Resistance is inversely proportional to over the entire range of hemolymph pressures expected in artery radius and, for each pathway, the resistance falls lobsters. These trends are illustrated when the non-linearly as flow rate increases. The resistance of the incremental modulus of elasticity is compared among hepatic arterial system is lower than that predicted on the arteries. All arteries should function as Windkessels to basis of its radius. Body-part posture and movement may damp the pulsatile pressures and flows generated by the affect the resistance to perfusion of that region. The total heart. The dorsal abdominal artery may also actively vascular resistance placed on the heart when each artery regulate its flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Is Plasma Renin Activity Lower in Populations of African Origin?
    Journal of Human Hypertension (2001) 15, 17–25 2001 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0950-9240/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/jhh REVIEW ARTICLE Why is plasma renin activity lower in populations of African origin? GA Sagnella Blood Pressure Unit, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK Plasma renin activity is significantly lower in black the molecular level suggests that the lower PRA may people compared with whites independent of age and arise from gene variation in the renal epithelial sodium blood pressure status. The lower PRA appears to be due channel. The functional significance of the lower PRA in to a reduction in the rate of secretion of renin but the relation to the different pattern of cardiovascular and exact mechanistic events underlying such differences in renal disease between blacks and whites remains renin release between blacks and whites are still not unclear. Moreover, direct investigations of pre-treat- fully understood. Nevertheless, given the paramount ment renin status in hypertensive blacks in relation to importance of the renin-angiotensin system in the con- blood pressure response have demonstrated that the trol of sodium balance, a most likely explanation is that pre-treatment PRA is not a good index of subsequent the lower renin is a consequence of differences in renal blood pressure response to pharmacological treatment. sodium handling between blacks and whites. The lower Nevertheless, the blood pressure reduction to short PRA does not reflect differences in dietary sodium term sodium restriction is greater in blacks compared intake but the evidence available suggests that the low with whites and, in the black subjects, the greater PRA could be part of the corrective mechanisms reduction in blood pressure to sodium restriction designed to maintain sodium balance in the presence appears to be related, at least in part, to the decreased of an increased tendency for sodium retention in black responsiveness of the renin-angiotensin system.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathophysiology of the Right Ventricle And€Of the Pulmonary Circulation In
    SERIES | WORLD SYMPOSIUM ON PULMONARY HYPERTENSION Pathophysiology of the right ventricle and of the pulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension: an update Anton Vonk Noordegraaf1, Kelly Marie Chin2, François Haddad3, Paul M. Hassoun4, Anna R. Hemnes5, Susan Roberta Hopkins6, Steven Mark Kawut7, David Langleben8, Joost Lumens9,10 and Robert Naeije11,12 Number 3 in the series “Proceedings of the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension” Edited by N. Galiè, V.V. McLaughlin, L.J. Rubin and G. Simonneau Affiliations: 1Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA. 3Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA. 4Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. 5Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. 6Dept of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 7Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Dept of Medicine, and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 8Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiology Division, Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. 9Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 10Université de Bordeaux, LIRYC (L’Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque), Bordeaux, France. 11Dept of Cardiology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. 12Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Correspondence: Anton Vonk Noordegraaf, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular System Summary Notes the Cardiovascular System
    Cardiovascular System Summary Notes The cardiovascular system includes: The heart, a muscular pump The blood, a fluid connective tissue The blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries Blood flows away from the heart in arteries, to the capillaries and back to the heart in the veins There is a decrease in blood pressure as the blood travels away from the heart Arterial branches of the aorta supply oxygenated blood to all parts of the body Deoxygenated blood leaves the organs in veins Veins unite to form the vena cava which returns the blood to the heart Pulmonary System This is the route by which blood is circulated from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again The pulmonary system is exceptional in that the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood Hepatic Portal Vein There is another exception in the circulatory system – the hepatic portal vein Veins normally carry blood from an organ back to the heart The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the capillary bed of the intestine to the capillary bed of the liver As a result, the liver has three blood vessels associated with it Arteries and Veins The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the lumen The lumen is lined with a thin layer of cells called the endothelium The composition of the vessel wall surrounding the endothelium is different in arteries, veins and capillaries Arteries carry blood away from the heart Arteries have a thick middle layer of smooth muscle They have an inner and outer layer of elastic fibres Elastic
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Vasodilation and Arterial Resistance on Cardiac Output Aliya Siddiqui Department of Biotechnology, Chaitanya P.G
    & Experim l e ca n i t in a l l C Aliya, J Clinic Experiment Cardiol 2011, 2:11 C f a Journal of Clinical & Experimental o r d l DOI: 10.4172/2155-9880.1000170 i a o n l o r g u y o J Cardiology ISSN: 2155-9880 Review Article Open Access Effects of Vasodilation and Arterial Resistance on Cardiac Output Aliya Siddiqui Department of Biotechnology, Chaitanya P.G. College, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India Abstract Heart is one of the most important organs present in human body which pumps blood throughout the body using blood vessels. With each heartbeat, blood is sent throughout the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in body. The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats. Blood pressure is maximum during systole, when the heart is pushing and minimum during diastole, when the heart is relaxed. Vasodilation caused by relaxation of smooth muscle cells in arteries causes an increase in blood flow. When blood vessels dilate, the blood flow is increased due to a decrease in vascular resistance. Therefore, dilation of arteries and arterioles leads to an immediate decrease in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one minute. Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, by left ventricle in the time interval of one minute. The effects of vasodilation, how the blood quantity increases and decreases along with the blood flow and the arterial blood flow and resistance on cardiac output is discussed in this reviewArticle.
    [Show full text]