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The Regulation of Aldehyde Oxidase in Imaginal Wing Discs of Drosophila Hybrids: Evidence for Cis- and Trans-Acting Control Elements

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The Regulation of Aldehyde Oxidase in Imaginal Wing Discs of Drosophila Hybrids: Evidence for Cis- and Trans-Acting Control Elements Copyright 0 1987 by the Genetics Society of America The Regulation of Aldehyde Oxidase in Imaginal Wing Discs of Drosophila Hybrids: Evidence for cis- and trans-Acting Control Elements Th. E. Sprey*" and David T. Kuhnt *Zoological Laboratory, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and TDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816 Manuscript received March 21, 1986 Revised copy accepted October 23, 1986 ABSTRACT The aldehyde oxidase (Aldox) distribution pattern was determined for wing discs of partial hybrids between D. melanogaster and D. simulans. In these animals the regulation of Aldox activity is not uniform over the disc epithelium as both cis-dominant and trans-acting control were evident in different regions of the disc. The Aldox expression was shown to be regulated by loci on the X chromosome, 2L and 3R of D. melanogaster and 2R and 3R of D. simulans. PATIOTEMPORAL patterns of specific gene RIGHT 1967; GLASSMANet al. 1968). In hybrids of me1 S products are basic features of multicellular orga- and sim the dimeric enzyme consists of a mixture of nisms. An example of such a pattern has been de- the homo-dimers of each parental species and the scribed for imaginal discs of Diptera (SPREY,1977; hetero-dimer (COURTRIGHT1967). A similar conclu- SPREY,ESKENS and KUHN, 1982). The pattern consists sion was reached by DICKINSON(1980a) for hybrids of a characteristic aldehyde oxidase (AO) distribution, between D. dijjferens and D.heteroneura. which is extensive in the wing discs of Drosophila Hybrids between me1 and sim show an intermediate melanogaster and Musca domestica. The A0 pattern wing disc pattern (SPREY,ESKENS and KUHN, 1982). provides an interesting model system for studies of A0 distribution suggested a cis- and trans-regulation genetic regulation in the imaginal disc cells during of pattern elements. To provide further evidence for larval development. these types of regulatory elements, we chose the ele- Several studies have revealed the regulation of this gant technique of "partial hybrids," devised by enzyme in different tissues of diverse Drosophila spe- MULLERand PONTECORVO(1940) and first used by cies. Like some other enzymes in D. melanogaster GRELL(1976) to locate the structural genes for aspar- (BEWLEY1981; CHOVNICKet al. 1976; THOMPSON, tate amino transferase. GRELLproduced partial hy- ASHBURNERand WOODRUFF1977) a cis-acting regu- brids in which one chromosome or chromosome arm latory unit exists adjacent to the structural Aldox gene was homozygous for either me1 or sim genes in an (DICKINSON,1975, 1980a). Both cis- and trans-regu- otherwise hybrid background. We used this method latory control occur in different tissues of hybrids to systematically produce hybrids homozygous for me1 between closely related Hawaiian Drosophila species or sim chromosomal arms in order to survey the entire (DICKINSONand CARSON1979). genome for Aldox (pattern) regulating genes. Temporal regulation of enzymes is thought to be The objective of this study was to identify elements bipartite in that both cis-regulatory sites located close that regulate the A0pattern in the pouch of the wing to the structural gene and distant sites that exert a disc and to determine their mode of regulation. trans-regulation may be involved (PAIGEN1979). New insights into the regulation of patterns can be derived MATERIALS AND METHODS from studies of the A0 distribution in imaginal discs Drosophila stocks: The following stocks were kindly pro- of hybrids between D. melanogaster (mel) and D. si- vided by Dr. E. H. GRELL:D. melanogaster: (1) y; C(ZL),It; mulans (sim), since A0 pattern differences are found F(2R),bw; (2) y; F(2L), dp; C(2R) cn; (3) y; C(3L) ri; F(3R) for the wing disc (SPREY1977). In addition to the ca (modified from GRELL'Sstock); (4) y; F(3L), h2; C(3R)sr; species-specific differences, a second requirement for (5)y ac v/y2; bw/+; sim-4/y+ eyR (a me1 strain with one sim a model system is for enzyme coding for both species fourth chromosome) (6) y; Df(3R) ~bd"~/Xa,deficient for the Aldox structural gene and presumably regulatory ele- to be by the same structural gene. In me1 and sim the ment close to it (DICKINSON1975, 1978). The amount of A0 pattern depends on the Aldox structural gene A0 activity in tissues of deficiency heterozygous larvae is located in the right arm of chromosome 3 (COURT- about half that of wild-type levels. D. simulans: (1) T(Y;2)3/ net b py; (2) T(Y;3)1,Ubx"/cut ca'. Dr. WATANABEprovided ' To whom reprint requests should be addressed. the D. simulans strain bearing the marker Lhr (larval hybrid Genetics 115: 283-294 (February, 1987) 284 Th. E. Sprey and D. T. Kuhn rescue), a mutation that rescues the lethality of hybrid larvae PO (CYPHERet al. 1982) and was used to verify PO specific lacking the sim X chromosome (WATANABE,1979). A cv-c staining. Unless otherwise stated, the parental stocks had a Aldoxn’/sbd2 me1 strain obtained from the University of Cal- normal wild-type staining pattern. gary, Canada is mutant at the Aldox structural gene locus Photographs. Pictures of the wing discs were all printed in 3R (DICKINSONand WEISBROD1976). Other strains from with the anterior part of the disc at the left and prospective our own stock collection: (1) C( I)RM, w/Y; (2) C( l)RM,y U notum at the bottom. Magnification: Figures 2, 4, 7, 10 and bb/X.YB.B Y, y+; (3) w; (4) wild-type, Leiden mel; (5) wild- 1 1 at X260; Figures 1, 6 and 12 at X 190. type, Leiden sim. Descriptions of mutants and strains used are given in LINDSLEYand GRELL(1968) and in STURTE- RESULTS VANT (1929). All strains were raised on a standard Droso- phila medium containing 3% dried yeast, plus 0.3% yeast Pattern elements: The A0 staining in the pouch of hydrolysate, at room temperature. me1 wing discs was confined to four distinct staining A0patterns in parental stocks: The pattern of enzyme regions (Figure 1, a and d). (1) Region 1-an oval distribution as well as staining intensity were normal for the region in the center of the wing pouch within the parental me1 wild-type strain, the C(2L), C(2R), C(3L), C(3R) presumptive wing margin. (2) Region 2-an area sur- and for the me1 strain with a sim fourth chromosome. In general A0 patterns do not vary from one strain to the rounding the central spot extending as a stained mar- next. However, stain intensity does show some intraspecific gin band in an anterior-posterior direction and dor- variation. The Aldox null mutant, Aldox”’ showed no stain- soventrally as a band perpendicular to the first. (3) ing reaction. The parental sim wild-type homozygous Lhr Region 3-a darkly stained area that includes the strain and T(Y;2)3 strains possessed normal AO distribution presumptive wing surfaces and wing margin on the patterns and staining activity. T( Y;3)I showed normal distri- bution but reduced activity in males, while distribution and anterior side of the wing pouch and a stained band activity were normal in the females. The Aldox gene may along the posterior margin extending from the margin have been damaged during synthesis of the translocation band of region 2 to the posterior edge of the pouch. stock. The stained areas are equidistant from the central Crosses. Hybrids were produced by mating me1 females most region. (4) Region 4-A small extension of the to sim males. The number of larvae resulting from interspe- cific hybridization was low because of lowered rates of posterior margin band from the posterior most region mating and egg production and low embryonic viability. 3 to the edge of the disc. A0 activity in the wing Moreover, due to the special segregation of the different pouch of sim was found in region 3 only (Figure 1, b free, compound and translocated chromosome arms many and e). Presence or absence of staining within each combinations arise that are lethal during embryogenesis or region depended upon the genetic composition of the as young larvae. Thus, the number of larvae reaching the third instar was very low. partial hybrids. Each cross gave rise to a number of genetically different Full hybrids: Female hybrids from the cross be- classes. In order to reference these classes a representative tween me1 wild-type females and sim wild-type males chromosomal segregation scheme has been given with the had clear A0activity in region 1 and region 3 (Figure results. In most cases the mutant larval markers were such 1, c and f). Activity in region 1 was no more than half that the different classes of larvae could be distinguished. In some cases aneuploid larvae are known to reach the that seen in region 3, suggesting that the me1 Aldox pupal stage (FITZ-EARLand HOLM 1978). The me1 strains gene was active in 1, while both the me1 and sim genes with free-compound chromosomes were mated to wild-type were expressed in region 3. Female hybrids resulting sim so as to separate the effects of aneuploidy from the other from the reciprocal cross have an identical wing disc results. pattern. Several reasons prompted us to use predominantly female hybrids in our analysis. First, female hybrids have one X Partial hybrids (X chromosome): The influence of chromosome contributed by each species, whereas male the X chromosome on A0 distribution was examined hybrids have an X chromosome from one parent and a Y in larvae resulting from matings between C( l)RM,w/ chromosome from the other. Second, female hybrids are Y me1 females with Lhr/Lhr sim males.
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