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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Balkatach Hypothesis: a New Model for the Evolution of the Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian Oceanic Domains
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Balkatach hypothesis: A new model for the evolution of the Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian oceanic domains 1,2 2 GEOSPHERE, v. 13, no. 5 Andrew V. Zuza and An Yin 1Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA 2Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA doi:10.1130/GES01463.1 18 figures; 2 tables; 1 supplemental file ABSTRACT suturing. (5) The closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the early Permian was accompanied by a widespread magmatic flare up, which may have been CORRESPONDENCE: avz5818@gmail .com; The Phanerozoic history of the Paleo-Asian, Tethyan, and Pacific oceanic related to the avalanche of the subducted oceanic slabs of the Paleo-Asian azuza@unr .edu domains is important for unraveling the tectonic evolution of the Eurasian Ocean across the 660 km phase boundary in the mantle. (6) The closure of the and Laurentian continents. The validity of existing models that account for Paleo-Tethys against the southern margin of Balkatach proceeded diachro- CITATION: Zuza, A.V., and Yin, A., 2017, Balkatach hypothesis: A new model for the evolution of the the development and closure of the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan Oceans criti- nously, from west to east, in the Triassic–Jurassic. Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian oceanic domains: cally depends on the assumed initial configuration and relative positions of Geosphere, v. 13, no. 5, p. 1664–1712, doi:10.1130 the Precambrian cratons that separate the two oceanic domains, including /GES01463.1. the North China, Tarim, Karakum, Turan, and southern Baltica cratons. -
Implications for Porphyry Mo Genesis
©2013 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Economic Geology, v. 108, pp. 987–1013 The Metal Content of Silicate Melts and Aqueous Fluids in Subeconomically Mo Mineralized Granites: Implications for Porphyry Mo Genesis LINDA LERCHBAUMER† AND ANDREAS AUDÉTAT Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth Abstract To better understand the factors leading to porphyry Mo mineralization, we studied melt and fluid inclusions in three subeconomically Mo mineralized granites in well-known Mo provinces: the Treasure Mountain dome in the Colorado mineral belt (USA), and the Drammen and Glitrevann granites in the Oslo rift (Norway). Melt and fluid inclusions were investigated in samples ranging from coarsely crystallized whole rocks to euhedral quartz crystals within miarolitic cavities. The major and trace element chemistry of individual inclusions was determined by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Melt inclusions are rhyolitic in composition and record a clear trend of increasing Mo concentrations with increasing degree of melt differen- tiation as monitored by Cs, extending from ~5 to 10 ppm Mo at 5 ppm Cs to ~17 to 40 ppm Mo at 100 ppm Cs. Coexisting magmatic fluids were single phase, had a salinity of 4 to 6 wt % NaCl equiv and a density of 0.6 3 to 0.7 g/cm , and contained ~0.5 wt % S and up to 6 mol % CO2. Molybdenum concentrations in these fluids ranged from ~20 to ~200 ppm Mo, except for some highly evolved fluids that had lower Mo contents. Comparison of our data with published fluid and melt inclusion data from porphyry Mo deposits, porphyry Cu (Mo, Au) deposits, and barren intrusions reveals that most subduction-related magmas have lower Mo/Cs ratios than within-plate magmas, but that within these two groups there are no systematic differences between barren and productive intrusions. -
My Interest in Amygdules and Cavity-Fill
BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 41, PP. 383-404.4 FIGS. SEPTEMBER 30,1930 AMYGDULES AND PSETJDO-AMYGDULES1 BY FREDERICK K. MORRIS (Bead before the Geological Society December 26, 1929) CONTENTS Page Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 388 Classes of cavities arid cavity-fillings in igneous rocks................................... 384 Comments on certain te rm s........................................................................................ 385 Amygdaloidal dikes of the Liukiang coal field...................................................... 386 Coal-penetrated dike near C hinw angtao............................................................... 391 Amygdaloidal dikes of the Linsi coal field........................................................ 392 H si Shan am ygdaloid.................................................................................................... 394 The flow near N iangniang M iao............................................................................. 396 O ther examples of filling and pseudo-amygdules................................................ 397 Fillings in the norites of T sin an fu ........................................................................... 401 Amygdaloidal dike in Gasp6....................................................................................... 403 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... -
Down: COUNTY GEOLOGY of IRELAND 1
Down: COUNTY GEOLOGY OF IRELAND 1 DODODOWNWNWN AREA OF COUNTY: 2,448 square kilometres or 945 square miles COUNTY TOWN: Downpatrick OTHER TOWNS: Banbridge, Bangor, Newry, Newtownards GEOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS: Scrabo footprint, Ards peninsula greywackes, Mourne Mountains. AGE OF ROCKS: Ordovician-Silurian; Carboniferous-Triassic, Paleogene Mourne Mountains These granite mountains are younger than most granite mountains in Ireland. They were intruded approximately 56 million years ago. 2 COUNTY GEOLOGY OF IRELAND: Down Geological Map of County Down Pink:Pink:Pink: Lower Ordovician; Grey: Ordovician & Silurian; Solid Red: Devonian Granite; Light blue: Lower Carboniferous; Orange:Orange:Orange: Permian & Triassic; Purple:Purple:Purple: Paleogene Basalt; Flecked Red: Paleogene Granite and other intrusive rocks. Geological history The oldest rocks in County Down are 417-495 million years old [Ma] and consist of mudstones and volcanic rocks. At that time County Down lay beneath a deep ocean, on the edge of an ancient continent made up of Scotland, north America and the north of Ireland. A huge ocean separated this continent from the rest of Ireland, England, Wales and Europe. Over millions of years, this ocean closed and the two ancient continents collided, heating and deforming the rocks to form slates. The same rock types occur from Longford, through County Down and into the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Around 350 million years ago, in the early Carboniferous, sea level slowly rose to flood across the landscape. Sand and mud deposited on flood plains and in lagoons was buried beneath thick limestones deposited in a tropical sea. Around 290 million years ago Earth movements, caused by continental plates Down: COUNTY GEOLOGY OF IRELAND 3 Red Triassic sandstones deposited in temporary rivers in a semi-desert environment (Cultra).(Cultra).(Cultra). -
Ages of Detrital Zircons (U/Pb, LA-ICP-MS) from the Latest
Precambrian Research 244 (2014) 288–305 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Precambrian Research jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres Ages of detrital zircons (U/Pb, LA-ICP-MS) from the Latest Neoproterozoic–Middle Cambrian(?) Asha Group and Early Devonian Takaty Formation, the Southwestern Urals: A test of an Australia-Baltica connection within Rodinia a,∗ b c Nikolay B. Kuznetsov , Joseph G. Meert , Tatiana V. Romanyuk a Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky Lane, 7, Moscow 119017, Russia b Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 355 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA c Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, B. Gruzinskaya ul. 10, Moscow 123810, Russia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: A study of U-Pb ages on detrital zircons derived from sedimentary sequences in the western flank of Received 5 February 2013 Urals (para-autochthonous or autochthonous with Baltica) was undertaken in order to ascertain/test Received in revised form source models and paleogeography of the region in the Neoproterozoic. Samples were collected from the 16 September 2013 Ediacaran-Cambrian(?) age Asha Group (Basu and Kukkarauk Formations) and the Early Devonian-aged Accepted 18 September 2013 Takaty Formation. Available online 19 October 2013 Ages of detrital zircons within the Basu Formation fall within the interval 2900–700 Ma; from the Kukkarauk Formation from 3200 to 620 Ma. Ages of detrital zircons from the Devonian age Takaty For- Keywords: Australia mation are confined to the Paleoproterozoic and Archean (3050–1850 Ma). -
SEA8 Geology and Sediment Processes
DTI STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AREA 8 (SEA8) Geology and Sediment Processes Compiled by: Deborah Tyrrell Assisted by: Carolyn Voisey Other Contributors: Richard Holmes1; Colin Jacobs2; Vikki Gunn2 1British Geological Survey, Edinburgh 2Department of Geology, Southampton Oceanography Centre Contract Number SEA678_DT_data8GO Final Report March 2004 SEA8 Geology and Sediment Processes Acknowledgements In addition to the authors, many scientists and workers in the marine industry contributed references to the database and their contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................i Table of Contents.......................................................................................i List of Appendices......................................................................................i List of Tables ..............................................................................................ii List of Figures.............................................................................................ii 1 Introduction..........................................................................................3 2 Geological Processes ............................................................................4 3 Methodology.........................................................................................8 4 Sources of Metadata ............................................................................10 4.1 Principal -
FULLTEXT01.Pdf
G Model PGEOLA-885; No. of Pages 9 Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pgeola Detrital zircon U-Pb ages and source of the late Palaeocene Thanet Formation, Kent, SE England Thomas Stevens*, Yunus Baykal Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: The sources of the Paleocene London Basin marine to fluviodeltaic sandstones are currently unclear. High Received 25 November 2020 analysis number detrital zircon U-Pb age investigation of an early-mid Thanetian marine sand from East Received in revised form 14 January 2021 Kent, reveals a large spread of zircon age peaks indicative of a range of primary sources. In particular, a Accepted 15 January 2021 strong Ediacaran age peak is associated with the Cadomian Orogeny, while secondary peaks represent the Available online xxx Caledonian and various Mesoproterozoic to Archean orogenies. The near absence of grains indicative of the Variscan orogeny refutes a southerly or southwesterly source from Cornubia or Armorica, while the Keywords: strong Cadomian peak points to Avalonian origin for a major component of the material. Furthermore, the Proto-Thames relatively well expressed Mesoproterozoic to Archean age components most likely require significant Provenance Thanetian additional Laurentian input. Comparison to published data shows that both Devonian Old Red Sandstone Pegwell Bay and northwesterly (Avalonia-Laurentia) derived Namurian-Westphalian Pennine Basin sandstones show Paleogene strong similarities to the Thanetian sand. -
STRONG and WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS of TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS and THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth a Dissertati
STRONG AND WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS AND THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Scott C. Warren James F. Cahoon Wei You Joanna M. Atkin Matthew K. Brennaman © 2018 Tyler William Farnsworth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Tyler William Farnsworth: Strong and weak interlayer interactions of two-dimensional materials and their assemblies (Under the direction of Scott C. Warren) The ability to control the properties of a macroscopic material through systematic modification of its component parts is a central theme in materials science. This concept is exemplified by the assembly of quantum dots into 3D solids, but the application of similar design principles to other quantum-confined systems, namely 2D materials, remains largely unexplored. Here I demonstrate that solution-processed 2D semiconductors retain their quantum-confined properties even when assembled into electrically conductive, thick films. Structural investigations show how this behavior is caused by turbostratic disorder and interlayer adsorbates, which weaken interlayer interactions and allow access to a quantum- confined but electronically coupled state. I generalize these findings to use a variety of 2D building blocks to create electrically conductive 3D solids with virtually any band gap. I next introduce a strategy for discovering new 2D materials. Previous efforts to identify novel 2D materials were limited to van der Waals layered materials, but I demonstrate that layered crystals with strong interlayer interactions can be exfoliated into few-layer or monolayer materials. -
A Template for an Improved Rock-Based Subdivision of the Pre-Cryogenian Timescale
Perspective Journal of the Geological Society Published Online First https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-222 A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale Graham A. Shields1*, Robin A. Strachan2, Susannah M. Porter3, Galen P. Halverson4, Francis A. Macdonald3, Kenneth A. Plumb5, Carlos J. de Alvarenga6, Dhiraj M. Banerjee7, Andrey Bekker8, Wouter Bleeker9, Alexander Brasier10, Partha P. Chakraborty7, Alan S. Collins11, Kent Condie12, Kaushik Das13, David A. D. Evans14, Richard Ernst15,16, Anthony E. Fallick17, Hartwig Frimmel18, Reinhardt Fuck6, Paul F. Hoffman19,20, Balz S. Kamber21, Anton B. Kuznetsov22, Ross N. Mitchell23, Daniel G. Poiré24, Simon W. Poulton25, Robert Riding26, Mukund Sharma27, Craig Storey2, Eva Stueeken28, Rosalie Tostevin29, Elizabeth Turner30, Shuhai Xiao31, Shuanhong Zhang32, Ying Zhou1 and Maoyan Zhu33 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK 2 School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK 3 Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 4 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 5 Geoscience Australia (retired), Canberra, Australia 6 Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil 7 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 8 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 9 Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada 10 School of Geosciences, -
Simmonsite Na2lialf6
Simmonsite Na2LiAlF6 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Twinning: Complex polysynthetic. Physical Properties: Cleavage: None. Fracture: Subconchoidal. Tenacity: Not extremely brittle. Hardness = 2.5-3 D(meas.) = 3.05(2) D(calc.) = 3.06(1) Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Pale buff cream. Streak: White. Luster: Greasy. Optical Class: Biaxial, very nearly isotropic. n = 1.359(1) Cell Data: Space Group: P21/n. a = 5.2842(1) b= 5.3698(1) c = 7.5063(2) β = 89.98(1)° Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Zapot pegmatite, Gillis Range, Mineral Co., Nevada. 4.33 (100), 1.877 (90), 2.25 (70), 2.65 (60), 2.173 (50), 2.152 (40), 1.526 (25) Chemistry: (1) Na 23.4 Al 13.9 F 58.6 Li [3.56] Total 99.46 (1) Zapot pegmatite, Gillis Range, Mineral Co., Nevada; average of 7 electron microprobe analyses, Li calculated; corresponds to Na1.98Li1.00Al1.00F6. Mineral Group: Perovskite supergroup, elpasolite subgroup. Occurrence: A late-stage hydrothermal mineral in a breccia pipe that cuts an amazonite-topaz- zinnwaldite pegmatite. Association: Cryolite, cryolithionite, elpasolite. Distribution: In the Zapot amazonite-topaz-zinnwaldite pegmatite, Gillis Range, Mineral Co., Nevada [TL]. From the Katugin massif, Transbaikalia, Russia. Name: Honors Professor William B. Simmons (b. 1943), Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, USA, in recognition of his numerous contributions about granitic pegmatites and their mineralogy. Type Material: U.S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. References: (1) Foord, E.E., J.T. O'Connor, J.M. Hughes, S.J. Sutley, A.U. -
Pegmatite Genesis: State of the Art
Eur. J. Mineral. 2008, 20, 421–438 Published online August 2008 Paper presented at the symposium “Granitic Pagmatites: the State of the Art”, Porto, May 2007 Pegmatite genesis: state of the art Wm. B. “Skip” SIMMONS* and Karen L. WEBBER Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: No one universally accepted model of pegmatite genesis has yet emerged that satisfactorily explains all the diverse features of granitic pegmatites. Genesis from residual melts derived from the crystallization of granitic plutons is favoured by most researchers. Incompatible components, fluxes, volatiles and rare elements, are enriched in the residual melts. The presence of fluxes and volatiles, which lower the crystallization temperature, decrease nucleation rates, melt polymerization and viscosity, and increase diffusion rates and solubility, are considered to be critical to the development of large crystals. A number of new concepts have shed light on problems related to pegmatite genesis. Cooling rates calculated from thermal cooling models demonstrate that shallow-level pegmatites cool radically more rapidly than previously believed. Rapid cooling rates for pegmatites represent a quantum shift from the widely held view that the large crystals found in pegmatites are the result of very slow rates of cooling and crystal growth. Experimental and field evidence both suggest that undercooling and disequilibrium crystallization dominate pegmatite crys- tallization. London’s constitutional zone refining model of pegmatite evolution involves disequilibrium crystallization from an undercooled, flux-bearing granitic melt. The melt is not necessarily flux–rich and the model does not require the presence of an aqueous vapor phase.