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Perkembangan Pertunjukan Salawat Dulang Di Minangkabau

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Perkembangan Pertunjukan Salawat Dulang Di Minangkabau Perkembangan Pertunjukan Salawat Dulang di Minangkabau Syafniati, Firdaus, Amran Program Studi Seni Karawitan, Fakultas Seni Pertunjukan Institut Seni Indonesia (ISI) Padangpanjang Jalan Bahder Johan Padangpanjang 27128 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine factors driving to the development and changes in sala- wat dulang, which was initially functioned as a means for dakwah. Salawat dulang is one of tradi- tional Islamic arts in the form of singing accompanied by dulang punch as instruments. The lyrics in salawat dulang contain Islamic teachings including the remembrance of Allah Swt. and the praise to the prophet Muhammad saw. Based on the current situation there are developments and changes in salawat dulang, which is resulted in changes of function from performing dakwah to performing art. This qualitative research uses a descriptive analysis method with anthropology, sociology, and aesthetic approaches. Data collection techniques are carried out in several ways including observa- tion, interviews, and documentation. The results found that the development and changes in salawat dulang are caused by both internal and external factors, without changing existing values. Changes occurred in the presentation of vocals adopted from modern and popular songs following the tastes of the audience. Keywords: salawat dulang, traditional performing art, changes and development ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk membahas perkembangan dan perubahan pertunjuk- an salawat dulang yang pada awalnya berfungsi sebagai sarana dakwah. Salawat dulang merupakan kesenian tradional islami, berupa nyanyian yang diiringi oleh pukulan dulang sebagai instrumen pengiring. Syair yang disampaikan berisikan ajaran Islam, berupa zikir kepada Allah Swt. dan pujian kepada nabi Muhammad saw. Seiring perkembangan zaman, salawat dulang mengalami pergeseran fungsi dari ritual menjadi seni pertunjukan. Peneli- tian kualitatif menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan antropologi, sosiologi, dan estetika. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa perkembangan dan perubahan salawat dulang dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal, dengan tidak mengubah nilai-ni- lai tradisi yang ada. Perubahan terjadi pada penyajian vokal yang mengadopsi lagu-lagu modern dan populer, menyesuaikan dengan selera masyarakat pendukungnya. Kata kunci: salawat dulang, seni pertunjukan, perubahan dan perkembangan Panggung Vol. 29 No. 2, Juni 2018 174 PENDAHULUAN dimulai dari lagu ‘imbauan’ dilanjutkan Salawat dulang adalah salah satu kese- dengan lagu ‘khotbah’, lagu ‘batang’, yamo- nian tradisional bernuansa islami, yang lai, dan lagu cancang. Semua lagu tersebut hidup dan berkembang dalam masyarakat merupakan struktur yang harus disajikan Minangkabau di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. dalam satu kali putaran. Masing-masing Kesenian ini digemari oleh seluruh lapisan grup dalam satu malam mendapat giliran masyarakat, karena hampir di setiap pe- pertunjukan sekira tiga atau empat kali losok dari desa hingga ke kota di wilayah putaran. Minangkabau, masyarakat mengenal sala- Kehadiran kesenian salawat dulang ber- waik dulang (salawaik talam) (Firdaus, 2013: mula dari penyebaran agama Islam oleh 3). Pada awalnya, pertunjukan ini diguna- pedagang Islam dari Arab, India, Cina, dan kan untuk sarana dakwah. Kemudian, seni lain sebagainya, ke berbagai daerah di In- ini mengalami perubahan menjadi seni donesia. Salah satu wilayah yang didatangi pertunjukan. para pedagang tersebut adalah Sumatera Kesenian salawat dulang disajikan da- bagian utara, hingga sekarang agama Islam lam bentuk vokal, syairnya dilantunkan telah menyebar ke seluruh wilayah di Nu- dengan bahasa Minangkabau. Adapun teks santara (Ricklefs, 1995: 4). (syair) selawat dulang berisikan ajaran a- Penyebaran Islam ini lama kelamaan gama Islam yang mengandung nilai-nilai sampai ke Minangkabau yang ditandai ketauhidan terhadap Allah Swt. dan Nabi dengan hadirnya seorang murid Syekh Muhammad saw., sebagaimana yang ter- Abdurrauf yang berasal dari Aceh, yaitu tera dalam Alquran dan hadis Nabi. Syekh Burhanuddin, yang kemudian men- Salawat dulang disajikan oleh dua ke- jadi ulama besar di Minangkabau. Syekh lompok penyaji, masing-masing kelompok Burhanuddin mengajarkan agama Islam terdiri dari dua orang laki-laki, menyajikan kepada murid-muridnya, yang dikenal salawat dulang dengan posisi duduk di atas dengan jemaah tarekat Satariyah. Berkat kasur yang telah disediakan oleh panitia upaya dakwah Syekh Burhanuddin beserta pelaksana. Pelaksanaan salawat dulang di- jemaah tarekat Satariyah ini, maka agama lakukan pada malam hari. Biasanya, dimu- Islam berkembang sampai ke berbagai pe- lai pukul 21.00 WIB dan diakhiri menjelang losok di Minangkabau (Yunus 1985: 18-19). subuh sekira pukul 4.00 WIB. Syekh Burhanuddin menyebarkan Is- Masing-masing kelompok tampil secara lam pertama kali di Minangkabau pada bergantian dengan durasi 50 sampai 60 me- abad ke-17 di Ulakan Pariaman. Di antara nit. Penyajian salawat dulang dilaksanakan murid-murid Syeh Burhanuddin, ada tiga dengan cara bernyanyi sambil memukul orang tokoh ulama di Nagari Malalo Ka- dulang. Bunyi dari pukulan dulang berfung- bupaten Tanah Datar Provinsi Sumatera si sebagai instrumen pengiring nyanyian Barat, bernama Tuanku Musajik, J. Tuanku salawat dulang, sekaligus sebagai penga- Lima Puluh, dan Katik Rajo. tur tempo yang dinamik. Dulang dipukul Adapun ajaran Islam yang diajarkan dengan tangan kanan, sedangkan tangan oleh Syekh Burhanuddin tersebut adalah kiri memegang dulang. Untuk satu kali per- tentang ketauhidan terhadap Allah Swt. tunjukan yang ditampilkan oleh satu grup dengan mempelajari sifat-sifat Allah yang disebut dengan istilah satu tanggak. dikenal dengan sifat dua puluh. Selan- Pertunjukan satu tanggak sama dengan jutnya, diajarkan juga ilmu tasawuf yang satu kali putaran yang terdiri dari susunan mempelajari tentang asal tubuh, dan nya- lagu-lagu yang ditampilkan secara utuh, wa (roh) manusia. Metode pengajaran yang Syafniati, Firdaus, Amran: Perkembangan Pertunjukan Salawat Dulang di Minangkabau 175 disampaikan Syekh Burhanuddin tersebut perubahan tersebut merupakan keberlan- dikenal dengan ajaran tarekat (Sriwulan, jutan dari bentuk pertunjukan yang su- 1999: 5). dah ada. Kesenian salawat dulang semakin Tarekat adalah salah satu bentuk pelak- mendapat perhatian dari masyarakatnya. sanaan ajaran tasawuf, yang berarti jalan Berdasarkan uraian di atas, masalah atau petunjuk dalam melakukan ibadah yang akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini di- sesuai dengan aturan dalam syariat, de- fokuskan kepada bentuk penyajian sebe- ngan cara belajar mendekatkan diri de- lum perkembangan dan bentuk penyajian ngan memperbanyak zikir kepada Allah setelah perkembangan pada pertunjukan Swt. (Atjeh, 1963: 121). salawat dulang, dan faktor apa yang men- Dewasa ini, kesenian salawat dulang jadi penyebab perkembangan pertunjukan sering dipertunjukkan untuk hiburan, me- tersebut. meriahkan berbagai kegiatan masyarakat, seperti dalam rangka peringatan Maulid METODE Nabi Muhammad saw., Isra Mikraj, Idul- Untuk mengetahui perkembangan dan fi t ri, Iduladha, tahun baru Hijriah, khata- perubahan salawat dulang, peneliti melaku- man Alquran, dan sebagainya. Biasanya, kan pngumpulan data penelitian melalui masyarakat mendatangkan dua grup seni- sumber data tertulis dan sumber data lisan. man salawat dulang untuk menampilkan ke- Sumber data tertulis berupa buku, jurnal, bolehannya dalam suatu pertunjukan sala- ensiklopedi, kamus, brosur, surat kabar, wat dulang. dan surat-surat berharga lainnya, arsip, Seiring perkembangan zaman, salawat serta dokumen. Selain itu, dilakukan obser- dulang sudah bergeser fungsinya, yang vasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Semua semula sebagai sarana dakwah dalam me- data tersebut dikelompokkan dan dianali- nyampaikan syiar agama Islam, kemudian sis sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian (Soe- berubah menjadi hiburan dan tontonan, se- darsono, 2001: 128). bagai seni pertunjukan. Perubahan meru- Pengumpulan data di lapangan dila- pakan fenomena sosial yang wajar, karena kukan secara kontekstual dan tekstual ten- setiap manusia mempunyai kepentingan tang seni pertunjukan peneliti menggu- yang tidak terbatas. Perubahan yang terjadi nakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode bisa merupakan kemajuan atau kemundur- deskriptif. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap an (Syani, 1995: 162). Terjadinya perkem- jalannya pertunjukan, pendukung, baik se- bangan pada salawat dulang merupakan bagai seniman, dan juga penikmat. Selan- suatu proses yang tidak terelakkan, seiring jutnya, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap perkembangan umat manusia karena ada- perlengkapan pertunjukan, perilaku pema- nya komunikasi yang semakin terbuka. Esten in, ataupun penonton, dan situasi sosial (1993: 13) menjelaskan bahwa apabila suatu (Moleong, 1991: 3). kesenian mau tetap hidup dalam kehidupan Berdasarkan data di lapangan, peneli- masyarakat, harus sanggup menghadapi pe- ti mengamati pertunjukan salawat dulang rubahan-perubahan, maka kemungkinan a- dengan melakukan observasi, wawancara, kan terjadinya pergeseran nilai-nilai tradisi dan pengambilan foto untuk dokumentasi. yang nantinya ditemukan suatu bentuk baru. Dalam hal ini, penelitian dilakukan di tiga Terjadinya perubahan pada penyajian tempat pertunjukan salawat dulang, yaitu salawat dulang, tidak berpengaruh terha- Nagari Lintau Kabupaten Tanah Datar, dap nilai-nilai tradisi yang melekat pada Solok, dan Kayu Tanam Kabupaten Padang pertunjukan
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