DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment of the Potential for Geological Storage of CO2 for the Island of Ireland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment of the Potential for Geological Storage of CO2 for the Island of Ireland Assessment of the Potential for Geological Storage of CO2 for the Island of Ireland Assessment of the Potential for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide for the Island of Ireland September 2008 Prepared for Sustainable Energy Ireland, Environmental Protection Agency, Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Geological Survey of Ireland by: CSA Group in association with Byrne Ó Cléirigh, Ireland British Geological Survey, UK Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC), Australia Acknowledgment This report has been prepared through the collaborative team efforts of the following geoscientists and engineers in Ireland, UK and Australia: Dr Deirdre Lewis CSA Group, Ireland (Project Manager) Mr Richard Vernon CSA Group, Ireland Mr Nick O’Neill CSA Group, Ireland Mr Ric Pasquali CSA Group, Ireland Mr Tom Cleary Byrne Ó Cléirigh, Ireland Ms Michelle Bentham British Geological Survey, UK Ms Karen Kirk British Geological Survey, UK Dr Andy Chadwick British Geological Survey, UK Mr David Hilditch CO2CRC, Australia Dr Karsten Michael CO2CRC, CSIRO Australia Dr Guy Allinson CO2CRC, UNSW, Australia Dr Peter Neal CO2CRC, UNSW, Australia Dr Mihn Ho CO2CRC, UNSW, Australia The guiding inputs of the Steering Group to this study are gratefully acknowledged, in particular: Mr Graham Brennan, SEI Mr Bob Hanna, DCENR Mr Peter Croker, PAD Dr John Morris, GSI Mr Garth Earls and Mr Derek Reay, GSNI, Mr Frank McGovern, Mr Michael McGettigan and Ms Maria Martin of EPA Dr Morgan Bazilian, DCENR Considerable consultation took place with many others, whose inputs are also gratefully acknowledged: Mr Tom Reeves, Commissioner for Energy Regulation Mr Fergus Murphy and Mr Kieron Carroll, Marathon (Ireland) Mr. Shane Lynch, AES Kilroot Ms. Bernardine Maloney, ESB Moneypoint Murphy Pipelines Limited Irish Tube and Fittings Supply Limited Dr Peter Haughton, UCD Dr Chris Bean, UCD Mr John Gale, IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme Mr Mike Haines, IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme Mr Brendan Beck, IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme Dr Elizabeth Wilson, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota i GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ACRONYMS Ireland Refers to the Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Refers to Northern Ireland the island of Ireland/ Refers to Ireland and Northern Ireland combined all-island Ireland CO2 Carbon Dioxide CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CSA CSA Group Ltd (lead partner) BÓC Byrne Ó Cléirigh BGS British Geological Survey CO2CRC Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, Australia DCENR Department of Communications, Energy & Natural Resources (Ireland) DETI Department of Enterprise, Trade & Investment (Northern Ireland) EPA Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) EU European Union GSI Geological Survey of Ireland GSNI Geological Survey of Northern Ireland PAD Petroleum Affairs Division (DCENR) SEI Sustainable Energy Ireland CSLF Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum UNFPCC United Nations Framework Panel for Climate Change IEA_GHG International Energy Agency – Greenhouse Gas Programme IPCC International Panel on Climate Change IRGC International Risk Governance Council US DOE United States Department of Energy ETP ZEP European Technology Platform on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants EU-ETS European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme AR3, AR4 Third Assessment Report, Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC CER Certified Emissions Reductions CDM Clean Development Mechanism Depths (sub-sea) Measured from mean sea level (unless otherwise stated) ECBM Enhanced coal bed methane recovery EGR Enhanced gas recovery EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EOR Enhanced oil recovery ESHIA Environmental, Safety and Health Impact Assessment FEPS Frequencies, events, processes (risk analysis) FRAM Framework for Risk Assessment and Management of Storage of CO2 Streams in (OSPAR Convention 2007) Geological Formations GIS Geographical Information Systems MRG Monitoring & Reporting Guidelines (for emissions) REFIT Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff Scheme SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SIA Social Impact Assessment WP Work Package ABEX Abandonment expenditure CAPEX Capital expenditure COE Cost of Electricity EI Emissions intensity IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle (power plant) mD Millidarcy – measure of permeability MWh Megawatt hour Mt Million tonnes Mtpa Millions tonnes per annum NESO Net electricity sent out OPEX Operating expenditure PC Pulverised coal PV Present value TWh Terawatt hour ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: FINAL REPORT ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE FOR THE ISLAND OF IRELAND International response to climate change has assumed a greater urgency since the publication of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s Fourth Assessment Report in late 2007 and governments globally are seeking ways in which to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Since the commencement of this study in mid-2007, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has moved up the political agenda and is now regarded as being potentially a major component of carbon abatement strategies, as early stage research and demonstration projects suggest that it is both technically and commercially viable to implement. The study adopted a phased approach through nine work packages (WP1 – WP9) agreed with the Client at the outset of the study, commencing with extensive data gathering and compilation to GIS to provide a preliminary geological assessment of likely storage basins and structures, both onshore and offshore the island of Ireland. This was followed by in-depth geological assessment of each identified structure/ basin, to quantify potential for storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). While geological assessment confirmed that there are significant data gaps for many basins, the study arrived at a reasoned, quantified assessment of Ireland’s geological storage potential. However, the paucity of deep geological data for many basins, particularly the offshore western basins, is the over-riding constraint to a full assessment of geological storage potential for CO2. The island’s major point source emissions were identified and power stations emerged as the priority candidates for capture if CCS economies of scale are to be achieved. An assessment of the all-island energy policy environment, current and future energy security and power generation mix, was used as a prism to provide an economic analysis of the most suitable technologies to capture, transport and sequester carbon, taking cognisance of Ireland’s demographics, energy requirements and the likely price of carbon to 2020 and beyond. The critical factor for the advancement of CCS on the island of Ireland is the geological viability of injection and storage in a suitable location on or offshore the Island. The depleting Kinsale Head gas field presents the best short term (<10 years) option, subject to further geological analysis and full reservoir simulation. Critically, there would be no logic in investing in expensive carbon capture technologies unless a proven geological storage site within acceptable socio-environmental risk parameters were to be available to take the captured CO2 into safe, long term storage. Geological Assessment of Storage Capacity An integrated assessment of the geological storage capacity of the island of Ireland was carried out for suitable onshore and offshore geological basins and structures (see Table Ex1 & Map 1 overleaf). The study estimated, using the techno-economic resource pyramid recommended by the international Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF, 2007), that the island has a total storage capacity of 93,115 Mt (see Figure 1). iii Figure 1: Techno Economic Resource Pyramid (CSLF 2007) This storage volume may be subdivided as follows: TOTAL QUANTIFIED CAPACITY 93,115 Mt x Theoretical Capacity: 88,770 Mt x Effective Capacity 3,507 Mt o of which 667 Mt is a subset of theoretical capacity; o of which 2,840 Mt is additional to theoretical capacity x Practical Capacity 1,505 Mt In the geological assessment, only theoretical, effective and limited practical capacities (see Table Ex.1 below) can be calculated due to limitations in deep geological data. To move these estimates up to the apex of the pyramid would require further geological and engineering studies for each structure. iv Table Ex.1 All-Island Ireland: Quantified Geological Storage Capacity for Carbon Dioxide ASSESSMENT OF THE ALL-ISLAND POTENTIAL FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2 IN IRELAND QUANTIFIED GEOLOGICAL STORAGE CAPACITY (July 2008) Basin Structure Type Capacity Storage Quantified Classification Capacity Storage Capacity Mt Mt Kinsale Gas Field 330 South West Kinsale Gas Field Effective/ 5 1505 Spanish Point Gas Field Practical 120 East Irish Sea Oil & Gas Field 1050 Portpatrick Basin Sherwood Sandstone selected 37 structures Effective (subset of Central Irish Sea Sherwood Sandstone 630 (667) theoretical structures capacity) 667 Lough Neagh Basin Enler Group selected structures 1940 Effective Kish Bank Basin Sherwood sandstone structures (additional to 270 2840 East Irish Sea Basin Ormskirk structures theoretical 630 capacity) 2840 Celtic Sea - 1 structure in the Cretaceous A 40 sand Portpatrick Basin/ whole basin 2700 Larne Peel Basin Sherwood Sandstone whole Theoretical 68000 88770 basin NWICB Dowra Basin whole basin 730 Central Irish Sea whole basin 17300 Kish Bank Basin Carboniferous sandstone and coal Rathlin Basin Sherwood Sandstone, Permian and Carboniferous Celtic Sea Cretaceous A sand Porcupine Basin Theoretical / Slyne/Erris Basins un-quantified
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Lights Radio Aids and Fog Signals 2011
    PUB. 114 LIST OF LIGHTS RADIO AIDS AND FOG SIGNALS 2011 BRITISH ISLES, ENGLISH CHANNEL AND NORTH SEA IMPORTANT THIS PUBLICATION SHOULD BE CORRECTED EACH WEEK FROM THE NOTICE TO MARINERS Prepared and published by the NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Bethesda, MD © COPYRIGHT 2011 BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. NO COPYRIGHT CLAIMED UNDER TITLE 17 U.S.C. *7642014007536* NSN 7642014007536 NGA REF. NO. LLPUB114 LIST OF LIGHTS LIMITS NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PREFACE The 2011 edition of Pub. 114, List of Lights, Radio Aids and Fog Signals for the British Isles, English Channel and North Sea, cancels the previous edition of Pub. 114. This edition contains information available to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) up to 2 April 2011, including Notice to Mariners No. 14 of 2011. A summary of corrections subsequent to the above date will be in Section II of the Notice to Mariners which announced the issuance of this publication. In the interval between new editions, corrective information affecting this publication will be published in the Notice to Mariners and must be applied in order to keep this publication current. Nothing in the manner of presentation of information in this publication or in the arrangement of material implies endorsement or acceptance by NGA in matters affecting the status and boundaries of States and Territories. RECORD OF CORRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NOTICE TO MARINERS NOTICE TO MARINERS YEAR 2011 YEAR 2012 1........ 14........ 27........ 40........ 1........ 14........ 27........ 40........ 2........ 15........ 28........ 41........ 2........ 15........ 28........ 41........ 3........ 16........ 29........ 42........ 3........ 16........ 29........ 42........ 4.......
    [Show full text]
  • Balkatach Hypothesis: a New Model for the Evolution of the Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian Oceanic Domains
    Research Paper GEOSPHERE Balkatach hypothesis: A new model for the evolution of the Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian oceanic domains 1,2 2 GEOSPHERE, v. 13, no. 5 Andrew V. Zuza and An Yin 1Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA 2Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA doi:10.1130/GES01463.1 18 figures; 2 tables; 1 supplemental file ABSTRACT suturing. (5) The closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the early Permian was accompanied by a widespread magmatic flare up, which may have been CORRESPONDENCE: avz5818@gmail .com; The Phanerozoic history of the Paleo-Asian, Tethyan, and Pacific oceanic related to the avalanche of the subducted oceanic slabs of the Paleo-Asian azuza@unr .edu domains is important for unraveling the tectonic evolution of the Eurasian Ocean across the 660 km phase boundary in the mantle. (6) The closure of the and Laurentian continents. The validity of existing models that account for Paleo-Tethys against the southern margin of Balkatach proceeded diachro- CITATION: Zuza, A.V., and Yin, A., 2017, Balkatach hypothesis: A new model for the evolution of the the development and closure of the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan Oceans criti- nously, from west to east, in the Triassic–Jurassic. Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian oceanic domains: cally depends on the assumed initial configuration and relative positions of Geosphere, v. 13, no. 5, p. 1664–1712, doi:10.1130 the Precambrian cratons that separate the two oceanic domains, including /GES01463.1. the North China, Tarim, Karakum, Turan, and southern Baltica cratons.
    [Show full text]
  • Eirgrid Generation Capacity Statement 2015-2024
    ALL-ISLAND Generation Capacity Statement 2015-2024 www.soni.ltd.uk www.eirgrid.com Disclaimer EirGrid and SONI have followed accepted industry practice in the collection and analysis of data available. While all reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this data, EirGrid and SONI are not responsible for any loss that may be attributed to the use of this information. Prior to taking business decisions, interested parties are advised to seek separate and independent opinion in relation to the matters covered by this report and should not rely solely upon data and information contained herein. Information in this document does not amount to a recommendation in respect of any possible investment. This document does not purport to contain all the information that a prospective investor or participant in the Single Electricity Market may need. This document incorporates the Generation Capacity Statement for Northern Ireland and the Generation Adequacy Report for Ireland. For queries relating to this document or to request a copy contact: [email protected] or [email protected] Copyight Notice All rights reserved. This entire publication is subject to the laws of copyright. This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or manual, including photocopying without the prior written permission of EirGrid and SONI. ©SONI Ltd 2015 Castlereagh House, 12 Manse Rd, Belfast, BT6 9RT, Northern Ireland. EirGrid Plc. 2015 The Oval, 160 Shelbourne Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland. All-Island Generation Capacity Statement 2015-2024 Foreword EirGrid and SONI, as Transmission System Operators (TSOs) for Ireland and Northern Ireland respectively, are pleased to present the All-Island Generation Capacity Statement 2015-2024.
    [Show full text]
  • Down: COUNTY GEOLOGY of IRELAND 1
    Down: COUNTY GEOLOGY OF IRELAND 1 DODODOWNWNWN AREA OF COUNTY: 2,448 square kilometres or 945 square miles COUNTY TOWN: Downpatrick OTHER TOWNS: Banbridge, Bangor, Newry, Newtownards GEOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS: Scrabo footprint, Ards peninsula greywackes, Mourne Mountains. AGE OF ROCKS: Ordovician-Silurian; Carboniferous-Triassic, Paleogene Mourne Mountains These granite mountains are younger than most granite mountains in Ireland. They were intruded approximately 56 million years ago. 2 COUNTY GEOLOGY OF IRELAND: Down Geological Map of County Down Pink:Pink:Pink: Lower Ordovician; Grey: Ordovician & Silurian; Solid Red: Devonian Granite; Light blue: Lower Carboniferous; Orange:Orange:Orange: Permian & Triassic; Purple:Purple:Purple: Paleogene Basalt; Flecked Red: Paleogene Granite and other intrusive rocks. Geological history The oldest rocks in County Down are 417-495 million years old [Ma] and consist of mudstones and volcanic rocks. At that time County Down lay beneath a deep ocean, on the edge of an ancient continent made up of Scotland, north America and the north of Ireland. A huge ocean separated this continent from the rest of Ireland, England, Wales and Europe. Over millions of years, this ocean closed and the two ancient continents collided, heating and deforming the rocks to form slates. The same rock types occur from Longford, through County Down and into the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Around 350 million years ago, in the early Carboniferous, sea level slowly rose to flood across the landscape. Sand and mud deposited on flood plains and in lagoons was buried beneath thick limestones deposited in a tropical sea. Around 290 million years ago Earth movements, caused by continental plates Down: COUNTY GEOLOGY OF IRELAND 3 Red Triassic sandstones deposited in temporary rivers in a semi-desert environment (Cultra).(Cultra).(Cultra).
    [Show full text]
  • All-Island Transmission System Performance Report 2017
    All-Island Transmission System Performance Report 2017 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 8 3. All-Island System Data ......................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Overview of the All-Island Electricity System ................................................................ 9 3.2 Total System Production............................................................................................. 10 3.3 System Records ......................................................................................................... 10 3.4 Generation Capacity ................................................................................................... 11 3.5 Generation Availability ................................................................................................ 12 3.6 Generation Forced Outage Rate ................................................................................. 13 3.7 Generation Scheduled Outage Rate ........................................................................... 14 4. EirGrid Transmission System Performance ....................................................................... 15 4.1 Summary ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • National Marine Planning Framework
    Draft NMPF Submissions, Marine Planning Section Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government Newtown Road Wexford, Y35 AP90 Emailed to [email protected] 30th April 2020 Submission – Draft National Marine Planning Framework (NMPF) Dear Sir/Madam, Thank you for providing us with the opportunity to comment on the Draft National Marine Planning Framework (NMPF). Founded in 1964, Kilsaran Concrete is the largest privately owned concrete and construction materials company in Ireland. Kilsaran remains a family owned Irish company producing quality construction material from 20 large quarries and 23 nationwide state-of-the-art concrete production facilities. Accordingly, Kilsaran has an intimate knowledge of terrestrial planning framework as it pertains to the sourcing and delivery of essential construction raw materials and concrete manufactured products. Kilsaran formed part of a group of companies that participated in the IMAGIN1 Project. The overall aim of the IMAGIN project was to facilitate the evolution of a strategic framework within which the exploitation of marine aggregate resources from the Irish Sea may be sustainably managed with minimum risk of impact on marine and coastal environments, ecosystems and other marine users. IMAGIN identified significant deposits of sand and gravel in the Irish Sea. We wish to have input on the design of a future marine planning framework for Ireland, and help to realise Ireland’s marine potential as a sustainable source of construction aggregates. We hope you find our comments useful and we would be happy to discuss them further with you, should that be required. 1 Kozachenko, M., Fletcher, R., Sutton, G., Monteys, X., Van Landeghem, K., Wheeler, A., Lassoued, Y., Cooper, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Ages of Detrital Zircons (U/Pb, LA-ICP-MS) from the Latest
    Precambrian Research 244 (2014) 288–305 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Precambrian Research jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres Ages of detrital zircons (U/Pb, LA-ICP-MS) from the Latest Neoproterozoic–Middle Cambrian(?) Asha Group and Early Devonian Takaty Formation, the Southwestern Urals: A test of an Australia-Baltica connection within Rodinia a,∗ b c Nikolay B. Kuznetsov , Joseph G. Meert , Tatiana V. Romanyuk a Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky Lane, 7, Moscow 119017, Russia b Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 355 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA c Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, B. Gruzinskaya ul. 10, Moscow 123810, Russia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: A study of U-Pb ages on detrital zircons derived from sedimentary sequences in the western flank of Received 5 February 2013 Urals (para-autochthonous or autochthonous with Baltica) was undertaken in order to ascertain/test Received in revised form source models and paleogeography of the region in the Neoproterozoic. Samples were collected from the 16 September 2013 Ediacaran-Cambrian(?) age Asha Group (Basu and Kukkarauk Formations) and the Early Devonian-aged Accepted 18 September 2013 Takaty Formation. Available online 19 October 2013 Ages of detrital zircons within the Basu Formation fall within the interval 2900–700 Ma; from the Kukkarauk Formation from 3200 to 620 Ma. Ages of detrital zircons from the Devonian age Takaty For- Keywords: Australia mation are confined to the Paleoproterozoic and Archean (3050–1850 Ma).
    [Show full text]
  • SEA8 Geology and Sediment Processes
    DTI STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AREA 8 (SEA8) Geology and Sediment Processes Compiled by: Deborah Tyrrell Assisted by: Carolyn Voisey Other Contributors: Richard Holmes1; Colin Jacobs2; Vikki Gunn2 1British Geological Survey, Edinburgh 2Department of Geology, Southampton Oceanography Centre Contract Number SEA678_DT_data8GO Final Report March 2004 SEA8 Geology and Sediment Processes Acknowledgements In addition to the authors, many scientists and workers in the marine industry contributed references to the database and their contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................i Table of Contents.......................................................................................i List of Appendices......................................................................................i List of Tables ..............................................................................................ii List of Figures.............................................................................................ii 1 Introduction..........................................................................................3 2 Geological Processes ............................................................................4 3 Methodology.........................................................................................8 4 Sources of Metadata ............................................................................10 4.1 Principal
    [Show full text]
  • FULLTEXT01.Pdf
    G Model PGEOLA-885; No. of Pages 9 Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pgeola Detrital zircon U-Pb ages and source of the late Palaeocene Thanet Formation, Kent, SE England Thomas Stevens*, Yunus Baykal Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: The sources of the Paleocene London Basin marine to fluviodeltaic sandstones are currently unclear. High Received 25 November 2020 analysis number detrital zircon U-Pb age investigation of an early-mid Thanetian marine sand from East Received in revised form 14 January 2021 Kent, reveals a large spread of zircon age peaks indicative of a range of primary sources. In particular, a Accepted 15 January 2021 strong Ediacaran age peak is associated with the Cadomian Orogeny, while secondary peaks represent the Available online xxx Caledonian and various Mesoproterozoic to Archean orogenies. The near absence of grains indicative of the Variscan orogeny refutes a southerly or southwesterly source from Cornubia or Armorica, while the Keywords: strong Cadomian peak points to Avalonian origin for a major component of the material. Furthermore, the Proto-Thames relatively well expressed Mesoproterozoic to Archean age components most likely require significant Provenance Thanetian additional Laurentian input. Comparison to published data shows that both Devonian Old Red Sandstone Pegwell Bay and northwesterly (Avalonia-Laurentia) derived Namurian-Westphalian Pennine Basin sandstones show Paleogene strong similarities to the Thanetian sand.
    [Show full text]
  • All-Island Transmission System Performance Report 2015
    All -Island Transmission System Performance Report 2015 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 7 3. All-Island System Data ................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Overview of the All-Island Electricity System ........................................................................ 8 3.2 Total System Production ........................................................................................................ 9 3.3 System Records ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.4 Generation Capacity .............................................................................................................. 10 3.5 Generation Availability ......................................................................................................... 10 3.6 Generation Forced Outage Rate ............................................................................................ 11 3.7 Generation Scheduled Outage Rate ..................................................................................... 12 4. EirGrid Transmission System Performance .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of Reducing Minimum Stable Generation for Integrating Wind Energy
    The value of reducing minimum stable generation for integrating wind energy 1* 2 3 4 M. L. Kubik , P. J. Coker , Mark Miller and J.F.Barlow 1,4 Technologies for Sustainable Built Environments, University of Reading, United Kingdom 2 School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, United Kingdom 3 AES Kilroot, Carrickfergus, County Antrim, United Kingdom * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The integration of wind energy is a major driver toward grid decarbonisation in a number of electricity systems. However, no large-scale electricity grid is able to operate without some minimum level of conventional generation, which is required for both system security and to maintain power quality. This minimum stable generation level caps the amount of wind energy that can be used to satisfy system demand, and any excess must be curtailed if it cannot be stored. The curtailment of wind generation is undesirable for wind developers as it reduces their economic viability and increases costs for the system. It is also undesirable for the goal of reducing the carbon intensity of the grid as zero-carbon generation is held back in order for fossil fuel based conventional generation to run. With increasing wind capacity this problem becomes more severe. Certain modifications can be made to conventional generation to reduce their minimum stable generation levels, with differing cost implications. This paper examines the system benefits of reducing the minimum stable generation level of Kilroot power station for the Northern Ireland electricity system under the 40% wind penetration level planned for 2020. Keywords: Variability, intermittency, conventional generation, minimum stable generation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Dublin Array EIAR Scoping Report – Part 2
    5.10 Aviation Introduction 5.10.1 This section of the Scoping Report sets out the approach to the characterisation of the aviation receptors of relevance to the project, and the intended scope of and approach to the assessment of impacts on aviation. Policy and Guidance 5.10.2 Given the nature of the receptors, the assessment will be conducted in accordance with the relevant Irish Air Authority (IAA) and International Civil Aviation organisation (ICAO) guidance documents and UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) publications including: IAA guidance document Aerodrome Licensing Manual69; CAP 738 Safeguarding of Aerodromes70; Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) Statutory Instruments, S.I 215 of 2005; Obstacles to Aircraft in Flight Order71; Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) Statutory Instruments, S.I 423 of 1999; En-route Obstacles to Air Navigation72; Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) Statutory Instruments, S.I 72 of 2004; Rules of The Air Order, 200473; and ICAO PANS OPS DOC 8168 Vol II: Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight Procedures74. Receiving Environment – Baseline 5.10.3 There are a number of receptors that fall within the study area: Dublin Airport, Weston Airport, Casement aerodrome and Newcastle Aerodrome (identified as red markers in Figure 26). Dublin Array is located under the arrival path for Dublin Airport Runway 28 and is in proximity to extant procedures for Weston Airport and Casement Aerodrome. Dublin Airport is located approximately 23km northwest of the Dublin Array, the proposed wind farm lies within Surveillance Minimum Altitude Area (SMAA) Sectors 1 and 7 which have published altitudes of 2000 feet (ft) and 3000ft respectively. Page 113 of 220 5.10.4 Casement (Baldonnel) Aerodrome is a military airfield located 12km southwest of Dublin city and serves as the headquarters and operating base of the Irish Air Corps.
    [Show full text]